1、英語國家社會與文化入門(上冊）The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking CountriesAn Introduction(Book One)英語國家社會與文化入門(上冊）The Society aIrelandUnit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Arts IrelandUnit 14 Irish CulturQuiz Give the English and a brief explanation for the following:1. 愛爾蘭英語2. 蓋爾語3. 大河舞4.

2、 愛爾蘭式曲棍球5. 英雄傳奇/薩迦6. 諾貝爾文學(xué)獎獲得者Quiz Give the English and a brFocal Pointsthe Irish language and colonial policyHiberno-English the Irish oral traditionfolk heritageRiverdanceIrish literatureNobel Prize winners for literatureJames Joycepopular sportsscience and technology in IrelandIrish identity in t

3、he worldFocal Pointsthe Irish languageThis Unit Is Divided into Three SectionsThe Irish Language and Oral CultureThe Irish LiteratureArts, Sports and ScienceThis Unit Is Divided into ThreI. The Irish Language and Oral CultureTraditionally, the Irish people spoke their own language, called Irish or G

4、aelic.Gaelic is a very ancient language with a rich oral culture. English became the dominant language during the British colonization. It has evolved into Hiberno-English, a version of standard English spoken universally in Ireland today.A self-conscious attempt has been made to revive the use of t

5、he Irish language in the Republic of Ireland.I. The Irish Language and OralIrish is the national language according to the Constitution, but English is the dominant language. In the 2006 census, 39% of the population regarded themselves as competent in Irish.The percentages of people who said they s

6、poke Irish daily outside the education system in the 2011 censusIrish is the national languagOral tradition and oral lore is cultural material and tradition transmitted orally from one generation to another. The messages or testimony are verbally transmitted in speech or song and may take the form o

7、f folktales, sayings, ballads, songs, or chants.Oral culture in the form of story-tellingOral tradition and oral lore iAs head of the Irish government (1932-59), amon de Valera was a strong advocate of the Irish language.amon de Valera (1882 1975) was one of the dominant political figures in twentie

8、th-century Ireland. His political career spanned over half a century, from 1917 to 1973; he served multiple terms as head of government and head of state. He also led the introduction of the Constitution of Ireland. As head of the Irish governmenAs part of the move for Irish independence in the late

9、 19th century, a self-conscious attempt was made to revive the use of the Irish language among the middle and professional classes.Signs in Irish in Dungloe, County DonegalAs part of the move for Irish Under Eamon De Valeras government (1932-1959), the school system was made to teach the Irish langu

10、age to all Irish children from the age of four until they left school at fifteen.Traffic sign, meaning Give Way or Yield, in County WaterfordUnder Eamon De Valeras governTG4 is a public service broadcaster for Irish-language speakers.The channel launched on 31 October 1996. It is available to 98% of

11、 homes in Ireland, with 800,000 viewers tuning to the channel each day to view a broad programming policy. It has been reported to have a share of 3% of the national television market.TG4 is a public service broadcRT Raidi na Gaeltachta (RnaG) is the Irish-language radio service of the public-servic

12、e broadcaster Raidi Teilifs ireann. The station is available on FM in Ireland and via satellite and on the Internet. The station is available on FM in Ireland and via satellite and on the Internet. It celebrated its 40th anniversiry on air on 2 April 2012.RT Raidi na Gaeltachta (RnaGThe government m

13、akes it mandatory to have a competent level of Irish in order to enter the universities of Ireland or the civil service or the diplomatic corpse or teaching profession. A sign for the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure in Northern Ireland, in English, Irish, and Ulster Scots.The government make

14、s it mandatII. The Irish LiteratureAs a “talk” culture, Ireland has a reputation for being a culture that has produced many writers.The first Irish saga The Tain was transmitted orally for centuries before it was written down. Other forms of oral recitation include local myths and legends, folk poet

15、ry, anecdotes and jokes. Folk songs and folk tales have been collected intensively over the last 70 years.Ireland is the origin of four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: Yeats, Heaney, Shaw, and BeckettOther influential writers include Swift, Sterne, Sheridan, and Joyce.II. The Irish Litera

16、tureAs a “Irish has one of the oldest vernacular literatures in western Europe (after Greek and Latin).Irish writing of the 8th centuryIrish has one of the oldest veTin B Cailnge , commonly known as The Cattle Raid of Cooley or The Tin, is a legendary tale from early Irish literature, often consider

