.PAGE.英語主干1.詞匯2.時態<主動語態+被動語態>動作時間一般進行完成完成進行現在一般現在時sb.do/doessth.bedone現在進行時bedoingbebeingdone現在完成時have/hasdonehave/hasbeendone現在完成進行時have/hasbeendoing過去一般過去時sb.didsth.was/weredone過去進行時was/weredoingwas/werebeingdone過去完成時haddonehadbeendone將來一般將來時sb.willdosth.willbedone將來進行時willbedoingwillbebeingdone將來完成時willhavedonewillhavebeendone過去將來一般過去將來sb.woulddosth.wouldbedone過去將來進行時wouldbedoingwouldbebeingdone過去將來完成時wouldhavedonewouldhavebeendone3.從句1>主語從句2>賓語從句3>表語從句4>定語從句5>狀語從句6>同位語從句4.其他句型：包括強調句、倒裝句、not...unitl句型、虛擬語氣、英語四大規則等。主語從句I.主語從句:主語是個句子,或者說從句在句中充當主語.1.當主語是陳述句時,連接詞是that即：that<不省略>+該陳述句Eg.1.>Thatwewillbelateiscertain.<Wewillbelate.>2.>Thathedidnotcomeyesterdayisapity.<Hedidnotcomeyesterday.><注意>主語從句的that一定不能省略,而賓語從句中的that可以省略。Eg.1.>Thatwewillbelateiscertain.<主語從句,that不能省略>2.>Ihope<that>wewillwinthegame.<賓語從句,that可以省略>2.當主語是一般疑問句時,連接詞是whether<ornot>即：whether<ornot>+該一般疑問句的陳述語序<注意>"if"不能引導主語從句,這要與賓語從句進行區分。Eg.1.>Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.<Willhegothere?>2.>Whethertheycanfinishthejob<ornot>isnotclear.<Cantheyfinishthejob?>3.當主語是特殊疑問句時,連接詞是特殊疑問詞"8W+H"即：特殊疑問詞"8W+H"+該特殊疑問句的陳述語序〔注：8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H指的是howEg.1.>Whathedidyesterdayisnotknown.<Whatdidhedoyesterday?>2.>Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.<Wheredidhegoyesterday?>3.>Whichteamhelikedhasnotbeendecided.<Whichteamdidhelike?>4.>Whowonthegameseemscertain.<Whowonthegame?>5.>Whomhemetyesterdayisnotclear.<Whomdidhemeetyesterday?>6.>Whyhewaslateforthemeetingistobefoundout.<Whywashelateforthemeeting?>7.>Whosebookthisisisnotclear.<Whosebookisthis?>8.>Whenhewillarriveisnotknown.<Whenwillhearrive?>9.>Howwewillhelpthelostboywillbediscussedatthemeeting.<Howwillwehelpthelostboy?>II.<注意一>主語從句后置!為了避免主語冗長,句子頭重腳輕,經常用it作形式主語,主語從句放在后面作真正的主語.Eg.1.>Thatwewillbelateiscertain.--It’scertainthatwewillbelate.2.>Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.--Itisnotknownwhetherhewillgothere.3.>Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.--Itisnotclearwherehewentyesterday.●It作形式主語常用句型：<that引導的主語從句是真正的主語>Itispossible/important/necessary/clearthat...It’ssaid/reportedthat..據說/據報道…It’sbeenannounced/declaredthat...已經通知/宣布…Itseems/appears/happensthat…顯然、明顯、碰巧..It’snowonderthat…并不奇怪/無疑…〔注意二主語從句中,謂語動詞一般用單數。What引導的主語從句,謂語動詞根據表語決定Whatheneeds_is_thatbook.Whatheneeds_are_somebooks.〔注意三What與that引導主語從句的區別Eg.<1>Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.<Whatdidyousayyesterday?><2>Thatsheisstillaliveisapuzzle.<Sheisstillalive.>練習題___hemadeanimportantspeechatthemeetingwastrue.A.ThatB.WhyC.WhatD.How2.___we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.AIfBWhetherCThatDWhere3.___isknowntousallisthatAmericaisadevelopedcountry.A.WhichB.AsC.WhatD.It4.It’sknowntousall___aformofenergy.A.waterisB.thatwaterisC.iswaterD.thatwaterto賓語從句I.賓語從句:賓語是個句子,或者說從句在句中充當賓語.1.當賓語是陳述句時,連接詞是that即：that<可省略>+該陳述句Eg.1.>Ihope<that>hewillcometomorrow.<Hewillcometomorrow.>2.>Heguesses<that>thisteamwillwin.<Thisteamwillwin.><注意>主語從句的that一定不能省略,而賓語從句中的that可以省略。Eg.1.>Thatwewillbelateiscertain.<主語從句,that不能省略>2.>Ibelieve<that>wewillwinthegame.<賓語從句,that可以省略>2.當賓語是一般疑問句時,連接詞是whether<ornot>/if即：whether<ornot>/if+該一般疑問句的陳述語序Eg.1.>Iaskwhether/ifTomknowsJack.<DoesTomknowJack?>2.>Idon’tknowwhether/ifhecamebackyesterday.<Didhecomebackyesterday?>3.當賓語是特殊疑問句時,連接詞是特殊疑問詞"8W+H"即：特殊疑問詞"8W+H"+該特殊疑問句的陳述語序〔注：8W--what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H--howEg.1.>Idon’tknowwhathedidyesterday.<Whatdidhedoyesterday?>2.>Hewantstoknowwherehewentyesterday.<Wheredidhegoyesterday?>3.>Hedidn’ttellmewhichteamheliked.<Whichteamdidhelike?>4.>Wewanttoknowwhowonthegameatlast.<Whowonthegame?>5.>Hismomaskedwhomhemetyesterday.<Whomdidhemeetyesterday?>6.>Hedidn’tfindoutwhyhewaslateforthemeeting.<Whywashelateforthemeeting?>7.>Iamnotsurewhosebookthisis.<Whosebookisthis?>8.>Theyaskmewhenhewillarrive.<Whenwillhearrive?>9>Wehavediscussedhowwewillhelpthelostboy.<Howwillwehelpthelostboy?>II.<注意一>當主句的謂語動詞是command/demand/insist/order/require/suggest等表示要求或建議的動詞時,從句謂語動詞用〔should+動詞原詞,should可以省略。eg〔1Sherequired<that>he<should>gobackhomerightnow.Sherequired<that>hegobackhomerightnow.〔2Isuggested<that>he<should>askhisteacherforhelp.Isuggested<that>heaskhisteacherforhelp.〔注意二當主句中believe/expect/suppose/think等作謂語動詞時,否定要前移。Eg.Idon’tthinkthathewillcometomorrow.<Hewon’tcometomorrow.>Hedoesn’tbelievethatitistrue.<Itisnottrue.>〔注意三賓語從句的語序

