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《英語國家社會與文化入門》(上冊）TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookOne)《英語國家社會與文化入門》(上冊）TheSocietyaTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
Unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBrQuizGivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:
1大英帝國2英聯邦國家組織3亞瑟王4蘇格蘭高地5威爾士親王QuizGivetheEnglishandaFocalPointseffectsofUK’simperialpastamultiracialsocietythesignificantroleofLondonculturalandeconomicdominanceofEnglandinvasionfromtheRomanEmpiresettlementoftheAnglo-SaxonsVikingsfromScandinaviaWilliamtheConquerorphysicalfeaturesofScotlandtheBattleofBannockburnUnionwithEnglandin1707strongScottishidentityWale’sunificationwiththeUKFocalPointseffectsofUK’simThisUnitIsDividedintoFourSectionsABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomEnglandScotlandWalesThisUnitIsDividedintoFourI.ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomThefullnameofthecountryistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Itisacomplicatednameforwhatisinmanywaysacomplicatedcountry.ThelegacyofthelonggoneBritishEmpireandjoiningoftheEUhavechangedBritain’spositionintheworld.Thefourconstituentpartspluspost-warimmigrationfromtheformercolonieshaverenderedtheUKamultiracialsociety.Therearedifferencesbetweenthecapitalandtheprovinces,betweenthenorthandthesouth.London(England)isinthesouthofthecountry,andisdominantintheUKinallsortsofways.I.ABriefIntroductiontotheTheUKhasanareaof93,800squaremiles(243,000
km2),makingitthe80th-largestsovereignstateintheworldandthe11th-largestinEurope.TheUKisthe22nd-mostpopulouscountry,withanestimated64.1millioninhabitants.ThetwomapsshowthepositionoftheUKintheworldandthefourconstituentpartsoftheUKTheUKhasanareaof93,800sAtitsheight,theBritishEmpirewasthelargestempireinhistory.By1922theBritishEmpireheldswayoverabout458millionpeople,one-fifthoftheworld'spopulationatthetime.Theempirecoveredmorethan33,700,000
squarekm(13,012,000
sq
mi),almostaquarteroftheEarth'stotallandarea.Atitsheight,theBritishEmpTheCommonwealthofNations,commonlyknownastheCommonwealth(formerlytheBritishCommonwealth),isanintergovernmentalorganisationof53memberstatesthatweremostlyterritoriesoftheformerBritishEmpire.TheUKmaintainsitslinkswithitsformercoloniesthroughtheCommonwealthofNations.TheCommonwealthofNations,cTheEuropeanUnion(EU)isapolitico-economicunionof28memberstatesthatarelocatedprimarilyinEurope.TheEUoperatesthroughasystemofsupranationalinstitutionsandintergovernmentalnegotiateddecisionsbythememberstates.SinceitsentryintoEUin1973,theUKhasdevelopedacloserrelationshipswithEurope.TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isapTheimportanceofLondonintheUKLondonisthecapitalcityofEnglandandtheUnitedKingdom.ItisthemostpopulouscityintheUnitedKingdom,withametropolitanareaofover13millioninhabitants.Londonisaleadingglobalcity,withstrengthsinthearts,commerce,education,entertainment,fashion,finance,healthcare,media,professionalservices,researchanddevelopment,tourism,andtransport,allofwhichcontributetoitspreeminence.Itisoneoftheworld'sleadingfinancialcentresandhasthefifth-orsixth-largestmetropolitanareaGDPintheworlddependingonmeasurement.Londonhasadiverserangeofpeoplesandcultures,andmorethan300languagesarespokenwithinGreaterLondon.Theregion’sofficialpopulationwas8,416,535in2013,makingitthemostpopulousmunicipalityintheEuropeanUnion,andaccountingfor12.5%oftheUKpopulation.TheimportanceofLondoninthLondonhasfourWorldHeritageSites:theTowerofLondon,WestminsterPalace,WestminsterAbbey,St.Margret’sChurch.TowerofLondonandWestminsterPalaceLondonhasfourWorldHeritageLondonheld3Olympicgames–1908,1948and2012respectively.2012OlympicsLondonheld3Olympicgames–TheCityofLondoniswidelyreferredtosimplyastheCityandisalsocolloquiallyknownastheSquareMile,asitis1.12
