AnEnglish-ChineseTranslationCourseIntroductionPrincipleofTranslation:faithfulnessandsmoothness*Translationisanart,abilingualart.Likeapainting,translationenablesustoreproducethefinethoughtofsomebodyelse,notincolorbutinwords,wordsofadifferentlanguage.Successfultranslationdependsontheinterplayofmanyfactorssuchasthecommandoftheinputandoutputlanguages,theknowledgeofthecultureoftheEnglish-speakingcountriesandtheskillsoftranslation,etc.Aqualifiedtranslatorisfullyawarethatamistakeintranslationmayleadtoapoliticaltroubleandbringgreatlosstothepeople.Hehastoimprovehistools,thelanguagesintranslation.Hehastolearnthesocialcustomsofothercountriesinvolved.Hehastogainagoodknowledgeoftechniquesintranslationinordertoconveywhattheauthormeans,exactlyandsmoothly.Abouteightyyearsago,Mr.YenFu(1853-1921)putforwardthreewordsfortheprincipleoftranslation:“faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance”.ButLuXun(1881-1936)showeddisapprovalofYen,andinhisopinion“faithfulness”isaboveallthethreeinimportance.Helaterputforwardtwowords“faithfulness”and“smoothness”.Heheldhisview:“Rathertobefaithfulthansmooth”;“Befaithfulinthoughtandsmoothinlanguage.”Inhisviewbothfaithfulnessandsmoothnessareimportant,butfaithfulnessfirst,smoothnesssecond.Todaywe’dbettertakehistwowordsasourprincipleoftranslation.Faithfulnessmeanstheoriginalthoughtoftheauthormustbekeptasmuchaspossibleintranslation.Nothingcanbeaddedtoortakenawayfromit.Thisincludestheemotions,thefeeling,thestyleaswellasallthecontentsoftheoriginal,i.e.theyareallconveyedtotallyandexactlyandevenpreciselytothereader.Smoothnessmeanswhatwetranslatemustappealtothereaders,perwordsandsmoothlanguage.Word-by-wordtranslationmustbeavoided.Inaword,translationisanhonest,solidjob,allowingnotabitoffalsehood.*Questions:WhatistheprincipleoftranslationaccordingtoMr.YenFu?WhatistheprincipleoftranslationaccordingtoLuXun?Whatdoyoumeanbyfaithfulness?Whatdoyoumeanbysmoothness?PartOneProblemsinTranslationSection1LiteralandLiberalTranslation*Literaltranslationisthetechniqueofmakingboththecontentandtheformoftheoriginalreappearinthetranslatedversion,ifpossible,inordertomaintainthestyle,thestructureaswellasthecontentsofthesourcelanguage.*Liberaltranslationreproducestheoriginalsensebycreatingnew,idiomaticexpressionsofthetargetlanguage,withoutcaringmuchaboutthewordorder,thesentencestructure,ortheliteralmeaningofthesourcelanguage.Itisusedespeciallywhentheoriginalcontentcontradictstheformofexpressioninthetargetlanguage.Therearealotofdisputesamongthetranslatorsontheliteralandliberaltranslations.However,it’sdifficulttodefineaconclusionbetweenthem,becauseeachhasitsbroadandnarrowsense.*Literaltranslationinthenarrowsensereferstoword-for-wordtranslation,irrespectiveofthewordorderandthesentencestructureaswellastheidiomaticexpressionofthetargetlanguage.e.g.MilkyWay*Incorrect:牛奶路*Revised:銀河WesawTomstandingonhishead.