賓語從句從句的語序必須是陳述語序,即連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分

eg.Ibelievethattheywillcomesoon.

HeaskedmewhetherIwasateacher.

Theywantedtoknowwhattheycandoforus.〔注意四賓語從句的時態賓語從句的時態受主句的限制,即：主句是一般現在時態,從句根據實際情況而定。主句是一般過去時態,從句用相應的過去的時態。如果從句的動作發生在主句之前,則從句要用過去完成時態。

eg.1>Shesaysthatsheisastudent.

Shesaidthatshewasastudent.

2>ShesaysthatshewillflytoJapaninaweek.

ShesaidthatshewouldflytoJapaninaweek.〔注意五由whether或特殊疑問詞8W+H引導的賓語從句<也就是第二、第三種情況時>,如果賓語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一對象,可以用"疑問詞+不定式"做賓語的簡單句結構。

eg.Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddonext.

Idon’tknowwhattodonext.Hedidn’tknowwherehewouldlive.

Hedidn’tknowwheretolive.Hewasn’tclearwhichwayheshouldgotoreachthebank.=Hewasn’tclearwhichwaytogotoreachthebank.〔注意七含有賓語補足語時,若賓語是個句子,賓語通常用形式賓語it代替,真正的賓語放在賓語補足語之后。Eg.1>Wethinkitwonderfulthatwewillgoonatripthisweekend.<賓語是陳述句>2>Ithinkituncertainwhetherwewillwinthegame.〔賓語是一般疑問句3>Wehopeitdiscussedhowwewillsolvetheproblem.<賓語是特殊疑問句>練習題1?！狣oyouknow______theCapitalMuseum—NextFriday. A.whenwilltheyvisit B.whentheywillvisit C.whendidtheyvisit D.whentheyvisited2.–Canyoutellme______?–Sheisinthecomputerlab.A.whereLindawasB.whereisLinda

C.wherewasLindaD.whereLindais3。3。—Guess________Ididyesterday！—Ithinkyouwenttoaparty.

