Unit10WeatherUnit10Weather1PartIVocabulary赤道維度、經度海拔北回歸線、南回歸線北極、南極熱帶、溫帶、寒帶地中海加勒比海波斯灣墨西哥灣半島構造板塊地殼干旱熱帶風暴熱帶氣旋強降雨熱浪颶風震源、震中、震級余震里氏震級巖漿火山噴發火山口海嘯雪崩塌方洪水降水氣象學地震學水文學PartIVocabulary赤道強降雨2PartIVocabularyEquatorLatitude,longitudeAltitudeTropicofCancerTropicofCapricornNorthpole,southpoleTropical/TorridZone,TemperateZone,Frigid/coldZoneMediterraneanSeaCaribbeanSeaThePersianGulfTheGulfofMexicoPeninsularTectonicplateCrustTropicalstormTropicalcyclonesIntenserainfallshurricanesHypocenter,epicenter,magnitudeAftershockRichterscaleLavaVolcanoeruptionCraterTsunamiAvalancheLandslideDelugePrecipitationSeismologyMeteorologyhydrologyPartIVocabularyEquatorIntens3PartIIBackground:ElNino,LaNinaElNino-(ElNee-nyo)isthewarmingofwaterinthePacificOcean.

LaNina-(LahNee-Nyah)isthecoolingofwaterinthePacificOcean.

PartIIBackground:ElNino,L4PartIIBackground:ElNino,LaNinaPartIIBackground:ElNino,L5PartIIBackground:ElNino,LaNinaPartIIBackground:ElNino,L6ElNino,LaNinaElNino,LaNina7WindsofChangeGroundandsatellitedatawereusedtocreatethisimageoftheequatorialPacific,showingdeviationsinElNi?otemperatureandwinddirectioninMay1997.East-to-westwindshavereversedthemselves,atleft,andacounterclockwisepatternnearthetopsendswarm,moistairtowardCalifornia.ImagebyW.TimothyLiu,JetPropulsionLaboratory,NASAWindsofChangeGroundandsat8PartIIBackground:ElNino,LaNinaInterestingFactsElNinowasfirstdiscoveredhundredsofyearsagobyfishermenoffthecoastofPeru.ElNinomeans“LittleBoy”andwasnamedaftertheChristchild(幼年基督),becauseitusuallystartsaroundChristmas.LaNinameans"LittleGirl."ItisalsocalledElViejo,whichmeans"oldman,"oranENSOcoldevent.LaNinaoccursroughlyhalfasoftenasElNinoElNinoandLaNinaarethemostpowerfulphenomenaontheearthandaltertheclimateacrossmorethanhalftheplanet.ElNinomaybecausedbyunderwatervolcanoesinthePacific.PartIIBackground:ElNino,L9PartIIBackground:HurricaneMitchPartIIBackground:Hurricane10HurricaneMitchwasthemostpowerfulhurricaneofthe1998Atlantichurricaneseason,withmaximumsustainedwindsof180

mph(285

km/h).Thestormwasthethirteenthtropicalstorm,ninthhurricane,andthirdmajorhurricaneoftheseason.Atthetime,HurricaneMitchwasthestrongestAtlantichurricaneobservedinthemonthofOctober,thoughithassincebeensurpassedbyHurricaneWilmaofthe2005season.ThehurricanematchedthefourthmostintenseAtlantichurricaneonrecord(ithassincedroppedtoseventh).MitchformedinthewesternCaribbeanSeaonOctober22,andafterdriftingthroughextremelyfavorableconditions,itrapidlystrengthenedtopeakatCategory