sq
mi(2.90
km2)inarea.Itisoneofthefinancialcentresoftheworld.TheskylineoftheCityofLondoninDecember2013TheCityofLondoniswidelyrII.EnglandEnglandisahighlyurbanizedcountry,with80%ofitspopulationlivingincities,andonly2%ofthepopulationworkinginagriculture.ItslargestcityisthecapitalLondon,whichisdominantintheUKinallfields:government,finance,andculture.Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasions:Romans,Anglo-Saxons,VikingsandtheNormans.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688changedBritainintoaconstitutionalmonarchy.Oneofthebest-knownEnglishlegends,KingArthur,derivesfromtheAnglo-Saxonperiod.II.EnglandEnglandisahighlyEnglandhasatotalareaof130,395
squarekmanditspopulationis53,012,456(2011
census)withadensityof407persons/squarekm.EnglandanditsFlagEnglandhasatotalareaof13England:HistoryofInvasionandConquestTheCeltsTheRomans
TheAnglo-Saxons(KingArthur);Anglo-land=England:formthebasisofthemodernEnglishraceandlanguageTheVikingsTheNormans(WilliamtheConqueror1066,RobinHood)WilliamandMaryfromHolland(theGloriousRevolution,orthebloodlessrevolution,1688),establishingparliament’sdominanceoverthemonarchBritishidentitybuilding:constitutionalmonarchy
(onlyagapof11yearsruledbyparliament’sleader,OliverCromwell);unificationof4parts;theBritishEmpireEngland:HistoryofInvasionaFollowingtheconquestoftheBritons,adistinctiveRomano-BritishcultureemergedastheRomansintroducedimprovedagriculture,urbanplanning,industrialproduction,andarchitecture.BritainwithintheRomanEmpire:AD43-c.410FollowingtheconquestoftheDuringtheiroccupationofBritaintheRomansbuiltanextensivenetworkofroadswhichcontinuedtobeusedinlatercenturiesandmanyarestillfollowedtoday.Hadrian’sWallandBath–theRomanlegacyinBritainDuringtheiroccupationofBriTheAnglo-SaxonsettlementofBritainisthetermtraditionallyusedtodescribetheprocessbywhichthecoastallowlandsofBritaindevelopedfromaRomano-BritishtoaGermanicculturefollowingthewithdrawalofRomantroopsfromtheislandintheearly5thcentury.Anglo-Saxon
Migration5thCenturyandtheirkingdomsestablishedinBritainTheAnglo-SaxonsettlementofKingArthurisalegendaryBritishleaderofthelate5thandearly6thcenturies,who,accordingtomedievalhistoriesandromances,ledthedefenseofBritainagainstSaxoninvadersintheearly6thcentury.KingArthurandtheroundtableknightsKingArthurisalegendaryBriTheNorwegiansexpandedtothenorthandwesttoplacessuchasIreland,Scotland,Iceland,andGreenland;theDanestoEnglandandFrance,settlingintheDanelaw(northern/easternEngland)andNormandy;andtheSwedestotheeast,foundingtheKievanRus,theoriginalRussia.Scandinaviansettlementsofthe8ththrough11thcenturies
TheNorwegiansexpandedtotheTheNormanconquestofEnglandwasthe11th-centuryinvasionandoccupationofEnglandbyanarmyofNorman,Breton,andFrenchsoldiersledbyDukeWilliamIIofNormandy,laterWilliamtheConqueror.Normanexpansionby1130TheNormanconquestofEnglandTheGloriousRevolution(1688)wastheoverthrowofKingJamesIIofEngland(JamesVIIofScotlandandJamesIIofIreland)byaunionofEnglishParliamentarianswithWilliamIIIofOrange-Nassau(WilliamofOrange).TheRevolutionturnedBritainintoaconstitutionalmonarchy.Picture:ThePrinceofOrangelandsatTorbay.TheGloriousRevolution(1688)III.ScotlandScotlandisthesecondlargestofthefournations,bothinpopulationandingeographicalarea.Physically,ScotlandisthemostruggedpartoftheUK,withareasofsparelypopulatedmountainsandlakesinthenorth(theHighlands),andinthesouth.ScotlandwasnotconqueredbytheRomans,norwasmostofScotlandconqueredbytheAnglo-Saxons.ScotlandandEnglandmergedin1603(officiallyin1707)duetotheissueofEnglishthroneinheritance.Yet,thedreamofanindependentScotlandhasnotvanished.III.ScotlandScotlandisthesScotlandhasanareaof78,387