A.whereB.whenC.whatD.which4.—Couldyouletmeknow___________yesterday?—Becausethetrafficwasheavy.

A.whydidyoucomelateB.whyyoucamelate

C.whydoyoucomelateD.whyyoucomelate5?！狣oyouknow__________theMP3playerlastweek?—Sorry,Ihavenoidea.A.howmuchdidshepayfor B.howmuchwillshepayforC.howmuchshepaidfor 同位語從句同位語從句通常跟在某些名詞之后,用以說明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內容?？梢愿徽Z從句的名詞通常有：advice,fact,truth,decision,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,promise,proposal,reply,report,suggestion,word〔消息>,agreement<一致>,problem,question,doubt,thought等。ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue. 有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在被說明的名詞后面,而被別的詞隔開。如：ThenewsistruethatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacher.1.〔一.當同位語從句是陳述句時,連接詞是that即：that<不省略>+該陳述句Eg.1>ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.2.>Headmittedthefactthathehadstolenthewallet.<注意>that引導同位語從句時只是中心詞和同位語從句之間的橋梁而已,無任何意義,也不充當任何成分,但that不可以省略〔二.當同位語從句是一般疑問句時,連接詞是whether<ornot>即：whether<ornot>+該一般疑問句的陳述語序<注意>此處不能用if.1.>Hehasn’tmadethedecisionwhetherhewillgothere.<decision的內容是Willhegothere?>2.>Theyhavenotcometoanagreementwhetherheshouldtakepartinthisgame.<agreement的內容是Shouldhetakepartinthisgame?>〔三.當同位語從句是特殊疑問句時,連接詞是特殊疑問詞"8W+H"即：特殊疑問詞"8W+H"+該特殊疑問句的陳述語序〔注：8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H指的是how1.>Ihavenoideawhattheboyisdoinginthenextroomnow.2.>Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacationthisyear.3.>Wehavenotcometoaconclusionwhichteamisthebest.4.>Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.5.>Thedoubtwhomhetalkedwithyesterdayisimportanttothecase<案件>.6.>Thedoubtwhyhedidnotcomeyesterdayisimportanttothecase<案件>.7.>Theproblemwhosemoneythisishasnotbeensolved.8.>Ihavenosuggestionwhenhewillbeback．9.>ThethoughtcametomehowIcansolvethisproblem.2.that引導的同位語從句和定語從句的區別1>意義不同：that引導的同位語從句是用來進一步說明前面名詞的內容,是解釋中心詞；而that引導的定語從句用來修飾、限定前面的先行詞,是修飾中心詞〔先行詞。Eg.①Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchistrue.②Thenewsthathetoldusistrue.[分析]①中that引導同位語從句,解釋說明"news"的內容：我們隊取得了決賽勝利。②中that引導定語從句,對"news"加以限定：是他告訴我們的,而非來自其他渠道,起修飾作用。2>that功能不同：that引導同位語從句時是一個純連詞,只是中心詞和同位語從句之間的連接詞,不充當任何成分；而that引導定語從句時,是關系代詞,不僅起連接作用,而且還指代先行詞并在從句中充當主語、賓語等成分。Eg.①DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeaCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.②.Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.[分析]①中that引導同位語從句,其中that無詞義,也不充當任何成分；②.中that引導定語從句,that指代promise,又在從句中充當主語,且that可以用which替換。3>that可否省略：that引導同位語從句時,不可省略。在引導定語從句時,若在從句中作賓語,可以省略,若作主語則不可以省略。Eg.①Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchistrue.②Thenews<that>hetoldusistrue.③Thenewsthatisfromthisnewspaperistrue.[分析]①中that引導同位語從句,不能省略。②.中that引導定語從句,that指代news,在從句中充當賓語,that可以用which替換,也可以省略。③中that也是引導定語從句,that指代news,在從句中充當主語,that可以用which替換,但that不能省略。3.有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在被解釋說明的名詞后面,而被別的詞隔開。定語從句有時也可以不緊跟在被修飾的先行詞后面,而被別的詞隔開。Eg.①ThenewsistruethatanewteacherwillcometomorrowtoteachusEnglish.②AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachusEnglish.