5status,thehighestpossibleratingontheSaffir-SimpsonHurricaneScale.Afterdriftingsouthwestwardandweakening,thehurricanehitHondurasasaminimalhurricane.ItdriftedthroughCentralAmerica,reformedintheBayofCampeche,andultimatelystruckFloridaasastrongtropicalstorm.HurricaneMitchwasthemostp11StormpathStormpath12MudslideDamageMudslide13Tally（stick）(para.5)Tally（stick）(para.5)14PartIIIText:MainideaWhatarethetwoquestionsthatthetextistryingtoanswer?Hasweatheronearthgonewild?Why?Effectivedataareneededtoconfirmthatweatherhasgonewild;currentextremeweathereventsoccurduetomanyfactors,includingElNiňoandLaNiňa;andtheglobalwarmingissueshouldbestudiedfromtheglobalperspectivePartIIIText:MainideaWhata15PartIIIText:organizationPara1-2:SurpriseandextremeweatherPara3-4：Inspiteofthescientist’sopinionthatweatherisstartingtochange,tounderstandthepatterninnaturalvariability,weneedtostudydata,whichisn’teasy.Para5-7:Weatherrelateddamagestakentogetherseemtoshowafrighteningpicture—climatechange.Para8-9Thestatisticsmeteorologistshavecollectedonextremeweathereventsaren’tenoughtoprovethattheweatherisgettingworse.Para10-17Onereasonforpossibleclimatechangeisdiscussed:globalwarningPara18-24Anotherreasonforpossibleclimatechangeisdiscussed:ElNinoandLaNinaPara25-end:Conclusionandsuggestionsfordealingwithextremeweatherinthefuture.PartIIIText:organizationPar16PartIIIText:Questions1.Whyarescientistsreluctanttoconcludethattheweatherhasgonewild?Hastheweathergoneextremeinyourarea?2.Isglobalwarmingtoblameforharshweather?3.WhatisElNiňo?Andwhatisitsinfluenceontheclimate?PartIIIText:Questions1.Wh17PartIIIText:QuestionsDespiteoftheincreaseddisastersbroughtaboutbybadweather,scientistsarehesitanttosaytheweatherisgettingworseforlackofstrongdatatoprovethestatement.Asharshweatherhappensinfrequently,itisdifficultforscientiststocomeupwithenoughscientificallysoundstatistics.Besides,eveniftheyhadgoodnumbers,thepresentcomputerresolutionisstilltoocoarsetobeabletomakedefinitepredictions.PartIIIText:QuestionsDespi18PartIIIText:QuestionsAlthoughthehypothesisthatglobalwarmingistoblameforharshweatherarouseswideattentionamongscientists,noonecanprovideenoughevidencetoproveit.Forexample,Trenberth,whosefindingsaboutglobalwarmingandElNiňocausedastirinthefieldofmeteorology,isawareoftheweaknessofhishypothesis.PartIIIText:QuestionsAltho19PartIIIText:QuestionsElNiňoistheperiodicwarmingoftheequatorialPacificthatinducesstormsandotherclimaticevents,historicallyoccursonceeverythreeorsevenyearsandlastsforuptotwoyears.Itcancausestorms,floods,droughts,andsecondaryeffectslikefires.Forexample,intheearly1990's,thedrynessinIndonesiaandothertropicalpacificarea,theblisterinsouthernAfricaandthestorminCaliforniawereallduetoElNiňo.PartIIIText:QuestionsElNi20Sentences1.Butthescientistscautionedthatthestudyanalyzedonly80yearsofdata,confined

itselftotheUnitedStates－whichoccupiesamere2percentoftheglobe－andfoundnothingoutoftherealmofpurechance.(para.15)

Therealmofpurechance:metaphorThestudyanalyzeddataofashorttimeof80yearsandasmallareaoftheUnitedStates,therefore,theresultswereonlyaccidentalandnotreliable.

Sentences1.Butthescientists21Sentences2.Scientistsfoundthemselveswondering:Whatwouldhappenifoneofnature'sstormmachines

－notcompletelyunderstoodbutstilladheringtorhythmsasregularastheseasons－werepressedintoservicebyglobalwarming?(para.17)ScientistsdonothaveacompleteunderstandingofELNino.However,ithasregularrhythms.ScientistswantedtoknowwhatwouldhappenifglobalwarmingforcedELNinotohappen?