17、ed an epic, although it is written primarily in prose rather than verse.Traditionally set in the 1st century AD in an essentially pre-Christian heroic age, the Tin is the central text of a group of tales known as the Ulster Cycle.Tin B Cailnge , commonly knIn Modern times alone, the Ireland has the

18、origin of four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: George Bernard Shaw, W.B. Yeats, Samuel Beckett, and Seamus Heaney.Notable Irish writers: clockwise from top left: Jonathan Swift; W.B. Yeats; Oscar Wilde; James Joyce; Colm Toibn; Seamus Heaney; Samuel Beckett; G.B. Shaw.In Modern times alon

19、e, the IreGeorge Bernard Shaw (1856 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. He wrote more than 60 plays. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925.Nearly all his writings address prevailing social problems with a vein of comedy which makes their stark th

20、emes more palatable. Issues which engaged Shaws attention included education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege. Pictures: Shaw and his famous play Pygmalion (1938 film still)George Bernard Shaw (1856 19William Butler Yeats (1865 1939) was an Irish poet and one of the

21、foremost figures of 20th century literature. Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival.Yeats and his poem collection The Winding Stair (1933). He won the Nobel Prize for literature in.William Butler Yeats (1865 Samuel Barclay Beckett (1906 1989) was an Irish avant-garde novelist, p

22、laywright, theatre director, and poet. His work offers a bleak, tragicomic outlook on human nature, often coupled with black comedy. He won the Nobel Prize of Literature in1969.Considered one of the last modernists and an inspiration to many later writers, Beckett is one of the first postmodernists

23、and one of the key writers in the Theatre of the Absurd. Samuel Barclay Beckett (1906 Seamus Justin Heaney (19392013) was an Irish poet, playwright, translator and lecturer, and the recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature. Heaney and his second poem collection Door into the Dark (1969)Seamus

24、 Justin Heaney (193920James Joyce (1882 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. Joyce and his DublinersJames Joyce (1882 1941) was aIII. Arts, Sports and ScienceIreland is a traditional culture

25、, and virtually every art form in Ireland derives from its rich folk heritage. Like literature, music has its roots in ancient Irish culture. Perhaps, the oldest form of music is that embodied by the sean nos or “old style” of singing.Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture; in former centuri

26、es every village would have a dancing-master and some villages still boast figures of dance that are named after them. The game that is most natively Irish is called hurling. It has a reputation of being one of the oldest field sports in the world. Other sports were introduced into Ireland in the co

27、lonial period and are also very popular.As the historical record shows, Ireland has a rich tradition of scientific enquiry and technological invention. III. Arts, Sports and ScienceIn spite of emigration and a well-developed connection to music influences from Britain and the USA, Irish music has ke

28、pt many of its traditional aspects and has itself influenced many forms of music, such as country and roots music in the USA.The indigenous music of the island is termed Irish traditional music. It has remained vibrant through the 20th, and into the 21st century, despite globalising cultural forces.

29、 (Right: a 16th- century Irish Warpipe player)In spite of emigration and a wIrish traditional music includes many kinds of songs, including drinking songs, ballads and laments, sung unaccompanied or with accompaniment by a variety of instruments.Enya fused traditional Irish elements with New Age to

30、create a unique sound which has made her Irelands second biggest-selling act of all time. Irish traditional music includIn the 19th century folk instruments would have included the flute, the fiddle and the uilleann pipes.A fiddler fiddling on the streetIn the 19th century folk instrIn the Republic

31、of Ireland, the harp is a national symbol, appearing on the coins and coat of arms.A modern “Celtic harp”In the Republic of Ireland, thEnya (born 1961) gained wider recognition for her music in the 1987 BBC series The Celts. Shortly afterwards, her 1988 album Watermark propelled her to further inter

32、national fame and she became known for her distinctive sound. Enya fused traditional Irish elements with New Age to create a unique sound which has made her Irelands second biggest-selling act of all time.Enya (born 1961) gained wider Irish step dancing, popularized in 1994 by the world-famous show

33、Riverdance is notable for its rapid leg and foot movements, body and arms being kept largely stationary.Step dancingIrish step dancing, popularizeGaelic football (rugby) is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance. In 2003 it accounted for 34% of total sports attendances at events in Ireland, followed by hurling at 23%, soccer at 16% and rugby at 8%.Gaelic football (left); Hurling (right)Gaelic football (rugby) is theRobert Boyle (16271691) was an Irish natural philosopher, chemist,