〔定語從句whowillteachyouEnglish修飾anewteacher,被willcometomorrow隔開,定語從句與先行詞分離練習題1>.Theyexpressedthehope_______theywouldcomeovertoChinasoon.2>Thefact_______hedidn’tseeTomthismorningistrue.3>Wordhascome_______someAmericanguestswillcometoourcollegeforavisitnextweek.4>.Hecan’tanswerthequestion_______hegotthemoneyfromhishomeyesterday.5>.Doyouhaveanyidea_______isactuallygoingonintheclassroom?6>.Theproblem_______weshouldhavethemeetinginthehallnowmustbedecidedatonce.2.Thesuggestion___themonitorgaveisgood.Thesuggestion___wewillhaveatripontheGreatWallthisweekisgood.A.thatB.\C.whichD.where定語從句定語從句：定語是個句子,也就是一個句子作定語從屬于主句。定語一般是由形容詞充當,所以定語從句又稱作形容詞從句。另外,定語從句是由關系代詞或關系副詞引導的,故又稱作關系從句。關系代詞和關系副詞又統稱為引導詞。

區別：漢語中,定語只能放在名詞前面,而英語中,定語既可以放在名詞前〔形容詞修飾名詞,也可以放在名詞后面〔定語從句修飾名詞。被修飾的中心詞叫作先行詞。Eg.〔1Heisacleverboy.Heisaboywhoisclever.<aboy是中心詞或者先行詞,whoisclever是修飾aboy的定語從句,who是關系代詞,替代先行詞aboy>拆成兩個句子：Heisaboy.〔主干Thisboyisclever.〔定語定語從句一般要緊跟在中心詞〔先行詞的后面,即：Heisaboy<thisboyisclever>.去掉定語從句中與中心詞〔先行詞重復的部分,即thisboy,把它替換成指人的關系代詞who,即Heisaboywhoisclever.〔2他是一個我們喜歡的男孩。拆成兩個句子：他是一個男孩。Heisaboy.<主干>我們喜歡這個男孩。Welikethisboy.<定語>定語從句在中心詞〔先行詞的后面,即：Heisaboy<welikethisboy>.去掉定語從句中與中心詞〔先行詞重復的部分,即thisboy,把它替換成指人的關系代詞who,即Heisaboy<welikewho>.但是,定語從句中,關系代詞要緊跟中心詞〔先行詞后面,所以who要緊跟在aboy后面,即：Heisaboywhowelike.一.關系代詞引導的定語從句1.關系代詞代替前面的先行詞,關系代詞/先行詞都在定語從句中充當句子成分,可以作主語、賓語、定語等。常見的關系代詞有：that,which,who,whom,whose。that既可指人又可指物,在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時還可省略。which代替物,在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時還可省略who代替人,在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時還可省略。whom代替人,在定語從句中作賓語,還可省略。whose既可指人又可指物,是所有格,在定語從句作定語?！惨?先行詞是人,1>在定語從句中充當主語時：that/whoEg.Anarchitectisapersonthat/whodesignsbuildings.Iwillneverforgettheteacherthat/whotaughtuschemistryinmymiddleschool.2>在定語從句中充當賓語時：that/who/whom/\<關系代詞省略>Eg.Doyouknowthemanthat/who/whom/\wemetintheschoollibraryyesterday?Thisisthestudentthat/who/whom/\myfathertaughttenyearsago.3>在定語從句中充當定語<所有格>時：whose/ofwhomEg.Thegirlwhosefatherisanengineerstudiesabroad.其父是一位工程師的那個女孩在國外留學。Thegirlthefatherofwhomisanengineerstudiesabroad.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.Achildtheparentsofwhomaredeadiscalledanorphan.〔二.先行詞是物,1>在定語從句中充當主語時：that/whichEg.Tomworksinafactorythat/whichmakeswatches.Idonotlikestoriesthat/whichhaveunhappyendings.2>在定語從句中充當賓語時：that/which/\<關系代詞省略>Eg.Thisisthebookthat/which/\youwanttobuy?Theletterthat/which/\Ireceivedyesterdayisveryimportant.3>在定語從句中充當定語<所有格>時：whose/<which’s>/ofwhichEg.Doyouknowthehotelwhosewindowwecanseehere?<=Doyouknowthehotelwhich’swindowwecanseehere?>=Doyouknowthehotelthewindowofwhichwecanseehere?〔關系代詞whose指代先行詞hotel,也可以用ofwhich,whosewindow=thewindowofwhich,意思是:thewindowofthehotel。Hecanrepairthedeskwhoselegisbroken.<=Hecanrepairthedeskwhich’slegisbroken.>=Hecanrepairthedeskthelegofwhichisbroken.〔三.先行詞既有人,又有物,1>在定語從句中充當主語時：thatEg.Thetime,placeandpersonsthatarementionedinthestoryareveryimportant.Hewaswatchingthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledthecar.他正望著塞滿車的孩子和包裹。2>在定語從句中充當賓語時：that/\<關系代詞省略>Eg.Thetime,placeandpersonsthat/\thewritermentionedinthestoryareveryimportant.〔注意1.當介詞與關系代詞緊密相連時,即介詞后面的關系代詞用whom〔指人時或者which<指物時>,而不用who〔指人時和that〔指人或物時。例如：