Sentences2.Scientistsfoundt22Sentences3.Aknowninstigatorofstorms,floods,droughts,andsecondaryeffectslikefires,theElNiňo-SouthernOscillationcouldgoalongwaytowardexplainingmanyweatherextremes.(para.18)Instigator:initiator,producerGoalongwaytoward…:beanimportantfactorin…beveryimportantandhelpfulin對…大有裨益Goodwillandcooperationcangoalongwaytowardssmoothingyourwaytothetop.4.ContrastingcooloceancurrentsinthePacificcanusherintheoppositephase?,LaNina,whichtendstodryoutthesouthwesternandSouthCentralstates.(para.18)Usherinsth:markorbethestartofsth.new;cause,start迎來，開始FireworkdisplaysusheredintheNewYearSentences3.Aknowninstigator23Sentences5.Forme,thenewdata...indicatethatweappeartobenudgingnoticeablyclosertothe‘smokinggun'demandedbypeoplewhorequireveryhighlevelsofproof.Nudge:gentlypushwiththeelbow;approach,getclosetoSmokinggun:apieceofevidencethatsomeoneisresponsibleforacrime,orthatsomethingistrue,確鑿證據就我看來，這些新數據表明...我們離那些要求很高層次證據的人所要求的‘確鑿證據’，明顯地已經越來越近。Sentences5.Forme,thenewda24PartIV:expressions把目光投向窗外冬季暴雪夏季酷暑秋季寒潮拋在我們面前地獄般狂風橫掃。。。暴風雪重擊。。。傾盆大雨自然變化熱帶旋風PartIV:expressions把目光投向窗外25PartIV:expressions控訴怪異的天氣局部地區諸多原因計算損失遭遇災難重擊氣候災難索賠輕視…的觀點增長的人口降水事件從歷史數據中篩選提出觀點引起轟動，引起波瀾PartIV:expressions控訴怪異的天氣26PartIV:expressions文獻顯示可信度不高海水蒸發畏縮，退縮肩膀耷拉下來風暴、洪水的制造者在某處大雨傾盆普通的埃爾尼諾擲硬幣指出自己工作中的漏洞這有點道理。遭受連續打擊橫掃達到新高是未來天氣的類比和預演PartIV:expressions文獻顯示27PartIV:expressionsFlipyoureyesovertothewindow把目光投向窗外(flip:turn,move,throwquickly)Awinterblizzard

冬季暴雪(compare:blister,lizard)Asummerswelter

夏季酷暑(sweatbecauseofheat)Anautumncoldsnap

秋季寒潮(break,movequickly)Sling…ourway拋在我們面前(throwcasually,fling)Hellholesofwindrampagesthrough…地獄般狂風橫掃…(rushaboutviolentlyandwildly)RoastthroughweeksoftheworstdroughtBlizzardspound…暴風雪重擊Torrentialdownpour傾盆大雨Naturalvariability

自然變化PartIV:expressionsFlipyour28PartIV:ExpressionsIndict

weirdweather控訴怪異的天氣Yourneckofwoods局部地區

ahostofreasons諸多原因(araftof)Tallyupthedamage計算損失Bewhackedbydisasters遭遇災難重擊(hithard)Weatherwoes

氣候災難(thingsthatcausegreatsorrow)Damageclaims

索賠Diminishtheclaimsthat…輕視…的觀點(makeorbecomelessinsize,volume,intensity;belittle)Swelling

population增長的人口Precipitationevents降水事件Theliteraturehassuggestedthat…文獻顯示Tropical

cyclones

熱帶旋風PartIV:ExpressionsIndictwei29PartIV:expressionsTheseprojections

ranklowontheconfidencescale可信度不高（anestimationbasedonastudy;預測）Flinch

畏縮，退縮（moveasideasaresultoffear）one’sshoulderscrumple

肩膀耷拉下來(becomebent,crooked;collapse)Oceanevaporation

海水蒸發(vapor：steam)Siftthroughhistoricaldata從歷史數據中篩選(sieve篩子)Float

anidea提出觀點Causeastir

intheaudience引起轟動，引起波瀾Instigatorofstorms，flood風暴、洪水的制造者(instigate:initiate,bringabout)Usherintheoppositephase(cause,bringabout)PartIV:expressionsTheseproj30PartIV:expressionsDrenchCalifornia在加尼福尼亞地區大雨傾盆(wetthoroughly,soak;compare:trench)Run-of-the-millElNino普通的埃爾尼諾Acornflip

擲硬幣Poke

aholeinhisownwork指出自己工作中的漏洞(poker撥火棍)There’sashred

oftruthtoit.這有點道理。（asmallnarrowpiece）Getbattered

遭受連續打擊(beatrepeatedlywithhardblows)Whisk

through橫掃(flywhiskusedtoremovedustorflies)Hitnewhighs達到新高Evidencemountsthat…越來越多，增長Ananalogue，adryruntothefuture是未來天氣的類比和預演(somethingsimilarto…)

PartIV:expressionsDrenchCa31英語學習Unit10英語泛讀課件322VERBV,V-ingIfsomethingmounts,itincreasesinintensity.