*Incorrect:我們看見湯姆正站在自己頭上。*Revised:我們看見湯姆正在倒立。Nothingcouldbedone.*Incorrect:無事可以被做。*Revised:毫無辦法。*Liberaltranslationinthebroadsensemaydepartfromtheoriginalsense,omittingsomethinghereandthere,onlytotranslateatpleasureoratrandom.Suchanapproachoftranslationwillmisrepresenttheauthor,andthereforeisundesirable.e.g.Thesunshinesbrightly.*Incorrect:赤日炎炎似火燒。*Revised:陽光明媚。Thisaircraftissmall,cheap,pilotless.*Incorrect:這種飛機，小巧玲瓏，價廉物美，無人駕駛。*Revised:這種飛機，體積不大，價格便宜，無人駕駛Itwasachillydayinearlyspring.*Incorrect:這是早春二月，乍暖還寒的日子。*Revised:這是初春一個寒冷的日子。Wefoundhimlyingonhisbackonthelawn.*Incorrect:我們發現他在草地上袒腹高臥。*Revised:我們發現他仰臥在草地上。Note:Whichispreferable,theliteralortheliberal?Eachhasitsmeritsanddemerits.Thefollowingexamplesillustratethattheliteralismorevividthantheliberal:Ihatedhim,andIhadafeelinghe’dsurelyleadusbothtoourancestors.*Literal:我狠他，并預感到他肯定會領著咱們去見祖先。*Liberal:我狠他，并預感到他肯定會領著咱們去送死。HitlerwasarmedtotheteethwhenhelaunchedtheSecondWorldWar.*Literal:希特勒在發動第二次世界大戰時是武裝到牙齒的。*Liberal:希特勒在發動第二次世界大戰時是全副武裝的。Note:Thefollowingexamplesshowthattheliberalismoreidiomaticthantheliteral:Amongsomanywell-dressedandculturedpeople,thecountrygirlfeltlikeafishoutofwater.*Liberal:同那么多穿著體面，而又有教養的人在一起，這鄉下姑娘感到很不自在。*Literal:同那么多穿著體面，而又有教養的人在一起，這鄉下姑娘覺得如魚出水。11.Don’tcrossthebridgetillyougettoit.*Liberal:不必擔心太早。（不必自尋煩惱，船橋頭自會直。）*Literal:到了橋邊再過橋。*Questions:Whatdoyoumeanbyliteraltranslation?Whatdoyoumeanbyliberaltranslation?Givesomeexamplestoillustrateyourpoints.Ex.ISection2WordChoiceI.thepolysemyNote:ItisverycommoninEnglishthatawordmaypossessseveraldifferentmeanings.Beginnersoftenfinditdifficulttodefinesuchawordintranslation.Infact,thecontextanditsfunctioncangiveusthehintstodecideitsexactmeaning.e.g.Like12.Likechargesrepel;unlikechargesattract.*adj.相同的電荷相斥，不同的電荷相吸。Likeknowslike.*n.英雄識英雄。Helikesmathematics.*v.他喜歡數學。Shelookslikehermother.*prep.她外貌象母親。PowerBasically,allpoweriswiththepeople.*歸根到底，一切權力歸人民。TheProgressivePartycameintopoweraftertheelection.*選舉之后，進步黨掌握了政權。Themasseshaveboundlesscreativepower.*人民群眾有無限創造力。Energyisthepowertodowork.*能即做功的力。Thisisatwenty-powertelescope.*這是一架二十倍的望遠鏡。（功力）Frictioncausesalossofpowerineverymachine.*摩擦會引起機器功能損耗。Manistheonlyanimalthathasthepowerofspeech.*人類是唯一具有語言能力的動物。Chinawillneverjointheso-calledclubofnuclearpowers.*中國決不會加入所謂的核大國俱樂部。Powercanbetransmittedoverlongdistances.*電力可以遠距離輸送。Thepowerofthechurchinnationalaffairshaslessened.*教會在國家事務中的影響業已消退。II.thebroadandthenarrowsensesofwordsNote:Thereis,inmanycases,adifferencebetweenthebroadsenseandthenarrowsenseofaword.Wemustbecarefulaboutchoosingaproperexpressiontotranslatetheexactmeaning.fireSheisafraidoffire.*她怕火。(Broad)I’llhavethefirerepaired.*我要修這個電爐。