英文原文IntelligentBuildingGeneralAnIntelligentEverincreasingoccupationdensitiesaswellastheexponentialdevelopmentandquasiuniversaluseofpersonalcomputerscoupledtomarketglobalizationandcommunicationcapabilities,overthepast20years,haverenderedtheIntelligentBuilding(IB)conceptapriorityconsiderationintheplanningofneworupgradedOfficebuildings.Evolutiontowardsnewsocialpriorities,forthemoreeducatedofficeworkeroftoday,hasalsoledtosubstantialincreasesinenvironmentalissuedemandsandstandards.Socialstudiesrevealedadirectrelationshipbetweenusersatisfactionintheworkplaceandproductivity.Individualcontrolcapabilityofambientconditions,ateachworkstation,wasidentifiedasamajorelementleadingtousersatisfaction.TechnologicaldevelopmentsandcostattenuationsthroughtechnologicaldevelopmentandproductavailabilityhavenowrenderedtheIntelligent2、OverviewDefinitionsfortheIntelligentBuildingconceptstillvarybutthemostaccepteddescriptionistheoneproducedbytheBarcelona-basedInstitutdefonsCerdà:“Abuildingwhichincorporatesinformationsystemsthatsupporttheflowofinformationthroughoutthebuilding,offeringadvancedservicesofbusinessautomationandtelecommunications,allowingfurthermoreautomaticcontrol,monitoringmanagementandmaintenanceofthedifferentsubsystemsorservicesofthebuildinginanoptimumandintegratedway,localand/orremote,anddesignedwithsufficientflexibilitytomakepossibleinasimpleandeconomicalwaytheimplementationoffuturesystems.〞Totheuninitiated,theperceptionofabuilding’sdegreeofintelligenceistoooftencorrelatedwiththesophisticationlevelofitsEnergyManagementandControlSystem(EMCS)anditsCommunicationssystem.However,tobeeffective,itmustalsoencompassitsmechanicalandelectricalsystemsordertominimizecostsandmaximizeefficiency.TherewouldbelittlepointindevelopingidealEMCSanditsCommunicationsystemsfortheoccupantsifHVAC,Lightingandothersystemsannotmeetandsatisfytheneedsoftheoccupants.InanewIBinstallationweshouldexpectthefollowingfeatures:?High-speedfibreopticcommunicationnetworktrunkfordata,videoandBAS.?FlexibleHVACsystemwithmodulardistributionand100%outdooraircapabilitytotakeadvantageoffreecoolingaswellastoallowflushingofthebuildingtodilutevolatileoff-gassingcontaminants;?AdvancedintegratedEnergyManagement&ControlSystem(EMCS)utilizingdirectdigitalcontroltechnologyforHVAC,Lighting,FireAlarmandotherbuildingsupportsystems;?DedicatedcircuitpowerdistributionnetworkcompletewithUninterruptablePowerSupplyunits;?Generousstandbypowergeneration;?Highefficiencyfiltration,energyrecuperationand/orthermalstoragefeaturestoimproveindoorairqualityandenergyconsumptionperformance;?Networkedmulti-useraccessincorporatingstructuredpasswordprotection;?Maximumtransparencyandcommunicationcapabilitiesbetweensubsystems;?ElectricaldesignfeaturestailoredtoIntelligent?IndividuallycontrolledHVACterminalunitsallowingoccupantcontrolflexibilitythroughIntelligentTerminalsControllersateachworkstation.Inretrofitbuildingswewouldexpectvariationsoftheabovefeaturesbasedonanowningandoperatingeconomicalanalysistakingintoaccounttheexistingservicesandthebenefitsensuingthroughtheirreplacementand/orupgrade.Majorretrofits,particularlythoseinvolvingdesignsdatingback20yearsormore,aregenerallydictatedbyacombinationofthefollowing:?Newcoderequirements,?Updatedindoorairqualitystandards,?Revisedenergyefficiencyguidelines,?IncreasedinternalelectricalrequirementsassociatedtothegeneralizeduseofPCs.?Revisedbuildinguse.TheaveragelifecycleofmostM&Einstallationsis20yearsversusanaveragebuildinglifecycleof50years.Theseretrofits,therefore,oftendictateacompleterevampingoftheexistingM&Einstallationswellbeforethebuilding’slifecyclehasexpired.Thisfrequentlyoffersanopportunitytoupgradethebuilding’ssupportsystemstoIBstandards.3、HistoryTheIBconceptsurfacedintheearly80'sandgenerallyadvocatedextensiveuseofelaboratecentralizedelectronicsystemstofacilitatecontrolofbuildingsupportandcommunicationsystemsforvoiceanddata.TheinitialconceptpromotedcommunicationnetworkstoallowcentralizedwordprocessingservicesandlimitedinteractionbetweenindividualoccupantsandtheBuildingAutomationSystemsthroughtouchtonephonestooverridelocalHVACsetpointsandlightingschedules.Buildersandownerswerepressuredtodevelopintelligentbuildings,inspiteofthehighpremiumcosts,atthattime,forprestigereasonsandforenhancedrentalpotential.TheBuildingAutomationSystemandtheCommunicationSystemindustryaswellasotherspecializedinterestgroupssoondevelopedspecificproductsandapplicationstomeetandfacilitatetheimplementationoftheIntelligentBuildingconcept.ThesedevelopmentscoupledtotheburgeoningPersonalComputermarketdevelopmenthavesincereducedcostpremiumsdrasticallyandgreatlyimprovedtheensuingbenefitsforIntelligentBuildings.TheIBconceptisnowwellacceptedandappliedinEurope,AsiaandNorthAmerica.4、FuturetrendsTheformerIntelligentBuildingInstitute(IBI)foundationadvocated,afewyearsago,aneedtorecognize,infuturebuildingdesigns,thetransitionfromnationaleconomiestoacombinationoflocalandglobaleconomiesandthereforetheneedtofacilitateeachemployee’saccesstoglobalcommunicationnetworks.Theypredictedthatinformationtechnologyaccesswillprovidethebiggestsingleimpetusforchangeintheofficeenvironment.Thispredictionhasnowbecomeareality.IBIalsopredictedthatenvironmentalissuesandparticularlyIndoorAirQuality(IAQ)werebecomingaprimaryconcerninthedesignofthenewofficebuildings.Improvedairfiltrationandincreasedairchangewerepinpointedasmajorconcernsinadditiontoflexibleambientroomconditioncontrol.OtherstudiesperformedrecentlyrevealthattheuseofPersonalEnvironmentControllersformerlycalledIntelligentTerminalControllersorhasmeasurablyincreasedoccupantsatisfactionintheworkplaceonanumberofpilotprojectinstallations.PECsareacombinationofmechanical,electricalandcontroldevicesdevelopedfortheworkstationenvironmentcontrolandconceivedtoprovidetheoccupantwiththemeanstodefineandinteractontemperaturesetpoints,airflowvolumeanddiffusionpatternsaswellaslightinglevelsaffectingproductivityandusersatisfaction.ThesestudieshaveassociatedimprovedproductiontotheuseofIntelligentTerminalsControllers.5、IntelligentBuildingModelTheIBmodelstructurehasbeensubdividedintosevensystemswhichmaybeinterfacedtovaryingdegrees.Thesesystemsare...