<1>ThemantowhomourheadmastertalkedjustnowisourEnglishteacher.

我們校長剛才與他談話的那個人是我們的英語老師。注意：介詞與關系代詞不是緊密相連時,或者說介詞放在句子后面時,這時可以用who,也可用that,還可以省略關系代詞。因此,上面的這句話還可以有如下四種說法：

①ThemanwhomourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.

②ThemanwhoourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.

③ThemanthatourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.

④ThemanourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.

第4句簡潔、自然,所以口語中用得最多。<2>Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.注意：介詞與關系代詞不是緊密相連時,或者說介詞放在句子后面時,這時可以用which,也可用that,還可以省略關系代詞。因此,上面的這句話還可以有如下三種說法：①Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor.②Thisisthebookthatyouaskedfor.③Thisisthebookyouaskedfor.2.關系代詞which可以指代前面的整個句子。關系代詞as也可以指代前面的整個句子。Eg.HecomesfromAmerica,whichIknowfromhisaccent.<which在定語從句中作know的賓語,其先行詞是前面的整個句子hecomesfromAmerica.>=HecomesfromAmerica,asIknowfromhisaccent.練習題1.

Is

this

the

factory

__

you

visited

the

other

day?

A.

that

B.

Which

C.

\

D.

A、BandC2.Finally,thethiefhandedeverything__hehadstolentothepolice.A.which

B.what

C.who

D.that3.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone___familywaspoor.A.ofwhom

B.whom

C.of

whose

D.whose4All____isneededisasupplyofoil.

A.thething

B.that

C.what

D.which5.Theplace___youaregoingtovisitisaplaceofinterest.<名勝古跡>A.inwhich

B.atwhich

C.where

D.which6.TheSummerPalace〔頤和園isoneofthemostbeautifulparks____builtintheQingDynasty.〔清朝A.wherewere

B.wherewas

C.thatwere

D.whichwas7.Sheshowedmetheditionary___shepaidalotofmoney.A.which

B.\

C.forwhich

D.that二、關系副詞引導的定語從句常用的關系副詞只有三個：when,where,why,關系副詞在定語從句中作狀語,在定語從句中充當時間、地點和原因狀語?！惨魂P系副詞when的用法

關系副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時間,when在定語從句作時間狀語。Eg.Iwillneverforgetthosedays_____welivedtogether.=Iwillneverforgetthosedayswhichwelivedtogetherin.=Iwillneverforgetthosedaysinwhichwelivedtogether.=Iwillneverforgetthosedayswhenwelivedtogether.<時間thetime>in/on/duringwhich...=<時間thetime>when...<區分>Iwillneverforgetthosedays____wespenttogether.〔二關系副詞where的用法

關系副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點,where在定語從句作地點狀語。Eg.Thisistheplace_______LiBaioncelived.=ThisistheplacewhichLiBaioncelivedin.=ThisistheplaceinwhichLiBaioncelived.=ThisistheplacewhereLiBaioncelived.=ThisiswhereLiBaioncelived.<地點theplace>in/atwhich...=<地點theplace>where...<區分>Thisistheplace____LiBaioncevisited.〔三關系副詞why的用法