(Narrow)freedomThereisfreedomofspeechinourcountry.*我國有言論自由。(Broad)Ihavethefreedomofthelibrary.*我有權出入（使用）這座圖書館。(Narrow)III.thestrongandtheweaksensesofwordsStrong:Shewastooterrifiedtospeak.*她驚恐萬狀，連話都說不出來。Weak:Shedidn’tintendtofrightenthechild.*她不想嚇著那孩子。Iwillsaytheverythoughtofyoumakesmesick,…*Strong:我就說，我一想起你就惡心…*Weak:我就說，想到你就使我感到不舒服…IV.theappreciationanddepreciationofwordsNote:Somewordssuggesttheirobvioustendencyoffavourablesenseorunfavourablesense.Buttherearealsowordsthatareneutralbetweenthetwo,and,therefore,shouldbecarefullytreatedintheversiontoconveytheexactmeaning.*e.g.Complimentaryterms:heroic;noble;brave;kind;praise;polite;agreeable;devote;Derogatoryterms:selfish;devil;cruel;tyranny;instigate;seduce;e.g.BoastHenrykeepsboastingthathehastalkedtothePresident.*亨利老是吹噓說他曾同總統談過話。（貶義）Thecityboastsofagoodmuseum.*那城市擁有一所可以自豪的完備的博物館。（褒義）proudIdon’tlikehim,becauseheistooproud.*我不喜歡他，因為他太驕傲了。（貶義）Heistooproudtodosuchameanthing.*他很有自尊心，不會干這種卑鄙的事。innocentYouarereallyinnocenttotrustsuchaman.*你竟會相信這種人，真是太無知了。（貶義）I’llneverforgetherinnocentsmile.*我決不會忘了她那天真（無邪）的微笑。（褒義）flatterSomepeoplelikebeingflattered.*有些人愛讓人奉承。（貶義）Ifeelgreatlyflatteredbyyourinvitation.*承蒙邀請，不勝榮幸。（褒義）V.theextendedmeaningNotes:Intranslationsomewordsshouldbeconnotativizedinordertomakeasentencemoresmoothandexactinmeaning.Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.*每個人的生活都有甜和苦。Dusthasaveryimportantpartintheworkofnature.*灰塵對自然界的變化起著很大的作用。Whenwespeak,soundwavesbegintotravelandgoinalldirections.*我們講話時，聲波就會向四面擴散。Agastakesboththesidesandtheshapeofacontainer.*氣體與容器相同，具有體積和形狀。VI.theidiomaticcollocationstocutwheat*割麥子/tocutcake*切蛋糕/tocuttheprices*降低物價/tocuthair*理發/tocutwood*砍柴/tocutclasses*曠課/tocutafigureinstone*雕刻石像/tocutsb.totheheart*傷（某人）的心/tocutapath*開路*Moreexample:*Hardhardcoal*硬煤hardmoney*現金ahardblow*沉重的打擊hardwinter*嚴冬ahardproblem*難題hardlabour*苦工ahardstudent*勤奮的學生ahardlife*艱難生活ahardknot*死結ahardheart*鐵石心腸hardwine*烈性酒hardevidence*鐵證ahardcustomer*挑剔的顧客Section3SentenceStructureI.thewordorderNon-conductorsarerubberandglass.*橡皮和玻璃是非導體物質。Weshalldiscusstwoproblems,pollutionandoverpopulation.*我們將討論污染和人口膨脹這二個問題。A.thepositionoftheattributesafamousactor/astrangemusicalname*一位著名的演員/一個奇怪悅耳的名字somethingimportant*重要的事情Let’sgosomewherequiet.*咱們到一個安靜的地方去。Thisistheonlyreferencebookavailablehere.*這是此地能找到的唯一的參考書。Thecarmovedawayatthehighestspeedpossible.*車子以盡可能快的速度開跑了。anewinternationaleconomicorder*國際經濟新秩序asmallroundwoodentable*一張木制小圓桌peopleofgoodwillinallcountries*世界各國善良的人們acandidatewithlittlechanceofsuccess*一個當選希望極微的候選人B.thepositionoftheadverbialsThesituationtodayisfairlygood.*今天的形勢相當好。Evidently,notallthesubstancesexistinthreestates.*顯然，并非所有的物質都有三態。evenseeminglyinsignificantremains*即使看來微不足道的遺物Heisrunningfastenough.*他跑得夠快的。Modernscienceisdevelopingrapidly.*現代科學正迅速發展。