1、IFTOUWANNADjDOITFORWHATMATTERSTHEFlTHEBESTTEACHINGEXECUTIVESJESSEYLUPHDINECONOMICS,CARD阡LAMANDARUMSCINENGLISHLtTERARJRE,TPO-1GroundwaterParagraph5:SomuchforunconsolidatedParagraph1:Groundwateristhewordusedimteonts.Consolidated(orcemented)describewaterthatsaturatestheground,sediments,too,containmilli

2、onsofminutefillingalltheavailablespaces.Byfarthweatemr-hoostldingpores.Thisisbecausethegapsabundanttypeofgroundwaterismeteoricamongtheoriginalgrainsareoftennotwater;thisisthegroundwaterthatcirculatestotallypluggedwithcementingchemicals;aspartofthewatercycle.Ordinarymeteoricalso,partsoftheoriginalgra

3、insmaybecomewateriswaterthathassoakedintothedisgsroolvuendbypercolatinggroundwater,eitherfromthesurface,fromprecipitation(rainwhainledconsolidationistakingplaceoratanysnow)andfromlakesandstreams.Thereitremains,sometimesforlongperiods,beforeemergingatthesurfaceagain.Atfirstitseemsincrediblethattherec

4、anbeenoughspaceinthesolidgroundunderfoottoholdallthiswater.2.ThewordincredibleinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtooconfusingocomfortingounbelievableointerestingParagraph4:Inlowlandcountryalmostanyspotonthegroundmayoverliewhatthebedofariverthathassincebysoil;iftheyarenowbelowthewatersuppersurface(thewate

5、rtable),thegravelsandsandsoftheformerriverbed,anditssandbars,willbetimeafterwards.Theresultisthatsandstone,forexample,canbeasporousastheloosesthanodughftromwhichitwasformed.9.ThewordpluggedinthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoowashedodraggedofilleduposoakedthroughTheOriginsofTheaterParagraph1:Inseekingtod

6、escribetheoriginsoftheater,onemustrelywsapsecuolnactieon,sincethereisprimarilyonlittleconcretebecomeveidebnucreiedonwhichtodraw.Themostwidelyacceptedtheory,championedbyanthropologistsinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,envisionstheaterassaturatedwithgroundwatemr.ergingoutofmythandritual.Th

7、eprocessperceivedbytheseanthropologistsmaybe7.Thewordoverlieinmeaningtoocoverochangeoseparateosurroundinthepassageissumclmosaersiztedbriefly.Duringtheearlystagesofitsdevelopment,asocietybecomesawareofforcesthatappeartoinfluenceorcontrolitsfoodsupplyandwell-being.Havinglittleunderstandingofnaturalcau

8、ses,itattributesbothdesirableandundesirableoccurrencestosupernaturalormagicalforces,anditseatrhcehesfirststephasbeentakentowardtheaterasformeanstowinthefavoroftheseforces.anautonomousactivity,andthereafterorrituals.1.Thewordchampionedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoochangedodebatedocreatedosupported

9、2.ThewordattributesinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtooascribesoleavesolimitsocontrastsParagraph2:Stories(myths)maythengrowuparoundaritual.Frequentlythemythsincluderepresentativesofthosesupernaturalforcesthattheritescelebrateorhopetoinfluence.Performersmaywearcostumesmaskstorepresentthemythicalcharacte

10、rsorsupernaturalforcesintheritualsorinaccompanyingcelebrations.Asapersonbecomesmoresophisticated,itsconceptionsmaychange.Asaresult,itmayabandonormodifysomerites.ButthemythsthathavePerceivinganapparentconnectionbetweenentertainmentandaestheticvaluesmaycertainactionsperformedbythegroupangdraduthaellyr

11、eplacetheformermysticalandresultitdesires,thegrouprepeats,refinessocialnlydefficaciousconcerns.formalizesthoseactionsintofixedceremonies,Thewordthisinthepassagereferstootheactingoutofritesothedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsocietyotheseparationofmythsfromritesothecelebrationofsupernaturalforc