關系副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因,why在定語從句作原因狀語。Eg.Thisisthereason_______hedidnotcomeyesterday.=Thisisthereasonwhichhedidnotcomeyesterdayfor.〔Hedidnotcomeyesterdayforthisreason.=Thisisthereasonforwhichhedidnotcomeyesterday.=Thisisthereasonwhyhedidnotcomeyesterday.<原因thereason>forwhich...=<原因thereason>why...<區分>Thisisthereason____heexplained.〔注意1.以下由關系副詞when/where/why引導的定語從句,如果把先行詞去掉,則變成了表語從句。關系副詞引導的定語從句：Thosedaysarethetimewhenwelivedtogether.Thisistheplacewherewelivedtogether10yearsago.Thisisthereasonwhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.表語從句：Thosedaysarewhenwelivedtogether.Thisiswherewelivedtogether10yearsago.Thisiswhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.區分定語從句與其它從句的區別。1那些日子是我們曾經住在一起的時光。①Thosedaysarethetimewhenwelivedtogether.<定語從句>=Thosedaysarethetimewhichwelivedtogetherin.<定語從句>=Thosedaysarethetimeinwhichwelivedtogether.<定語從句>②Thosedaysarewhenwelivedtogether.〔表語從句表語是特殊疑問句：Whendidwelivetogether?2這是我們十年前住在一起的地方。①Thisistheplacewherewelivedtogether10yearsago.〔定語從句=Thisistheplacewhichwelivedtogether10yearsagoin.<定語從句>=Thisistheplaceinwhichwelivedtogether10yearsago.<定語從句>②Thisiswherewelivedtogether10yearsago.<表語從句>表語是特殊疑問句：Wheredidwelivetogether10yearsago?3這是她昨天為何沒來的原因。①Thisisthereasonwhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.〔定語從句=Thisisthereasonwhichshedidnotcomeyesterdayfor.〔定語從句=Thisisthereasonforwhichshedidnotcomeyesterday.〔定語從句②Thisiswhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.<表語從句>表語是特殊疑問句：Whydidn’tshecomeyesterday?4為何不把這些政策運用到食品被出售的地方呢？①Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplaceswherefoodissold?<定語從句>=Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplaceswhichfoodissoldin?<定語從句>=Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplacesinwhichfoodissold?<定語從句>②Whynotapplythesepoliciestowherefoodissold?〔賓語從句賓語從句是特殊疑問句:Whereisfoodsold?3.定語從句的位置就像前面所講,定語從句一般緊跟在所修飾的中心詞/先行詞之后,但有時候,定語從句也可以與中心詞/先行詞分離,即：定語從句與先行詞之間插入了其他的成分,這樣它們被分隔了,這種情況下的定語從句被稱作隔離定語從句.

eg.①Therewasagirlupstairswhowasshoutingandcrying.樓上有一個女孩,大喊大叫。〔定語從句whowasshoutingandcrying修飾thegirl,被upstairs所隔開

②AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.

明天要來一位新老師教你們德語了。〔定語從句whowillteachyouGerman修飾anewmaster,被willcometomorrow隔開,定語從句與先行詞分離4.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別：<1>限制性定語從句：先行詞與關系代詞/關系副詞中間無逗號隔開,定語從句與先行詞關系密切,限制性關系強。非限制性定語從句：先行詞與關系代詞/關系副詞中間有逗號隔開,定語從句與先行詞只有一種松散的修飾關系,限制性關系不強。<注意兩種從句不同的漢語翻譯Eg.①Hehasasonwhoisadoctor.他有個當醫生的兒子。Hehasason,whoisadoctor.他有個兒子,是個醫生。②Helefthishometownwherehehadlivedfor30years.他離開了他已經生活了30年的家鄉。Helefthishometown,wherehehadlivedfor30years.他離開了他的家鄉,他已經在他的家鄉生活了30年。③Shebroughtupthelittleboywhoseparentshadbeendead.她把這個父母已經去世的小男孩撫養帶大。Shebroughtupthelittleboy,whoseparentshadbeendead.她把這個小男孩撫養帶大,小男孩的父母已經去世了。<2>在非限制性定語從句中,關系代詞不能用that①ImetAlice,whotoldmethatshewaslearningChinese.