Forseveralhours,tensionmounted...

Therewasmountingconcerninhervoice.=rise3VERBV,V-ingIfsomethingmounts,itincreasesinquantity.

Theuncollectedgarbagemountsincitystreets...

Heignoredhismountingdebts.

PHRASALVERBVPTomountupmeansthesameastomount.

Hermedicalbillsmountedup.2VERBV,V-ing33FastreadingPassage1Winddirectionveers變化Turbulent

（水，氣流）湍急的Detourroundit迂回Ominous

不祥的Rearflank側面Tornadic颶風的Terrafirma陸地Passage2Scarestories駭人的Aboonfortheenvironment裨益Huddleinsmoke-filledhovels擁擠/茅舍Prosperity繁榮Frozentundra苔原Steppers（跨步行走的）人或動物FastreadingPassage1Passage234KeyA.cB.1-5cbbcb6-10cbbccD.1-5bacba6-10ddaca11-14cbbaFastreading:1-5abbda6-10cbbda11-15dcddbHomereading:1-5cccad6-10bddbcKeyA.c35Unit10WeatherUnit10Weather36PartIVocabulary赤道維度、經度海拔北回歸線、南回歸線北極、南極熱帶、溫帶、寒帶地中海加勒比海波斯灣墨西哥灣半島構造板塊地殼干旱熱帶風暴熱帶氣旋強降雨熱浪颶風震源、震中、震級余震里氏震級巖漿火山噴發火山口海嘯雪崩塌方洪水降水氣象學地震學水文學PartIVocabulary赤道強降雨37PartIVocabularyEquatorLatitude,longitudeAltitudeTropicofCancerTropicofCapricornNorthpole,southpoleTropical/TorridZone,TemperateZone,Frigid/coldZoneMediterraneanSeaCaribbeanSeaThePersianGulfTheGulfofMexicoPeninsularTectonicplateCrustTropicalstormTropicalcyclonesIntenserainfallshurricanesHypocenter,epicenter,magnitudeAftershockRichterscaleLavaVolcanoeruptionCraterTsunamiAvalancheLandslideDelugePrecipitationSeismologyMeteorologyhydrologyPartIVocabularyEquatorIntens38PartIIBackground:ElNino,LaNinaElNino-(ElNee-nyo)isthewarmingofwaterinthePacificOcean.

LaNina-(LahNee-Nyah)isthecoolingofwaterinthePacificOcean.

PartIIBackground:ElNino,L39PartIIBackground:ElNino,LaNinaPartIIBackground:ElNino,L40PartIIBackground:ElNino,LaNinaPartIIBackground:ElNino,L41ElNino,LaNinaElNino,LaNina42WindsofChangeGroundandsatellitedatawereusedtocreatethisimageoftheequatorialPacific,showingdeviationsinElNi?otemperatureandwinddirectioninMay1997.East-to-westwindshavereversedthemselves,atleft,andacounterclockwisepatternnearthetopsendswarm,moistairtowardCalifornia.ImagebyW.TimothyLiu,JetPropulsionLaboratory,NASAWindsofChangeGroundandsat43PartIIBackground:ElNino,LaNinaInterestingFactsElNinowasfirstdiscoveredhundredsofyearsagobyfishermenoffthecoastofPeru.ElNinomeans“LittleBoy”andwasnamedaftertheChristchild(幼年基督),becauseitusuallystartsaroundChristmas.LaNinameans"LittleGirl."ItisalsocalledElViejo,whichmeans"oldman,"oranENSOcoldevent.LaNinaoccursroughlyhalfasoftenasElNinoElNinoandLaNinaarethemostpowerfulphenomenaontheearthandaltertheclimateacrossmorethanhalftheplanet.ElNinomaybecausedbyunderwatervolcanoesinthePacific.PartIIBackground:ElNino,L44PartIIBackground:HurricaneMitchPartIIBackground:Hurricane45HurricaneMitchwasthemostpowerfulhurricaneofthe1998Atlantichurricaneseason,withmaximumsustainedwindsof180