Theplanewasforcedtolandontheseabecauseoftheweather.*飛機因天氣不好而在海上迫降。ImadeheracquaintancewhenIwasworkinginShanghai.*我是在上海工作時認識她的。PrintingwasintroducedfromChinaintoEuropemanyyearsago.*印刷術是很久以前從中國傳入歐洲的。Weatetoourhearts’contentatherhomelastSunday.*我們上星期天在她家飽餐了一頓。Weshallstartatseventomorrowmorning.*我們明天上午七點動身。Theylivedinanoldhouseinasmalltown.*他們以前住在一座小鎮的破房子里。otherplacementsTheyshouldormustdolikethat.*他們必須或者應當那樣做。quickofeyeanddeftofhand*手疾眼快theironandsteelindustry*鋼鐵工業II.transformationofthesentencemembersOurcountrywillturnoutmoretelevisorsthisyearthanlastyear.*我國生產的電視機將比去年多。Theselathesdifferwidelyintheirefficiencyafteroperation.*經過操作，這些車床的效率大不相同。Thereisalargeamountofenergywastedowingtofriction.*（由于）摩擦（而）損耗了大量的能量。III.transformationoftypesofsentencesBeapupilbeforeyoubecomeateacher.*先做學生，后做老師。Waveyourhandsinfrontofyourfaceandyoucanfeeltheairflowing.*如果你在面前揮手，你就會感到空氣在流動。PartTwoConversionSection1ConversionofNouninEnglishI.intoverbinChineseThesightandsoundofourjetplanefilledeveryonewithexcitingdelight.*看見我們的噴氣式飛機，聽見隆隆的機聲，大家都欣喜若狂。Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.*火箭已用來探索宇宙。HeisaloverofChinesepaintings.*他很喜歡中國畫。Thereportmadenomentionofthecollision.*報告中沒有提到那次沖突。II.intoadjectiveinChineseThesecurityandwarmthofthelabarewonderful.*實驗室很安全，也很溫暖，好極了。Heisaperfectstrangerinthecity.*他對這座城市完全陌生。III.intoadverbinChineseTheyexpressedtheirdeterminationtoopposeatomicweapons.*他們表示堅決反對使用核武器。Section2ConversionofAdjectiveinEnglishI.intonouninChineseRobinHoodandhismerrymenhatedtherichandprotectedthepoor.*羅賓漢和他的伙伴們痛恨闊人，保護窮人。Hewaselegant–butsoft.*他有風度，但很軟弱。II.intoverbinChineseThefactthatshewasabletosendamessagewasahint.ButIhadtobecautious.*她能給我帶個信兒這件事就是個暗示，但我必須小心謹慎。III.intoadverbinChineseYoudialedthewrongnumber.*你撥錯了電話號碼。Buckleywasinaclearminority.*巴克利顯然屬于少數。Section3ConversionofAdverbinEnglishI.intoverbinChineseAreyouthrough?*你講完了嗎？Thatdayhewasupbeforesunrise.*那天天不亮他就起來了。II.intoadjectiveinChineseTheworkerseverywherearegathering.*各處的工人都在集會。OurgovernmentshowsgreatconcernfortheChinesestudentsabroad.*我國政府十分關心在國外的留學生。III.intonouninChineseHeisphysicallyweakbutmentallysound.*他身體雖弱，但思想健康。IV.ConversionofverbinEnglishintonouninChineseHebehavesbadly.*他行為不端。19.Theproductsofthisfactoryarechieflycharacterizedbytheirhighqualityandlowprice.*該廠產品的一個主要特點就是價廉物美。20.MostU.S.spysatellitesaredesignedtoburnupintheearth’satmosphereaftercompletingtheirmissions.*美國絕大多數間諜衛星，按其設計，是在完成使命后，在大氣層中焚毀。V.ConversionofprepositioninEnglishintoverbinChinese21.“Coming!”Awaysheskimmedoverthelawn,upthepath,upthesteps,acrosstheplatform,andintotheporch.*“來啦！”她轉身蹦著跳著地跑了，越過草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺階，穿過平臺，（最后）進了門廊。PartThreeAmplificationSection1AmplificationforClarityI.amplifyingthemeaningofnounAfterallpreparationsweremade,theplaneswereflownacrosstheU.S.toSanFrancisco.