12、esThewordautonomousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtooartisticoimportantoindependentoestablishedParagraph6:Butneitherthehumanimitativeinstinctnorapenchantforfantasybyitselfleadstoanautonomoustheater.Therefore,additionalexplanationsareneeded.Onenecessaryconditionseemstobeasomewhatdetachedviewofhumanpro

13、blems.Foreaxnadmple,onesignofthisconditionistheappearanceofthecomicvision,sincecomedyrequiressufficientdetachmenttoviewsomedeviationsfromsocialnormsasridiculousratherthanasseriousthreatstothewelfareofofsupernaturalforcesandcausalrelationshthiepsentiregroup.Anotherconditionthatcontributestothedevelop

14、mentofautonomoustheateristheemergenceoftheaestheticsense.grownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroupsoraltraditionandForexample,someearlysocietiesceasedtomcaoynsiedveerncertainritesessentialtotheircometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs,well-beingandabandonedthem,ne

15、vertheless,theyretainedaspartsoftheiroraltraditionthemythsthathadgrownuparoundtheriotesvisainbdleadmiredthemfortheirartisticqualitiesroathsetrrikingthanfortheirreligioususefulness.Paragraph3:Attheuppertimberlinethetrees10.Thewordpenchantinthepassageisbegintobecometwistedanddeformed.Thisisclosestinme

16、aningtoparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandocompromiseupperlatitudes,whichtendtoattaingreateroinclinationheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicstheotraditiontreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.orespectThisisbecausemiddle-andupper-latitudetimberlinesarestronglyinfluencedbythe11.Whydoestheauthorme

17、ntioncomeddyur?ationanddepthofthesnowcover.AstheoTogiveanexampleofearlytypes(snoAtheaterdeeperandlastslongerinthevalleys,oToexplainhowtheaterhelpsasocietyrespondtothreatstoitswelfareoTohelpexplainwhydetachmentisneededforthedevelopmentoftheatertreestendtoattaingreaterheightsontheridges,eventhoughthey

18、aremoreexposedtohigh-velocitywindsandpoor,thinsoilsthere.Inthetropics,thevalleysappeartobemoreoToshowhowtheatricalperformersbefcaovmoreablebecausetheyarelesspronetodrydetachedfromothermembersofsocietyout,theyhavelessfrost,andtheyhavedeepersoils.TimberlineVegetationonMountainsParagraph1:Thetransition

19、fromforesttotreelesstundraonamountainslope5.Thewordattaininthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoisoofternequiaredramaticone.Withinaverticaldistanceafewtensofmeters,treesdisappearasalife-formandarereplacedbylowshrubs,herbs,andgrasses.Thisrapidzoneoftransitioniscalledtheuppertimberlineline.Inmanysemiaridarea

20、sthereisalsoalowertimberlinewheretheforestpassesintosteppeordesertatitsloweredge,usuallybecauseofalackofmoisture.1.Theworddramaticinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoogradualocomplexoofrjeusitstoachieveoendureo6r.tTrehewordtheyinthepassagereferstoovalleysotreesoheightsoridgesThewordproneinthepassageiscl

21、osestinmeaningtooadaptedolikelyodifficultoresistantParagraph6:Themoststrikingcharacteristicspace,complementtheirsite,suittheclimate,andareeconomicallyfeasible.Theclientwhopaysforthebuildinganddefinesitsfunctionisanimportantmemberofthearchitecturaloftheplantsofthealpinezoneistheirlowgrowthform.Thisen

22、ablesthemtoavoidtheworstrigorsofhighwindsandpermitsthemtomakeuseoftheteam.Themediocredesigncontemporarybuildingscanclientsandarchitects.ofbemanytracedtobothimmediatelyadjacentanareawherelowhighertemperaturestothegroundsurface2.ITnhewordfeasibleintemperaturesarelimitingmteoaningtothepassageisclosetli