mph(285

km/h).Thestormwasthethirteenthtropicalstorm,ninthhurricane,andthirdmajorhurricaneoftheseason.Atthetime,HurricaneMitchwasthestrongestAtlantichurricaneobservedinthemonthofOctober,thoughithassincebeensurpassedbyHurricaneWilmaofthe2005season.ThehurricanematchedthefourthmostintenseAtlantichurricaneonrecord(ithassincedroppedtoseventh).MitchformedinthewesternCaribbeanSeaonOctober22,andafterdriftingthroughextremelyfavorableconditions,itrapidlystrengthenedtopeakatCategory

5status,thehighestpossibleratingontheSaffir-SimpsonHurricaneScale.Afterdriftingsouthwestwardandweakening,thehurricanehitHondurasasaminimalhurricane.ItdriftedthroughCentralAmerica,reformedintheBayofCampeche,andultimatelystruckFloridaasastrongtropicalstorm.HurricaneMitchwasthemostp46StormpathStormpath47MudslideDamageMudslide48Tally（stick）(para.5)Tally（stick）(para.5)49PartIIIText:MainideaWhatarethetwoquestionsthatthetextistryingtoanswer?Hasweatheronearthgonewild?Why?Effectivedataareneededtoconfirmthatweatherhasgonewild;currentextremeweathereventsoccurduetomanyfactors,includingElNiňoandLaNiňa;andtheglobalwarmingissueshouldbestudiedfromtheglobalperspectivePartIIIText:MainideaWhata50PartIIIText:organizationPara1-2:SurpriseandextremeweatherPara3-4：Inspiteofthescientist’sopinionthatweatherisstartingtochange,tounderstandthepatterninnaturalvariability,weneedtostudydata,whichisn’teasy.Para5-7:Weatherrelateddamagestakentogetherseemtoshowafrighteningpicture—climatechange.Para8-9Thestatisticsmeteorologistshavecollectedonextremeweathereventsaren’tenoughtoprovethattheweatherisgettingworse.Para10-17Onereasonforpossibleclimatechangeisdiscussed:globalwarningPara18-24Anotherreasonforpossibleclimatechangeisdiscussed:ElNinoandLaNinaPara25-end:Conclusionandsuggestionsfordealingwithextremeweatherinthefuture.PartIIIText:organizationPar51PartIIIText:Questions1.Whyarescientistsreluctanttoconcludethattheweatherhasgonewild?Hastheweathergoneextremeinyourarea?2.Isglobalwarmingtoblameforharshweather?3.WhatisElNiňo?Andwhatisitsinfluenceontheclimate?PartIIIText:Questions1.Wh52PartIIIText:QuestionsDespiteoftheincreaseddisastersbroughtaboutbybadweather,scientistsarehesitanttosaytheweatherisgettingworseforlackofstrongdatatoprovethestatement.Asharshweatherhappensinfrequently,itisdifficultforscientiststocomeupwithenoughscientificallysoundstatistics.Besides,eveniftheyhadgoodnumbers,thepresentcomputerresolutionisstilltoocoarsetobeabletomakedefinitepredictions.PartIIIText:QuestionsDespi53PartIIIText:QuestionsAlthoughthehypothesisthatglobalwarmingistoblameforharshweatherarouseswideattentionamongscientists,noonecanprovideenoughevidencetoproveit.Forexample,Trenberth,whosefindingsaboutglobalwarmingandElNiňocausedastirinthefieldofmeteorology,isawareoftheweaknessofhishypothesis.PartIIIText:QuestionsAltho54PartIIIText:QuestionsElNiňoistheperiodicwarmingoftheequatorialPacificthatinducesstormsandotherclimaticevents,historicallyoccursonceeverythreeorsevenyearsandlastsforuptotwoyears.Itcancausestorms,floods,droughts,andsecondaryeffectslikefires.Forexample,intheearly1990's,thedrynessinIndonesiaandothertropicalpacificarea,theblisterinsouthernAfricaandthestorminCaliforniawereallduetoElNiňo.PartIIIText:QuestionsElNi55Sentences1.Butthescientistscautionedthatthestudyanalyzedonly80yearsofdata,confined

itselftotheUnitedStates－whichoccupiesamere2percentoftheglobe－andfoundnothingoutoftherealmofpurechance.(para.15)

Therealmofpurechance:metaphorThestudyanalyzeddataofashorttimeof80yearsandasmallareaoftheUnitedStates,therefore,theresultswereonlyaccidentalandnotreliable.

