1、2023年職稱英語衛生類教材新增文章篇目1閱讀理解+第三十四篇 Who Want to Live Forever?+第四十篇 Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others2完形填空 第二篇 Going on a diet第三十四篇 Who Want to Live Forever?If your doctor could give you a drugthat would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?The good news is thatwe may

2、be drawing near to that date，Scientistshave already extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories.Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing ou

3、r dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have families of their own.Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking, says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. It would also raise prod

4、uctivity by adding to the year we can work.Longer lives dont just affect the people who live them.They also affect society as a whole. We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I dontthink any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer, says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan.T

5、he question is What will we get as a society?I suspect it wont be a better society.It would certainly be a very different society.People are already finding it more difficult to stay married.Divorce rates are rising.What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years?And what

6、 would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-oldparents，orbrothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder si

7、bling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would giveus the benefi

8、ts of age-skill，wisdom and good judgment.On the other hand，more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals，making career progress more difficult. And h

9、ow easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss?Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educatingyoung people，and more on making life comfortable fo

10、r the old.And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom，but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking.Old people tend to think without acting.Young people are curious and

11、 like to experience different things.Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact ，they are less enthusiastic about everything.The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think.Butas the science advances，we need to think about these changes now. If this could ever happen，t

12、hen wed better ask what kind of society we want to get， says Daniel Callahan. We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out.詞匯:mice / mais / n.老鼠(復數)sibling / sibli? / n.兄弟姐妹bioethicist / n. 生物倫理學家注釋:1.brothers and sisters born 50 years apart 出生年份相隔50年的兄弟姐妹2.We had be

13、tter not go anywhere near it 我們最好離它遠點，這里的it指代前面講的 anti-ageing technology.練習:1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might enable an individual to do?A Spendingmore time with his family.B Havingmore education.C Realizing more dreams.D Working longer.2.Which o

14、f the following is implied in the sixth paragraph?A Marriages in the US today are quite unstable.B More and more people in the US today want to get married.C Living longer would make it easier for people to maintain their marital ties.D If people live longer ，they would stay in marriage longer.3.All

15、 of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPTA Communication between employers and employees would be more difficult.B More money would be used by employees in payment of their employees.C The job market would be more competitive.D It would be more difficult

16、for young people to be promoted to top positions.4.An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is thatA it places more emphasis on educating the young.B it is both wise and energetic.Cit lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new.D it welcomes changes.5. Which of the follow

17、ing best describes Callahan s attitude to anti-ageing technology ?A Optimistic.BPessimistic.C Reserved.D Negative.答案與題解：1. B 長壽使個人能做的事主要在第三、四段里講到，作者沒有提到長壽可以讓人更多地接受教育。2.A 此題答案以下面的這兩句話為依據:Peopleare already findingit more difficultto stay married.Divorce rates are rising.暗示美國人目前的婚姻關系已經十分脆弱。3.B 文章的第九段講了

18、壽命延長、退休推遲可能帶來的種種問題，但作者沒有提到雇傭者需要更多的錢來支付員工的工資。4.C 答案可以在第十、十一這兩段里找到。5.C 此題的答案依據可以在最后一段里找到。Callahan 認為在搞清楚長壽社會會給我們帶來哪些問題之前，最好不要急著搞抗衰老的技術?？梢娝麑顾ダ霞夹g的開展是有保存的。+第四十篇 Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State

19、College of AgriculturalSciencesfoodscientist. The research indicates that genetic factors inf1uence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.Those conclusions are important because recent ，well-publicizedefforts to reduce the salt content in foodhave left many people struggling to

20、 accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science ，who was lead investigator on the study.Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke.That is why public health experts and food compan

21、ies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.The research involved 87carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，onmultipleoccasio

22、ns ，spread outoverweeks. Testsubjectswere 45menand 42 women ，reportedly healthy ，ranging inage from 20to 40years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes.They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific s

23、cale，ranging from barely detectableto strongest sensation of any kind.Most of us like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt ，both because they like the taste of saltinessmore ，andalsobecauseit is neededtoblockotherunpleasanttastesin food. said Hayes.Supertasters，people who experi

24、ence tastes more intensely ，consume more salt than do nontasters.Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor ，and at least for these foods， more is better ，so the supertasters seem to like them more. However ，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in fo

25、ods such as cheese ，Hayesnoted. For example ，cheeseis awonderfulblendof dairyflavorsfrom fermentedmilk ，butalsobittertastesfromripeningthatareblockedbysalt , he said. A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced.Hayes cited research donemore than 75years ag

26、obya chemistnamed Foxand a geneticist named Blakeslee ，showingthat individualsdifferintheirabilityto taste certainchemicals. As a result ，Hayes explained ，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists ，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color.Somepeople ，called supertas

27、ters，describebitter compoundsas being extremely bitter ，while others ，called nontasters，findthese same bitter compoundsto be tasteless or only weakly bitter. he said. Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not li

28、mited to bitterness. 詞匯:publicize/ p?blisaiz / v.引起公眾對的注 意;(用廣告)宣傳dietary / dai?teri /adj. 飲食的;規定食物的ferment / f?:ment / v. (使)發酵geneticist/ d?inetisist / n.遺傳學家acuity / ?kju:iti / n.敏銳;鋒利注釋:1.PennStateCollegeofAgriculturalSciences: 即 Penn StateUniversity-College ofAgricultural Sciences 賓州州立大學農學院。Pen

29、n 是 Pennsylvania 的縮寫，是美國賓夕法尼亞州州名。賓州州立大學建于1855年，在全國共有 24 個分校。在句中，Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences 用作定語，修飾 food scientist。2.well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food:有關減少食物含鹽量的大力宣傳的做法.3.left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as