*一切準備工作就緒后，飛機就飛越美國去舊金山。Therewerenospeeches,noforeigndiplomatsattheairportthatday.*那天機場上，既沒有人發表講話，也沒有各國外交官到場。II.amplifyingthemeaningofverbNowandthenhisbootsshone.*他的皮靴時常閃閃發光。Washbeforemeal.*飯前洗手。Thissystemworks.*這個制度行之有效。Shehadtoldhimtocomestraightinifevershefailedtoopenthedoor.*她曾告訴過他，如果她不來開門，他可以徑直進來。Theysayhisfatherwasafisherman.Maybehewasaspoorasweare.*聽人說，從前他爸爸是個打漁的。他過去也許跟我們現在一樣窮。III.supplyconnectingwordsFormistakeshadbeenmade,badones.*因為已經犯了許多錯誤，而且還是很糟的錯誤。Inthefilmsofthosedays,alltoooftenitwasthesameone:boydrivermeetsgirldriver;theyfallinloveanddrivetogether.*在那時候的電影里，總是老一套：男司機和女司機始而相遇，繼而相愛，終而并肩開車了。IV.supplyillustratingwords10.Iwasworriedabouther,butthiswasneithertheplacenorthetimeforalectureoranargument.*我真替她擔憂，但此時此地，既不宜教訓她一番，也不宜與她爭論一通。V.supplysummarizingwords11.Thereportsummedupthenewachievementswe’vemademilitarily,politicallyandeconomically.*報告總結了我們在政治、軍事、經濟等各方面所取得的新成就。VI.supplyexpletives:“的，吧，呢，啊，呀，嘛，嗎，啦，了，罷了，而已”12.Don’ttakeitseriously.I’mjustmakingfunofyou.*不要認真嘛！我不過開開玩笑罷了。“It’sonlyme!”shecried.*“是我呀！”她喊道。V.supplyclassifiersaredsun/abaddream/amouth*一輪紅日/一場噩夢/一張嘴Section2AmplificationfortheCompletionofGrammaticalConstructionSuchacollisionwouldhavebeenavoidedwithmuchcare.*要是十分小心的話，這種碰撞事故本來是可以避免的。16.Herememberedtheincident,ashadhiswife.*他還記得這件事，他的妻子早就記起了。17.Theywereasreadytoserveherastheyweretheirownmistress.*他們愿意服侍她，就像愿意服侍自己的女主人一樣。PartFourRepetitioninTranslationSection1RepetitionforClearnessI.repetitionofnounThesenewpolitical,economicalandculturalforcesareallrevolutionaryforces(inChina).*（這些）新的政治力量，新的經濟力量，新的文化力量，都是中國的革命力量。II.repetitionoftheellipticalnounorverbbeforeaseriesofprepositionalphrasesThedoctorwillgetmorepracticeoutofmethanoutofseventeenhundredordinarypatients.*醫生從我身上得到的實踐，會比從一千七百個普通病人身上得到的實踐多。Wetalkedofourselves,ofourprospects,ofthejourney,oftheweather,ofeachother-----ofeverythingbutofourhostandhostess.*我們談到自己，談到前途，談到旅程，談到天氣，談到彼此的情況，———談到一切，只是不談我們的男女主人。III.repetitionoftheantecedentorthenounreferredtobyapronounNow,radarisacommonlyusedtechniquebywhichpeoplecanseethingsbeyondtheirvisibility.*現在雷達是一種常用技術，利用這種技術，人們能看到視線以外的事物。Thetemperatureneededforthisprocessislowerthanthatneededtomeltthemetal.*這種生產過程所需要的溫度比熔化金屬所需要的溫度低。IV.repetitionofnouninthepossessiveformBigpowershavetheirstrategieswhilesmallcountrieshavetheirownlines.*強國有強國的策略，小國也有小國的路線。V.repetitionofrelativeslike“whoever”,“whenever”or“wherever”Whoeverworkshardwillberespected.*誰工作努力誰就受到尊敬。Choosewhicheveryouplease.*你喜歡什么就挑什么。VI.repetitionofChineseverbsfortheuseofauxiliariesinEnglishInanycaseworkdoesnotincludetime,butpowerdoes.*在任何情況下，功不包括時間，但功率包括時間。VII.repetitionofthepredicatefollowedbyaseriesofobjects10.TheycoveredDeng’sconcept“onecountry,twosystems”,theHongKongAgreement,andthefutureofTaiwan.