squarekm,andapopulationof5.3million(2013)ScotlandanditsflagScotlandhasanareaof78,387Edinburgh,thecountry'scapitalandsecond-largestcity,wasthehuboftheScottishEnlightenmentofthe18thcentury,whichtransformedScotlandintooneofthecommercial,intellectual,andindustrialpowerhousesofEurope.EdinburghCastle.Humanhabitationofthesiteisdatedbackasfarasthe9thcenturyBC,althoughthenatureofthisearlysettlementisunclear.Edinburgh,thecountry'scapitByinheritancein1603,KingJamesVIofScotlandbecameKingofEnglandandKingofIreland,thusformingapersonalunionofthethreekingdoms.ScotlandsubsequentlyenteredintoapoliticalunionwithEnglandon1May1707tocreatethenewKingdomofGreatBritain.Scotlandhadneverbeenconqueredinhistory,yetJamesVIofScotlandinheritedthethroneofEnglandandthusmergedthetwokingdomsin1603.Byinheritancein1603,KingJTheScottishNationalParty,whichsupportsScottishindependence,wonanoverallmajorityinthe2011generalelection.Anindependencereferendumwasheldon18September2014,withindependencebeingrejectedbyamajorityof55%to45%onan85%voterturnout.TheScottishFirstMinister,AlexSalmond,andtheDeputyFirstMinister,NicolaSturgeon,atthelaunchoftheNationalConversation,14August2007.TheScottishNationalParty,wIV.WalesWalesisthesmallestamongthethreenationsontheBritishmainland,thoughlargerthanIreland.ThecapitalisCardiff,asmallcityofabout300,000people.WalesisveryclosetoEnglandandthushasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthanothernationsoftheunion.AfterEnglishconquest,EdwardInamedhissonthePrinceofWales,andthefirstsonofthemonarchhasheldthattitleeversince(includingthepresentdayPrinceCharles)totrytobringWalesintotheBritishnation.Welsh,aCeltictonguecompletelydifferentfromEnglish,isspokenby19%ofthepopulationinWales.IV.WalesWalesisthesmallestWaleshasatotalareaof20,779
squarekm(8,023
sq
mi)andhadapopulationof3,063,456in2011.Waleshasover1,680miles(2,700
km)ofcoastlineandislargelymountainous,withitshighestpeaksinthenorthandcentralareas,includingSnowdon(YrWyddfa),itshighestsummitWalesanditsflagWaleshasatotalareaof20,7CardiffCardiffisthecapitalandlargestcityinWalesandthe10thlargestcityintheUK.Thecityisthecountry'schiefcommercialcentre,thebaseformostnationalculturalandsportinginstitutions,theWelshnationalmedia,andtheseatoftheNationalAssemblyforWales.CardiffCardiffisthecapitalAidedbyWelsh-mediumeducationandmigrationfromotherpartsofWales,thenumberofWelshspeakersinCardiffroseby14,451between1991and2001;Welshisnowspokenby11%ofCardiffians.BilingualsignsarecommonplaceinCardiffAidedbyWelsh-mediumeducatioQuestionsforDiscussionWhatwastheBritishEmpire?InwhatwayistheEmpirestillfeltinBritainandintheinternationalfield?“Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasion.”HowdideachoftheinvasionsinfluenceBritishculture?WhataresomeofthegeneralcharacteristicsofScotland?HowdidScotlandbecomepartoftheunionofGreatBritain?DescribecharacteristicsofWalesandWales’unificationwithGreatBritain.ArethereanydifferencesbetweenEngland,ScotlandandWalesintermsofculturaltradition?QuestionsforDiscussionWhatwTheEnd高等教育出版社2015TheEnd高等教育出版社《英語國家社會與文化入門》(上冊）TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookOne)《英語國家社會與文化入門》(上冊）TheSocietyaTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
Unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBrQuizGivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:
1大英帝國2英聯邦國家組織3亞瑟王4蘇格蘭高地5威爾士親王QuizGivetheEnglishandaFocalPointseffectsofUK’simperialpastamultiracialsocietythesignificantroleofLondonculturalandeconomicdominanceofEnglandinvasionfromtheRomanEmpiresettlementoftheAnglo-SaxonsVikingsfromScandinaviaWilliamtheConquerorphysicalfeaturesofScotlandtheBattleofBannockburnUnionwithEnglandin1707strongScottishidentityWale’sunificationwiththeUKFocalPointseffectsofUK’simThisUnitIsDividedintoFourSectionsABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomEnglandScotlandWalesThisUnitIsDividedintoFourI.ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomThefullnameofthecountryistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Itisacomplicatednameforwhatisinmanywaysacomplicatedcountry.ThelegacyofthelonggoneBritishEmpireandjoiningoftheEUhavechangedBritain’spositionintheworld.Thefourconstituentpartspluspost-warimmigrationfromtheformercolonieshaverenderedtheUKamultiracialsociety.Therearedifferencesbetweenthecapitalandtheprovinces,betweenthenorthandthesouth.London(England)isinthesouthofthecountry,andisdominantintheUKinallsortsofways.I.ABriefIntroductiontotheTheUKhasanareaof93,800squaremiles(243,000
km2),makingitthe80th-largestsovereignstateintheworldandthe11th-largestinEurope.TheUKisthe22nd-mostpopulouscountry,withanestimated64.1millioninhabitants.ThetwomapsshowthepositionoftheUKintheworldandthefourconstituentpartsoftheUKTheUKhasanareaof93,800sAtitsheight,theBritishEmpirewasthelargestempireinhistory.By1922theBritishEmpireheldswayoverabout458millionpeople,one-fifthoftheworld'spopulationatthetime.Theempirecoveredmorethan33,700,000
squarekm(13,012,000
sq
mi),almostaquarteroftheEarth'stotallandarea.Atitsheight,theBritishEmpTheCommonwealthofNations,commonlyknownastheCommonwealth(formerlytheBritishCommonwealth),isanintergovernmentalorganisationof53memberstatesthatweremostlyterritoriesoftheformerBritishEmpire.TheUKmaintainsitslinkswithitsformercoloniesthroughtheCommonwealthofNations.TheCommonwealthofNations,cTheEuropeanUnion(EU)isapolitico-economicunionof28memberstatesthatarelocatedprimarilyinEurope.TheEUoperatesthroughasystemofsupranationalinstitutionsandintergovernmentalnegotiateddecisionsbythememberstates.SinceitsentryintoEUin1973,theUKhasdevelopedacloserrelationshipswithEurope.TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isapTheimportanceofLondonintheUKLondonisthecapitalcityofEnglandandtheUnitedKingdom.ItisthemostpopulouscityintheUnitedKingdom,withametropolitanareaofover13millioninhabitants.Londonisaleadingglobalcity,withstrengthsinthearts,commerce,education,entertainment,fashion,finance,healthcare,media,professionalservices,researchanddevelopment,tourism,andtransport,allofwhichcontributetoitspreeminence.Itisoneoftheworld'sleadingfinancialcentresandhasthefifth-orsixth-largestmetropolitanareaGDPintheworlddependingonmeasurement.Londonhasadiverserangeofpeoplesandcultures,andmorethan300languagesarespokenwithinGreaterLondon.Theregion’sofficialpopulationwas8,416,535in2013,makingitthemostpopulousmunicipalityintheEuropeanUnion,andaccountingfor12.5%oftheUKpopulation.TheimportanceofLondoninthLondonhasfourWorldHeritageSites:theTowerofLondon,WestminsterPalace,WestminsterAbbey,St.Margret’sChurch.TowerofLondonandWestminsterPalaceLondonhasfourWorldHeritageLondonheld3Olympicgames–1908,1948and2012respectively.2012OlympicsLondonheld3Olympicgames–TheCityofLondoniswidelyreferredtosimplyastheCityandisalsocolloquiallyknownastheSquareMile,asitis1.12
sq
mi(2.90
km2)inarea.Itisoneofthefinancialcentresoftheworld.TheskylineoftheCityofLondoninDecember2013TheCityofLondoniswidelyrII.EnglandEnglandisahighlyurbanizedcountry,with80%ofitspopulationlivingincities,andonly2%ofthepopulationworkinginagriculture.ItslargestcityisthecapitalLondon,whichisdominantintheUKinallfields:government,finance,andculture.Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasions:Romans,Anglo-Saxons,VikingsandtheNormans.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688changedBritainintoaconstitutionalmonarchy.Oneofthebest-knownEnglishlegends,KingArthur,derivesfromtheAnglo-Saxonperiod.II.EnglandEnglandisahighlyEnglandhasatotalareaof130,395
squarekmanditspopulationis53,012,456(2011
census)withadensityof407persons/squarekm.EnglandanditsFlagEnglandhasatotalareaof13England:HistoryofInvasionandConquestTheCeltsTheRomans