我遇見艾麗斯,她告訴我她在學漢語。②Thatgirlisverybeautiful,whomImetinthelibraryyesterday.③Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,willhostthe2008OlympicGames.北京,中國的首都,將主辦20XX奧運會。④Hebroughtupthelittleboy,whoseparentshadbeendead.⑤HecomesfromAmerica,whichIknowfromhisaccent.<which在定語從句中作know的賓語,其先行詞是前面的整個句子hecomesfromAmerica.>練習題1.Thisistheplace______welived10yearsago.Thisistheplace______wediscovered10yearsago.Thisistheplace______welivedin10yearsago.A.thatB./C.whereD.whichE.inwhich2.I’llneverforgetthedays____westudiedtogether.I’llneverforgetthedays____wespenttogether.I’llneverforgetthedays____westudiedtogetherin.A.thatB./C.whenD.whichE.inwhich3.Hegavethereason________hewaslateformeeting.Thiswasthereason________hegavetothedirector.Hegavethereason________hewaslateformeetingfor.A.thatB./C.whyD.whichE.forwhich4.Sheheardaterriblenoise,__broughtherheartintohermouth.主語、賓語、表語成分1.主語、賓語、表語可以是名詞eg.GoodEnglishisimportant.Thestudentisdiligent.TheteacherteachesEnglish.ThetallmanismyEnglishteacher.2.主語、賓語、表語可以是動名詞eg.StudyingEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportantstudyingEnglishwell.Playingbasketballismyfavorite.=Itismyfavoriteplayingbasketball.Ilikeplayingbasketball.Myfavoriteisplayingbasketball.3.主語、賓語、表語可以是動詞不定式eg.TostudyEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportanttostudyEnglishwell.Toplaybasketballismyfavorite.=Itismyfavoritetoplaybasketball.Iliketoplaybasketball.Myfavoriteistoplaybasketball.4.主語、賓語、表語可以是句子〔分別構成主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句eg.ThatwestudyEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportantthatwestudyEnglishwell.Thathecanwinthegameiscertain.=Itiscertainthathecanwinthegame.Hehopes<that>hecanwinthegame.Hishopeis<that>hecanwinthegame.注意：當主語是不定式或句子時,不定式或句子可以用"it"形式主語替代,真正的主語〔不定式或句子放在主句的最末尾英語四大規則1.兩個并列簡單句,如果①前后主語一致,②其中一個句子表達主動關系,那么,把該句子中相同的主語去掉,把謂語動詞變成ing形式。Hecarriesaballinhishands.Hewalksintotheclassroom.Carryingaballinhishands,hewalksintotheclassroom.2.兩個并列簡單句,如果①前后主語一致,②其中一個句子表達被動關系,那么,把該句子中相同的主語去掉,把系動詞去掉。Hewasblamedbytheteacher.Hecriedsadly.Blamedbytheteacher,hecriedsadly.3.定語從句中,如果①先行詞在定語從句中作主語,②定語從句表達主動關系,那么,把關系代詞去掉,把定語從句中的謂語動詞變成ing形式。Thecarwhichrunsfastismine.Thecarrunningfastismine.4.定語從句中,如果①先行詞在定語從句中作主語,②定語從句表達被動關系<bedone>或者be+adj或者be+doing形式,那么,把關系代詞去掉,把定語從句中的系動詞去掉。〔1Thecarwhichwasboughtbymerunsfast.Thecarboughtbymerunsfast.〔2Thebookswhichareavailableforstudentshavebeenhandedtothem.Thebooksavailableforstudentshavebeenhandedtothem.〔3Thepatientwhoisundergoingsurgerycameacrossanaccident1hourbefore.Thepatientundergoingsurgerycameacrossanaccident1hourbefore.強調句一、強調非謂語動詞：ImetTomonthestreetyesterday.強調非謂語動詞：itis/was...+被強調部分+that〔指人時也可用who+句子剩余部分1強調主語IItwasIthat/whometTomonthestreetyesterday.2>強調賓語TomItwasTomthat/whoImetonthestreetyesterday.3>強調地點狀語onthestreetItwasonthestreetthatImetTomyesterday.4>強調時間狀語yesterdayItwasyesterdaythatImetTomonthestreet.