*他們談到了鄧小平“一國兩制”的思想，談到了中英關于香港問題的協議，也談到了臺灣的前途等問題。Section2RepetitionforForceI.repetitioninChineseasinEnglish11.Gentlemenmaycrypeace,peace–butthereisnopeace.*先生們盡管可以高喊和平，和平，——但是依然沒有和平。II.repetitioninProverbs12.Eyeforeye,toothfortooth*以眼還眼，以牙還牙。III.repetitionbysynonyms13.Theywouldreadandre-readthesecretnotes.*他們往往一遍又一遍地反復琢磨這些密件。IV.repetitioninidiomaticexpressions14.Longlongagopeopleliveintreesorcaves.*很久很久以前，人們住在樹林里，或者住在山洞里。V.repetitionofsubjectsorobjects15.Businessisbusiness.*公事公辦。16.Somecomehereandothersgoaway.*來的來了，去的去了。Section3RepetitionforVividnessrepetitioninellipticalconstructions17.Rainorshine,itisallonetome.*雨也罷，晴也罷，對我都一樣。II.repetitionbyreduplicatedcharactersinChinese18.Talkingandlaughing,runningandjumping,thechildrenhadagoodtimeinthecountry.*說說笑笑，蹦蹦跳跳，孩子們在鄉村過得十分愉快。III.repetitionbyexpressionsshowingemotionsIhavehatedsomuch,i.e.Ihavenotimetoworry.*我狠都狠不過來，我還愁什么。IV.repetitionbyantithesisorexpressionsconsistingoffourcharactersinChinese（四字對偶）Ifthiswasatimeoftriumphforthemany,itwasapainfulperiodforthefew.*多數人興高采烈之日，卻是少數人傷心失意之時。21.Hesatthereandwatchedthem,sochangelesslychanging,sobrightanddark,sograveandgay.*他坐在那兒注視著，覺得眼前的景象，既是始終如一，又是變化多端，既是光彩奪目，又是朦朧黑暗，既是莊嚴肅穆，又是輕松愉快。PartFiveOmissionSection1OmissionofGrammaticalElementsI.thepronounShewasinahurrytogetbacktoherpost.Shestartedoffandturnedbackagain.*她急于回到自己的崗位，（……）走了以后，又回來了。Shelaidherhandlightlyonhisarmasiftothankhimforit.*她輕輕地把手放在他的胳膊上，好像要表示感謝（……）。Shecoveredherfacewithherhandsasiftoprotecthereyes.*她用（……）雙手捂住（……）臉，仿佛要保護（……）雙眼似的。It’snevertoolatetomend.*（……改過不嫌晚。）亡羊補牢，猶為未晚。II.thearticleAteachershouldhavepatienceinhiswork.*當教員應當有耐心。（表類別的冠詞）Thesunisthecenterofourworld.*太陽是我們這個天體的中心。（表獨一無二事物的冠詞）*Notes:Inthefollowingcases,thearticleisnotomitted.Heleftwithoutsayingaword.(=one)*他一句話沒說就走了。Weareofanage.(=same)*我們都是同齡的。Sheonlyhadamealaday.(=every)*她一天只吃一頓飯。Theroomisbiggerthanours.(=this/these)*這個房間比我們那個大。III.theconnectiveBecausethedeparturewasnoteasy,wemadeitbrief.*(……)告別這事難受得很，我們就作得簡短些。Shelookedmoregracefulwhenshewasinthatblueskirt.*(……)穿上那條藍裙子，她顯得更加亭亭玉立。IV.theprepositionNowcomplaintsareheardinallpartsofthatcountry.*目前，(……)該國各地怨聲載道。V.theverbHence,televisionsignalshaveashortrange.*因此，電視信號的傳送距離很短。Section2OmissionofCertainSelf-evidentElementsI.omissionofcertainrepeatedphrases15.thosewhohadnot.*報考大學的人，有工作經驗的優先錄取。（比較：報考大學的人，有工作經驗的比沒有工作經驗的優先錄取。）II.omissionofthosenotessentialtotheChineseversion16.Therewasnosnow,theleavesweregonefromthetrees,thegrasswasdead.*天未下雪，但葉落草枯。PartSixNegationHeisastrangerhere.*他不是本地人。Heisnotanative.*他是外鄉人。*Note:Wordssuchas“no,not,nor,neither”,andtheaffixesorsuffixes“un-;in-;dis-;-less”,etc.aretakenasnegatives.Section1AffirmativeinEnglish;NegativeinChineseI.theverbThesebasicconceptsmustbekeptinmindinourdiscussion.*我們討論問題時，不能忘記這些基本觀點。Wehaveyettofinishtheprocessofcorrection.