Sentences1.Butthescientists56Sentences2.Scientistsfoundthemselveswondering:Whatwouldhappenifoneofnature'sstormmachines

－notcompletelyunderstoodbutstilladheringtorhythmsasregularastheseasons－werepressedintoservicebyglobalwarming?(para.17)ScientistsdonothaveacompleteunderstandingofELNino.However,ithasregularrhythms.ScientistswantedtoknowwhatwouldhappenifglobalwarmingforcedELNinotohappen?

Sentences2.Scientistsfoundt57Sentences3.Aknowninstigatorofstorms,floods,droughts,andsecondaryeffectslikefires,theElNiňo-SouthernOscillationcouldgoalongwaytowardexplainingmanyweatherextremes.(para.18)Instigator:initiator,producerGoalongwaytoward…:beanimportantfactorin…beveryimportantandhelpfulin對…大有裨益Goodwillandcooperationcangoalongwaytowardssmoothingyourwaytothetop.4.ContrastingcooloceancurrentsinthePacificcanusherintheoppositephase?,LaNina,whichtendstodryoutthesouthwesternandSouthCentralstates.(para.18)Usherinsth:markorbethestartofsth.new;cause,start迎來，開始FireworkdisplaysusheredintheNewYearSentences3.Aknowninstigator58Sentences5.Forme,thenewdata...indicatethatweappeartobenudgingnoticeablyclosertothe‘smokinggun'demandedbypeoplewhorequireveryhighlevelsofproof.Nudge:gentlypushwiththeelbow;approach,getclosetoSmokinggun:apieceofevidencethatsomeoneisresponsibleforacrime,orthatsomethingistrue,確鑿證據就我看來，這些新數據表明...我們離那些要求很高層次證據的人所要求的‘確鑿證據’，明顯地已經越來越近。Sentences5.Forme,thenewda59PartIV:expressions把目光投向窗外冬季暴雪夏季酷暑秋季寒潮拋在我們面前地獄般狂風橫掃。。。暴風雪重擊。。。傾盆大雨自然變化熱帶旋風PartIV:expressions把目光投向窗外60PartIV:expressions控訴怪異的天氣局部地區諸多原因計算損失遭遇災難重擊氣候災難索賠輕視…的觀點增長的人口降水事件從歷史數據中篩選提出觀點引起轟動，引起波瀾PartIV:expressions控訴怪異的天氣61PartIV:expressions文獻顯示可信度不高海水蒸發畏縮，退縮肩膀耷拉下來風暴、洪水的制造者在某處大雨傾盆普通的埃爾尼諾擲硬幣指出自己工作中的漏洞這有點道理。遭受連續打擊橫掃達到新高是未來天氣的類比和預演PartIV:expressions文獻顯示62PartIV:expressionsFlipyoureyesovertothewindow把目光投向窗外(flip:turn,move,throwquickly)Awinterblizzard

冬季暴雪(compare:blister,lizard)Asummerswelter

夏季酷暑(sweatbecauseofheat)Anautumncoldsnap

秋季寒潮(break,movequickly)Sling…ourway拋在我們面前(throwcasually,fling)Hellholesofwindrampagesthrough…地獄般狂風橫掃…(rushaboutviolentlyandwildly)RoastthroughweeksoftheworstdroughtBlizzardspound…暴風雪重擊Torrentialdownpour傾盆大雨Naturalvariability

自然變化PartIV:expressionsFlipyour63PartIV:ExpressionsIndict

weirdweather控訴怪異的天氣Yourneckofwoods局部地區

ahostofreasons諸多原因(araftof)Tallyupthedamage計算損失Bewhackedbydisasters遭遇災難重擊(hithard)Weatherwoes

氣候災難(thingsthatcausegreatsorrow)Damageclaims

索賠Diminishtheclaimsthat…輕視