強調謂語動詞met：助動詞+動詞原形〔注意強調句在強調非謂語動詞時,去掉itis/wasthat<指人時也可用who>,句子保持完整,不缺任何成分,句意不變二、強調謂語動詞ImetTomonthestreetyesterday.IdidmeetTomonthestreetyesterday.三、not...until...強調句及倒裝句1.強調句:Itis/wasnotuntil+從句/表時間的詞+that+...2.當Notuntil位于句首時,句子要倒裝,其結構為:Notuntil+從句/表時間的詞+助動詞+<主句>主語+謂語+...Eg.<1>Shedidn'trememberherappointmentwiththedoctoruntilshehadarrivedhome.強調句：Itwasnotuntilshehadarrivedhomethatsherememberedherappointmentwiththedoctor.倒裝句：Notuntilshehadarrivedhomedidsherememberherappointmentwiththedoctor.<2>Thestudentsdidn’tstoptalkinguntiltheteachercamein.強調句：Itwasnotuntiltheteachercameinthatthestudentsstoppedtalking.倒裝句：Notuntiltheteachercameindidthestudentsstoptalking.<3>Thesportsmeetingwillnotbehelduntilnextweek.強調句：Itisnotuntilnextweekthatthesportsmeetwillbeheld.倒裝句：Notuntilnextweekwillthesportsmeetbeheld.<4>Icouldn’taffordtobuyahouseofmyownuntilIgotmarried.強調句：ItwasnotuntilIgotmarriedthatIcouldaffordtobuyahouseofmyown.倒裝句：NotuntilIgotmarriedcouldIaffordtobuyahouseofmyown.倒裝句1.Onlyinthiswaycanwesucceed.2.Nowaycouldtheyrescuehim.3.Herecomesthecar.虛擬語氣If引導的虛擬語氣和現在事實相反,從句用if+過去時,主句should/would/could/might+be/doeg.Ifyouwerenothere,Iwouldbeintrouble.IfIwereyou,Iwouldworkharder.和過去事實相反,從句用if+過去完成時,主句should/would/could/mighhavedoneeg.Ifyouhadwateredtheflowers,theywouldnothavedied.要是當時下雨了,現在的情況就好多了,我的花就不會死了。因為過去沒有下雨,所以我的花干死了。和將來事實相反,從句用if+wereto/過去時,主句would+be/doeg.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,wewouldstayathome.過過去完成時haddone,表示"過去的過去"截止到過去的某個時間為止,已經完成某項動作。常用時間狀語有byyesterday/beforelastnight/bythistimeyesterday...Eg.Ihadmemorized4,000wordsbytheendoflastmonth.Ihadeatenmylunchbeforehecalledme.<區別Iwaseatingmylunchwhenhecalledme.>Hehadfinishedhishomeworkby8o’clockyesterdaymorning.某些動詞"want/plan/intend/hope/mean預定/think…"的過去完成時表示"打算做某事卻沒有做成某事"。Eg.Ihadintendedtoseeyou,butsomeonecalledandIcouldn’tgetaway.Ihadhopedtocatchtheearlybus,butfoundImissedit.用于表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣中。Eg.Theflowerswouldn’thavediedifyouhadwateredthem.4>主句是一般過去時,則從句用相應的過去時態。Eg.Hesaidhehadseenthisfilmtwice.V+形式主語it+賓語補足語V+形式主語it+賓語補足語+動詞不定式動名詞ingEg.1>YouwillfinditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.2>YouwillfinditdifficultlearningEnglishwell.人稱格人稱主格賓格形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞反身代詞一Imemyminemyself二youyouyouryoursyourself三hesheitTomhimheritTomhisheritsTom’shishersitsTom’shimselfherselfitselfTomhimself一復weusouroursourselves二復youyouyouryoursyourselves三復theythemtheirtheirsthemselves練習題1.TomandMikearegoodfriends._______oftenhelpeachother.A.TheyBThemCTheirDTheirs2.Mr.Wangisveryfriendly,and______likehimverymuch.

A.weB.usC.ourD.ours3.Iamastudent.________nameisTom.

A.MyB.YourC.HisD.Her4.Myparentsgave__________anicetoydogformybirthday.A.IB.meC.myD.mine5.Thatgirlisnewinourclass.Doyouknow___________name?A.herB.sheC.heD.his基數詞1—10one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten11—20eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty21—3