*撥亂反正的任務還沒完成。II.theadverbWemaysafelysayso.*我們這樣說萬無一失。Heevidentlythinksotherwise.*他的想法顯然不同。（比較：他顯然有另外的想法。）III.theadjectiveHeisnotstupid,merelyignorant.*他并不笨，僅僅是無知而已。IV.theprepositionThisproblemisaboveme.*這個問題我不懂。V.theconnectiveHewilldieofhungerbeforehesteals.*他寧愿餓死也不去行竊。VI.thenoun10.Hisabsenceofmindnearlycausedanaccident.*他心不在焉，險些闖禍。11.Thisfailurewasthemakingofhim.*這次不成功是他后來成功的基礎。VII.phrases12.Wewillliveuptotheexpectationsofourpeople.*我們決不辜負全國人民對我們的希望。VIII.clausesorsentences13.Menonlyweepwhendeeplyhurt.*男兒有淚不輕彈，皆因未到傷心處。14．Ifitworkedonce,itcanworktwice.*一次得手，再次不愁。15.Myguessisasgoodasyours.*我的猜測并不比你的高明。Section2NegativeinEnglish;AffirmativeinChineseNotethat“not,no,without”and“un-,dis-,-less”areconsideredasnegatives.theverbThemanjumpedoverthewallanddisappearedamongthecrowds.*這家伙從墻頭翻了出去，在人群中消失了。17.Theproblemmustnotbeneglected.*這個問題仍應注意。II.theadverboradjective18.Hecarelesslyglancedthroughthenoteandgotaway.*他馬馬虎虎地看了看那張便條就走了。III.thenoun19.Hehadastrongdislikeforthejob.*他十分厭惡這門行當。IV.phrases20.Theexaminationleftnodoubtthatthepatienthaddiedofcancer.*檢查結果清清楚楚說明，病人死于癌癥。V.clausesorsentencesShesawatoncethatthecarwasnotallright.*她立刻發覺車子出了毛病。22.Suchflightscouldn’tlongescapenotice.*這類飛行遲早總會被人發覺的。PartSevenSplittingandJoiningSection1SplittingsinglewordsHewishedhewereathome.Ordinarily,hewouldhavebeentherethreehoursago.*他真愿那時候已在家里。要是在往常的日子里，他早已到家三小時了。Someonefiredanaccurateshotthroughmyofficewindow.*有人從窗外朝我辦公室放了一槍，這一槍打得很準。Heshookhisheadandhiseyeswerewide,thennarrowedinindignation.*他搖了搖頭，兩目睜得圓圓的，接著又瞇成一條線。臉上露出了憤怒的神色。II.phrasesShesatwithherhandscuppingherchin,staringatacornerofthelittlekitchen.*她坐在那兒雙手托著下巴，眼睛凝視著小廚房的一角。Evenbymodernstandards,the66,000tonTitanicwasacolossalship.*即使按現代標準來看，六萬六千噸級的泰坦尼克號也稱得上一艘巨輪了。Bynowarocketwillhavesetoffonits35millionmiletriptoMars.*現在，火箭該已經出發，踏上飛向火星的三千五百英里的旅程了。Section2.JoiningThatwaslongago.Averylongtimeago.Almost30yearsago.*那件事發生在很久、很久以前，將近三十年啦。WhenwepraisetheChineseleadershipandthepeople,wearenotmerelybeingpolite.*我們對中國領導人和中國人民的贊揚不僅僅是出于禮貌。(complex)Thetimewas10:30,andthetrafficonthestreetwaslight.*十點三十分的時候，街上來往的車輛稀少了。(compound)PartEightThePassiveVoiceItwasprovedwrongtosaythingslikethat.*后來證明那種說法是不對的。*比較：那種說法被證明是不對的。Thewheathasnotbeencutyet.*麥子還未收割。*比較：麥子還沒有被收割。Section1TheUseoftheActiveVoiceinChineseusetheactiveformtoshowthepassivesenseThemancannotbereliedupon.*那人不可信賴。Thewholecountrywasarmedinafewdays.*幾天之內，全國都武裝起來了。useChinesesentenceswithoutthesubjectTwodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.*給他們兩天時間來作必要的準備工作。Childrenshouldbetaughttospeakthetruth.*應該教育兒童講真話。usetheactiveformwiththeoriginalsubjectunchangedThisinstrumentmustbehandledwithgreatcare.*這種儀器操作要非常細心。Thesemachinepartsmaybeneededinourwork.*工作中這些零件可能還要用。Thewholeplanhastoberevised.*整個計劃都要修改。