23、fe,theimportanceoftheadditionalheaotninearexistencethesurfaceiscrucial.Thelowgrowthformowithoutquestioncanalsopermittheplantstotakeadvanotagaechioefvableworkofarchitectstocreatebuildingsthgartaviatrye.Theyaredesignedtowithstandthenotsimplyconstructionsbutalsoofferforcesofcompression(pushingtogether)

24、,inspirationanddelight.Buildingscontributetentosion(pullingapart),bending,orahumanlifewhentheyprovideshelter,enrichcombinationoftheseindifferentpartsofthetheinsulationprovidedbyawintersnowcover.Intheequatorialmountainsthelowgrowthformislessprevalent.11.Thewordprevalentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningt

25、oopredictableowidespreadosuccessfulodevelopedTPO-3ArchitectureParagraph2:Architectureisaomostlikely3.ThewordenhanceinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtooprotectoimproveoorganizeomatchParagraph3:Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportt

26、hat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthemeventhree-dimensionalform.Itutilizesspace,mwahsisl,ebuildingmaterialshavechangedtexture,line,light,andcolor.Tobearchitecture,abuildingmustachieveaworkingharmonywithavarietyofelements.dramatically.Theworldsarchitectu

27、ralstructureshavealsobeendevisedinrelationtotheobjectivelimitationsofmaterials.HumansinstinctivelyseekstructuresthatSwtirlulcturescanbeanalyzedintermsofhowshelterandenhancetheirwayoflife.tIhteyisdeatlhewithdownwardforcescreatedbystructure.5.Theworddevisedinthepassageinmeaningtoocombinedocreatedointr

28、oducedosuggestedParagraph4:Evendevelopmentinavailability.Inthepast,wholecitiesgrewfromthearduoustaskofcuttingandpilingisstocnleosuepsotn.SomeoftheworldsfineststonearchitecturecanbeseenintheruinsoftheancientIncacityofMachuPicchuhighintheeasternAndesMountainsofPeru.Thedoorwaysandwindowsaremadepossible

29、byplacingovertheopenspacesthickstonebeamsthatsupporttheweightfromabove.Aarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajorphysicallimitationsofstonecouldbestructuralinventionhadtobemadebeforethetechnologicalchanges.Materialsandmethoodvsercomeandnewarchitecturalformscouldofconstructionareintegralpartsofthebdeescirg

30、enated.Thatinventionwasthearch,aofarchitecturestructures.Inearliertimesitwasnecessarytodesignstructuralsystemssuitableforthematerialsthatwereavailable,curvedstructureoriginallymadeofseparatestoneorbricksegments.ThearchwasusedbytheearlyculturesoftheMediterraneanareasuchaswood,stone,brick.Todaytechnco

31、hloiegfylyforundergrounddrains,butitwasthehasprogressedtothepointwhereitisRpoomsasinbslewhofirstdevelopedandusedthearchtoinventnewbuildingmaterialstosuitthetypeofstructuredesired.Enormouschangesinmaterialsandtechniquesofconstructionwithinthelastfewgenerationshavemadeitpossibletoenclosespacewithmuchg

32、reatereaseandspeedandwithaminimumofmaterial.Progressinthisareacanbeextensivelyinabovegroundstructures.Romanbuildersperfectedthesemicirculararchmadeofseparateblocksofstone.Asamethodofspanningspace,thearchcansupportgreaterweightthanahorizontalbeam.Itworksincompressiontodiverttheweightaboveitouttothesi

33、des,wheretheweightisbornebythemeasuredbythedifferenceinweightbetvwereteicnalelementsoneithersideofthearch.buildingsbuiltnowandthoseofcomparablesizebuiltonehundredyearsago.Thearchisamongthemanyimportantstructuralbreakthroughsthathavecharacterizedarchitecturethroughoutthe6.Thewordintegralisclosetinoes