TheAnglo-Saxons(KingArthur);Anglo-land=England:formthebasisofthemodernEnglishraceandlanguageTheVikingsTheNormans(WilliamtheConqueror1066,RobinHood)WilliamandMaryfromHolland(theGloriousRevolution,orthebloodlessrevolution,1688),establishingparliament’sdominanceoverthemonarchBritishidentitybuilding:constitutionalmonarchy
(onlyagapof11yearsruledbyparliament’sleader,OliverCromwell);unificationof4parts;theBritishEmpireEngland:HistoryofInvasionaFollowingtheconquestoftheBritons,adistinctiveRomano-BritishcultureemergedastheRomansintroducedimprovedagriculture,urbanplanning,industrialproduction,andarchitecture.BritainwithintheRomanEmpire:AD43-c.410FollowingtheconquestoftheDuringtheiroccupationofBritaintheRomansbuiltanextensivenetworkofroadswhichcontinuedtobeusedinlatercenturiesandmanyarestillfollowedtoday.Hadrian’sWallandBath–theRomanlegacyinBritainDuringtheiroccupationofBriTheAnglo-SaxonsettlementofBritainisthetermtraditionallyusedtodescribetheprocessbywhichthecoastallowlandsofBritaindevelopedfromaRomano-BritishtoaGermanicculturefollowingthewithdrawalofRomantroopsfromtheislandintheearly5thcentury.Anglo-Saxon
Migration5thCenturyandtheirkingdomsestablishedinBritainTheAnglo-SaxonsettlementofKingArthurisalegendaryBritishleaderofthelate5thandearly6thcenturies,who,accordingtomedievalhistoriesandromances,ledthedefenseofBritainagainstSaxoninvadersintheearly6thcentury.KingArthurandtheroundtableknightsKingArthurisalegendaryBriTheNorwegiansexpandedtothenorthandwesttoplacessuchasIreland,Scotland,Iceland,andGreenland;theDanestoEnglandandFrance,settlingintheDanelaw(northern/easternEngland)andNormandy;andtheSwedestotheeast,foundingtheKievanRus,theoriginalRussia.Scandinaviansettlementsofthe8ththrough11thcenturies
TheNorwegiansexpandedtotheTheNormanconquestofEnglandwasthe11th-centuryinvasionandoccupationofEnglandbyanarmyofNorman,Breton,andFrenchsoldiersledbyDukeWilliamIIofNormandy,laterWilliamtheConqueror.Normanexpansionby1130TheNormanconquestofEnglandTheGloriousRevolution(1688)wastheoverthrowofKingJamesIIofEngland(JamesVIIofScotlandandJamesIIofIreland)byaunionofEnglishParliamentarianswithWilliamIIIofOrange-Nassau(WilliamofOrange).TheRevolutionturnedBritainintoaconstitutionalmonarchy.Picture:ThePrinceofOrangelandsatTorbay.TheGloriousRevolution(1688)III.ScotlandScotlandisthesecondlargestofthefournations,bothinpopulationandingeographicalarea.Physically,ScotlandisthemostruggedpartoftheUK,withareasofsparelypopulatedmountainsandlakesinthenorth(theHighlands),andinthesouth.ScotlandwasnotconqueredbytheRomans,norwasmostofScotlandconqueredbytheAnglo-Saxons.ScotlandandEnglandmergedin1603(officiallyin1707)duetotheissueofEnglishthroneinheritance.Yet,thedreamofanindependentScotlandhasnotvanished.III.ScotlandScotlandisthesScotlandhasanareaof78,387
squarekm,andapopulationof5.3million(2013)ScotlandanditsflagScotlandhasanareaof78,387Edinburgh,thecountry'scapitalandsecond-largestcity,wasthehuboftheScottishEnlightenmentofthe18thcentury,whichtransformedScotlandintooneofthecommercial,intellectual,andindustrialpowerhousesofEurope.EdinburghCastle.Humanhabitationofthesiteisdatedbackasfarasthe9thcenturyBC,althoughthenatureofthisearlysettlementisunclear.Edinburgh,thecountry'scapitByinheritancein1603,KingJamesVIofScotlandbecameKingofEnglandandKingofIreland,thusformingapersonalunionofthethreekingdoms.ScotlandsubsequentlyenteredintoapoliticalunionwithEnglandon1May1707tocreatethenewKingdomofGreatBritain.Scotlandhadneverbeenconqueredinhistory,yetJamesVIofScotlandinheritedthethroneofEnglandandthusmergedthetwokingdomsin1603.Byinheritancein1603,KingJTheScottishNationalParty,whichsupportsScottishindependence,wonanoverallmajorityinthe2011generalelection.Anindependencereferendumwasheldon
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