usetheactiveformwiththesubjectandtheobjectinterchangedYet,onlyapartofthisenergyisusedbyman.*然而，人類只利用了這種能的一部分。Nopumahadbeenreportedmissingfromanyzoointhecountry.*國內從來沒有哪個動物園報失過山獅。usetheactiveformwiththepredicativeintheChinesepattern:“是…的”Historyismadebythepeople.*歷史是人民創造的。usetheactiveformbysupplyingidiomaticexpressionslike“據…”,“有人…”;ortheGeneralTermslike“我們”，“大家”，“人們”，etc.Theworkerswereseenrepairingthegenerator.*有人看見過，這些工人在修理發電機。Ifoneormoreelectronsareremoved,theatomissaidtobepositivelycharged.*如果原子失去了一個或更多的電子，我們就說這個原子帶正電荷。usetheactivevoicewith“把”or“給”Thefamoushotelhadbeenpracticallydestroyedbythebigfire.*大火把這家著名的旅館幾乎完全燒毀了。Heappearedonthestageandwaswarmlyapplaudedbytheaudience.*他在臺上出現，觀眾給予熱烈鼓掌。（他一出現在舞臺上，觀眾就報以熱烈掌聲。）Section2TheUseofthePassiveVoiceinChineseusethepassive-voicecharacters“被，給，叫”IstartedtoexplainthatIcouldnotdomybestsincemyspectacleshadbeentakenaway.*我開始解釋道，我不可能干得很好，因為我的眼鏡給拿走了。Shewascaughtintheheavyrain.*她叫大雨淋著了。usethepassive-voicecharacters“受，遭，挨”Ourforeignpolicyissupportedbythepeopleallovertheworld.*我們的外交政策受到全世界人民的支持。Thenoisehadbeensofaintthatnoonethoughtthattheshiphadbeendamaged.*先前的聲響非常微弱，沒有人會想到船只已遭到損壞。Theboyistobescolded.*這孩子要挨罵了。usethepassive-voicecharacters“由，使，讓”ThegreatestbridgeintheworldwasdesignedbyOthmarAmmann.*世界上最大的橋梁是由奧思默安曼設計的。Mydictionarywastakenaway.*我的詞典讓人拿走了。usethepassive-voicecharacters“為…所，…加以…”Thetheorywasnotaccepteduntilthelastcentury.*這個學說直到上個世紀才為人們所接受。Theproblemsshouldbesolvedingoodtime.*這些問題要及時加以解決。SentenceTranslationPractice(English—Chinese)Justgivemeahaircuttoday.Itwon’tdoanygoodtosetitbecauseIamgoingswimmingatLake*你今天把我的頭發剪一剪就行了，做不做發型關系不大，因為今天下午不管怎樣，我都要去佛羅里達湖游泳。Itisasillyfishthat’scaughttwicewiththesamebait.*智者不上兩會當。“PoorMexico,”anoldsayinggoes,“sodistantfromGod,soclosetotheUnitedStates.”*就如老話說的，“可憐的墨西哥離上帝那么遠，而離美國卻那么近。”Rosetalongboastedthelowestheartattackrateinthe*羅塞塔長期以來被譽為美國心臟病發病率最低的地方。Themanagerisgratefultothecustomersfortheirvaluablesuggestions.*經理感謝顧客提出了寶貴的建議。Characteristically,Mr.Haroldconcealedhisfeelingsandwatchedandlearned.*哈羅德先生沒有流露出自己的感情，只是察言觀色，心領神會。這就是他這個人的特點。TheEnglishlanguagehaschangedsubtlyandpervasively.*英語的變化很敏感，很普遍。Wehavealsoadmiredyourexceptionalintellectualqualities,yourexperienceandyourkindness.*我們也佩服你那過人的才智，你那豐富的閱歷和你那親切的態度。Hisdiligence,earnestness,carefulnessandbrilliancemakehimpraisedbyall.*他勤勉、踏實、細心，才華過人，凡此種種都使他受到眾人的夸獎。Myfatherwasalwayslookingforashortcuttofameandfortunes----schemes,scams,evenradio-showcontests.*我父親成天在尋覓成名成家、發財致富的捷徑----搞陰謀詭計，欺詐誆騙，甚至在廣播節目有獎競猜上押寶。Itwasadayasfreshasgrassgrowingupandcloudsgoingoverandbutterfliescomingdownthatcanmakeit.*綠草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，這日子是如此清晰。Heneverreallysucceededinhisambitions,hemighthavedone,onefelt,haditnotbeenfortherestlessnessofhisnature.*他雄心勃勃，但從未如愿以償。人們覺得，要不是他那貪得無厭的本性，他也許會有所作為的。Mar