30、 it does to others:使得許多人努力去接受適合其他人而不適合他們口味的食物。fare 相當于 food。4.lead investigator:研發工程負責人5. carefully screenedparticipantswho sampledsaltyfoodsassoupandchips，on multiple occasion ，spread out over weeks:經過仔細篩選的實驗參與者，他們在幾周內的不同時間 里品嘗加了鹽的食物，如湯和薯條。6.too pronounced:此處 pronounced 為形容詞，意為 very noticeable ，con

31、spicuous(明顯的，顯著的)。7.supertasting：超重味感練習:1. In paragraph 2 ，John Hayes points out thatA it is good to health to eat food without salt.B many people reject low-salt food completely.C many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantlyD food with reduced salt tastes better.2.The fourth paragraph des

32、cribes brieflyA. how to select subjects and what to do in the research.B. how to identify supertasters and nontasters.C. why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons.D. why to select more male subjects than female ones.3.The article argues that supertastersA like the taste of saltiness to block

33、 sweet tastes in food.B like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.C consume less salt because they dont like intensive tastes.D like to share salty cheese with nontasters.4.Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?A They like bitterness in foods as well as

34、saltiness.B They like high-salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste.C They prefer high-salt cheese，which tastes less bitter.DThey prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health.5.What message do the last two paragraphs carry?A.Taste acuity is genetically determined.B.Taste acuity is developed ove

35、r time after birth.C Taste acuity is related to ones eye and hair color.D Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science.答案與題解:1. C 根據短文的第二段內容，很多人因為食物中的含鹽量降低，所以必須做出很大努力 ( struggling) 去適應，而低鹽食物對于他們來說，口味很不好(fare that simply does not taste good to them) 。選項C有 accept reluctantly (勉強接受)表達了這層意思，所以是

36、正確的選擇。A 、B 、D 三個選項均是錯誤的。2.A 第四段介紹了科學家是如何設計這項研究的，它包含了研究對象的人數、性別、人選條件、咸度味感分級表等。選項 A 概括了這方面的內容，所以是答案。而選項 B 、C、D 所述內 容均不符合該段的意思。3.B 短文的第五段提供了答案。supertaster 在這里的意思是:口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反義詞，即，口味清談的人。該段告訴我們，口味重的人消耗更多的鹽;因為快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，所以口味重的人對快餐較為偏愛。選項B表達了上述內容，所以是答案。4.C 短文第六段提供了答案。該段告訴我們，奶醋發酵

37、會產生苦味，supertasters 不喜歡苦味，而高含鹽量可以蓋住奶酷里的苦睞，這是他們偏愛高鹽奶酷的原因。所以，只有C是正確選擇。5.A文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遺傳學專家的實驗。從這項實驗中，Hayes 得出的結論是，Taste acuity( 味覺敏度)上的差異與他們頭發和眼睛的顏色上的差異是同一類現象，也就是說，都是與生俱來的。第八段又說，這是一種 biological difference (生物差異)，所以 A 是答案。B 說味覺敏度是后天形成的，顯然與作者的結論相左。C 說味覺敏度的差異與頭發和眼睛的顏色上的差異有關，顯然是錯誤的。D 的內容在最后兩段都沒有提到

38、，所以不會是答案。Going on a dietA typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart 1_and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating2_and, your brain running. They also keep your body warm. A person 3_weight because he or she consumes more calories pe

39、r day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to 4_the number of calories that you consume per day. This is the basic 5_behind going on a diet. 6_，diets dont work for most people. They do lose weight but then 7_ the diet and put it back. Building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to 8_ a

40、 consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many you 9_ take in. The next step is to add ，exercise so that you can 10_the number of calories you can consume per day. Exercise charts can show you how many calories different 11_of exercise can burn. Burning 2

41、50 or 500 calories per day can 12_a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can 13_ the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise 14_. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. Its a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on

42、 a diet. 15_clothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish. 詞匯： typical . 典型的，有代表性的 calory n. 卡路里 consume v. 消耗，消費，耗盡 (燃料、能量、時間等) sensible . 明智的，合情理的，切合實際的 consistent . 一貫的，始終如一的 reminder n. 令人回憶起的東西，提醒的東西 accomplish v. 完成，實現，做成功 注釋: 1. .diets dont work for most people . . . :節食并不是

43、對大多數人都奏效 2. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can:你可以在看電視的時候騎自行車或者你可以. 練習: 1. A ticking B beating C running D kicking 2. A properly B appropriately C approximately D effectively 3. A adds B increases C gains D puts 4. A cut off B take down C remove D reduce 5. A way B pr

44、inciple C method D kind 6. A Similarly B Though C Unfortunately D Although 7. A go off B go on C go after D go under 8. A getting B measuring C maintaining D reserving 9. A preferably B actually C consistently D eventually 10. A raise B go up C exceed D grow 11. A ways B factors C functions D forms

45、12. A have B do C make D give 13. A walk B climb C run D take 14. A partner B colleague C associate D friend 15. A Tight B Loose C Casual D Formal 答案與題解: 1. B 從句意來看，本句要說明體內的熱量可以使人的心臟跳動，所以答案選擇 beating。tick 是發出滴答聲或激怒；run 是奔跑 ；kick 是踢。只有 beat 符合句意。 2. A 從句意來看，本句要說明體內的熱量可以使身體的器官正常運轉。Properly 和appropriately 都有適宜的，適當的之意，但 properly 可以表達正常的、按照一定的規律 的意思;approximately 是近似地，大約，大概，近乎;effectively有效地。答案選擇 A。 3. C 選項 A) 、B) 、C) 都有增加的意思，但只有 gain 和 weight 搭配使用，才構成增加體重的意思。文中原意要表達一個人增加了體重。選項 D)put 和