·HeatingVentilatingandAirConditioning(HVAC)system;·LightingSystem;·ElectricalPowerDistributionsystem;·VerticalTransportSystem;·SecuritySystem;·LifeSafetySystem;·CommunicationsSystem;ThegeneralobjectiveoftheIntelligentBuildingSystemistoregroupcontrolofthesesubsystemsandfacilitateinterchangebetweenthemtothemaximumjustifiableextentwhilemaintainingmaximalinitialandfuturecompetitivebiddingpossibilitiesofeachcomponentaswellasallowingdependentandtimelyupgradingofeachsystemasnewtechnologiesevolveinitsparticularfield.TheIBconceptalsoattemptstocombine,whereverpossible,thecablingnetworksforthesesubsystemsinordertominimizecostsandfacilitateintercommunicationorallowfutureupgrading.EffortsarebeingdeployedbetweenASHRAE,IEEE,AEEandthecomputerindustrytodevelopuniversalcommunicationprotocolstandards.Itisnotexpected,however,thatuniversalstandardswillbecomearealityforanotherdecade.Thecablingstructuremustthereforebeconceivedtoaccommodatetheforeseeablerequirementswithminimaldisturbanceandcostwhenandifuniversalstandardsmaterialize.Thefavouredbackbonecommunicationcablingtechnologyatthistimefavorsfibreoptictechnology,becauseofitshighspeedcommunicationpotential.6、FacilitiesManagementnumberoffacilitymanagementprogramsareavailableonthemarket.Theyvaryincomplexityaswellasintheirabilitytointegratecomplexsystemssuchas:·CADdrawingrecordsoffloorandofficelayouts;·Furnitureinventory;·MaintenancemanagementprogramsforM&Eequipment·Preventivemaintenanceofbuildingstructures;·Realtimedataacquisitiononequipmentruntime;·Dynamicenergyconsumptiontotalspertenant;·Historicaldatastorage;·Costcontrolandbudgetingcapabilities;·Analyticalprograms.TheIntelligentBuilding’sroleinthissystemistoallowcommunicationbetweentheoverallfacilitymanagementprogramandspecializedmanagementsub-programssuchastheEMCS,theM&EMaintenanceManagementorthePreventiveMaintenancetogatherdataorconveyuserpetenciesorindividualbuildingsofacomplexwhilemaintainingcapabilitiesforoverallcentralizationofdataandcontrol.TheIBcommunicationcapabilitiescanalsofacilitateinterchangewithaccountingorotherNetworkstoimportorexportpertinentdatawhetherinhouseoroutsourced.7、ConclusionsTheIntelligentBuildingconceptrepresentsanewtrendinofficebuildingplanningandonemoresteptowardsthefuturethroughaddedflexibilityandadaptationtomarketandcommunicationglobalization.Thisconceptregroupsworkerandbuildingmanagementneedsinacommonandmanageablecommunicationinfrastructure.ThebasicIBobjectiveisimproveworkersatisfactionandproductivitythroughenhancedworkspaceenvironmentandcommunicationcapabilities.IncludingtheIBconceptintheinitialplanningstagesofthemodernofficebuildingwillprovidesubstantialflexibilityforthemidandlongtermlifeofthebuildingparticularlytocommunicationintensiveuserclients.Inmostinstancesitwillreducetenantfitupcostsdowntheroadandprovideenhancedflexibilityandmanagementcapabilitieswhilereducingenergyconsumption.FullimplementationofallIBsystemsmaynotbenecessaryintheinitialfit-upofabuilding.Itis,however,mandatorytorecognizethebasicoverallconceptandimplementafullcommunicationcablingbackbonestructurefromtheonsetinordertoaccommodatefutureuserneeds.Thecommunicationbackbonemustbedistributedtostrategicallylocatedcommunicationrooms(Telcorooms)oneachflooraspartoftheinitialdesign.SubsequentfloordistributionassociatedtoanyneworupgradedIBsystemcouldbeachieved,viathesuspendedceilingspacewithminimalcuttingandpatching.JustificationfortheIBconceptmustbeanalyzedindependentlyforeachbuildingorfit-upandmusttakeintoaccountallderivedbenefitsincludingincreasedproductivity,flexibility,improvedcomfortandworkersatisfactionaswellaspotentialfuturesavingsovertheprojectedlifecycleofthebuilding.ApplicationofthebasicIntelligentBuildingconceptintoday’smodernofficebuildingshouldleadtopositiveCosttoBenefitevaluationswhenweighedintermsofincreasedusersatisfactionandproductivityandimprovedenergyefficiencyorflexibility.附錄三中文譯文智能建筑1、簡介智能建筑是要求有一個綜合布線和靈活模塊化的通信根底設施，通過先進的信息技術和密集的信息效勞用戶來實現。要求具有先進的信息技術和設計能力效勞于密集的信息用戶。隨著居住密度不斷增長，以及開展指數的增加，在過去20年來市場的全球化和通信的廣泛應用，個人電腦的普遍使用，已經使智能建筑〔IB〕的概念，首先考慮在規劃新辦公樓或者提升辦公樓的智能化。隨著社會辦公樓的演變，由于今天越來越多的教育工作者，導致了環境問題，標準大幅增加。社會研究說明了住戶對工作場所的滿意度與生產力的直接關系，單獨控制的環境條件下，每個工作站的能力被確定為導致用戶滿意度的一項重要內容。隨著技術的開展，通過技術開發和產品供給的本錢已呈現衰減，智能化應該從一個可行的和從嚴格的本錢效益方面合理選擇。2、概述智能建筑的概念定義有所不同，但最被接受的描述仍然是由巴塞羅那的研究所的塞爾達描述的那樣：“一個建筑物結合信息的系統，支持整個大樓的信息流通，為客戶提供先進的效勞和自動化業務通信，能夠進行自動控制，監測和綜合業務的本地或遠程管理，具有不同的子系統或樓宇設備，并有足夠的靈活性，旨在用一個簡單經濟的方式使一個系統實現。對于一個外行人士來說，對一個建筑的智能化程度的看法往往是在其資源管理、控制系統〔EMCS〕及其通信系統的復雜程度來看，然而，最重要的是還是其機械系統及電力系統來降低本錢和提高效率，在理想的機械設備系統、監控系統及通信系統中，對于暖通空調，照明以及其它系統，我們希望做到以下幾點〔1〕高速的光纖通信數據，視頻和BAS網絡的主干;〔2〕靈活的空調系統采用模塊化分布和100％的室外空氣交換。以及能利用自然冷卻將揮發性有毒氣體稀釋〔3〕先進的綜合資源管理與控制系統〔EMCS〕，對空調，照明，消防報警等設備及其系統進行直接數字控制;〔4〕具有專用電路配電網絡能夠滿足不間斷電源設備;〔5〕充足的備用發電;〔6〕過濾效率高，能量恢復和儲存熱量功能，以改善室內空氣質量和滿足能源消耗;〔7〕多用戶訪問網絡其中納入密碼保護機構;〔8〕最大的透明度和子系統之間的通信能力;〔9〕電氣設計特點針對智能建筑;單獨控制的空調末端裝置，允許在每個站點，乘員通過智能終端控制器控制的靈活的控制，我們期望擁有一個經營經濟分析的規劃，考慮現有的效勞和利益，并通過他們進行更換，隨后根據以上特點的變化或升級，進行改造。特別是那些涉及設計，可以追溯到20年或更長時間，一般都是出于對以下組合：新的標準要求，〔1〕更新室內空氣質量標準，〔2〕經修訂的能源效率準那么，〔3〕增加相關的普遍使用的個人電腦內部的電氣要求。〔4〕經修訂建筑用途大多數機電設備的平均壽命周期是20比建筑平均壽命周期50年短。因此，往往在該建筑的生命周期已經過期之前對現有的機電裝置完成改造。這往往提供了一個時機，以提高建筑的支撐系統的智能標準。3、歷史智能建筑的概念在80年代初出現的，一般主張制定集中的電子系統及廣泛使用，以促進支持和語音和數據通信系統的控制的開展。最初的概念推廣，出現了通信網絡的文字處理效勞，集中有限的互動音頻，通過人與人之間的溝通，住戶樓宇自動化系統覆蓋暖通空調系統和照明系統，開展智能建筑，盡管本錢很高，在那個時候，只能建筑這種威嚴能提高租金及建筑的價值。樓宇自動化系統和通信系統的行業的開展，以及其他專業人士很快制定了具體的產品和應用，滿足了智能建筑的實施。在加上蓬勃開展的個人電腦市場開展的這些事態，大幅度降低了本錢，大大提高智能建筑的蓬勃開展，智能大廈的概念隨之被接受而一直延續到現在，在歐洲，亞洲和北美廣泛應用。4、未來趨勢先前，智能建筑學會〔IBI〕基金會倡導，幾年后有必要認識到，在未來的建筑設計中從本地經濟過渡到國家及全球經濟的結合，因此有必要促進每個員工的進入全球通信網絡，他們預言，信息技術的開展將會是辦公環境變化的最大動力。這一預測已成為現實。IBI還預測環境問題，特別是室內空氣質量〔IAQ〕正在成為一個新的辦公建筑設計的首要任務。改良和增加空氣