34、sentialovariableopracticaloindependentParagraph6:Muchoftheworldsgreatarchitecturehasbeenconstructedofstonemeancinengturtioes.10.Thewordarduousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoodifficultonecessaryoskilledosharedbecauseofitsbeauty,permanence,and-more-powerfulpumps.Itisestitmhateadttheentireregionswater

35、supplies.DepletionoftheOgallalaAquifercurrentwithdrawalrates,muchoftheaquiferParagraph3:Thefirstwellsweredrilledwillinrutondrywithin40years.ThesituationistheOgallaladuringthedroughtyearsoftheearly1930s.Theensuingrapidexpansionofirrigationagriculture,especiallyfromthe1950sonward,transformedtheeconomy

36、ofmostcriticalinTexas,wheretheclimateisdriest,thegreatestamountofwaterisbeingpumped,andtheaquifercontainstheleastwater.Itisprojectedthattheremainingtheregion.Morethan100,000wellstheOgallala.Modernirrigationdevices,eachcapableofspraying4.5millionlitersnoOwgaltlaplawaterwill,bytheonly35to40percentofof

37、inwaTterxasthatissupportedyear2030,supporttheirrigatedacreagein1980.aday,haveproducedalandscapedominatedbygeometricpatternsofcirculargreenis6l.andTshewordunprecedentedinthepassageis-more-powerfulpumps.Itisestitmhateadttheentireregionswatersupplies.-more-powerfulpumps.Itisestitmhateadttheentireregion

38、swatersupplies.ofcrops.OgallalawaterhasenabledthecloHseisgthinmeaningtoPlainsregiontosupplysignificantamountsdifficulttocontrolthecotton,sorghum,wheat,andcorngroswnithimtanyrestrictiontheUnitedStates.Inaddition,40percentofsunlikeanythinginthepastAmericangrain-fedbeefcattlearefattenedsrapidlyexpandin

39、ghere.7.Thewordvirtuallyinthepassageis4.ThewordensuinginthepassageisclocsleosstestinmeaningtoinmeaningtosclearlyscontinuingsperhapsssurprisingsfrequentlysinitialsalmostssubsequentParagraph5:ThereactionoffarmerstotheParagraph4:ThisunprecedenteddevelopmeintevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.ofafinit

40、egroundwaterresourcewithanManyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewateralmostnegligiblenaturalrechargeratethatbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtois,virtuallynonaturalwatersourcetocropsthatrequirelesswater.Others,however,replenishthewatersupplyhascausedhwaavteradoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttotablesin

41、theregiontofalldrastically.Inthe1930s,wellsencounteredplentifulwateratausethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateon-more-powerfulpumps.Itisestitmhateadttheentireregionswatersupplies.depthofabout15meters;currently,theyhigmh-uvsatluecropssuchascotton.Theincentivebedugtodepth

42、sof45to60metersoforthemofraer.merswhowishtoconservewaterisInplaces,thewatertableisdecliningarteduacedratebytheirknowledgethatmanyoftheirofameterayear,necessitatingtheperiodicneighborsareprofitingbyusinggreatamountsdeepeningofwellsandtheuseofeverofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdown10.Thewordinevitab

43、leinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoounfortunateopredictableounavoidableofinalTheLong-TermStabilityofEcosystemsParagraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularAmorecomplicatedsystemis,ingeneral,morelikelythanasimplesystemtobreakdown.Afifteen-speedracingbicycleismorestructuredep

44、endsonthespecifichistoryarea.Ecologistsusethetermsuccessiontorefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessionisclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochan

45、geoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechangesinplantnumbersandthemixofspeciesarecumulative.ClimaxloikfelythetobreakdownthanachildstricycleThewordguaranteeinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtooincreaseoensureocallefadvoraocomplicateParagraph6:Ecologistsareespeciallyinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetocommu

46、nitiestheresilienceofcommunitiesbecauseclimaxthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.1.ThewordparticularinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoonaturalofinalospecificocomplexParagraph5:Eventhekindofstabilityassimplelackofchangeisnotalwayscommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelydamage

47、dordestroyedbyhumanactivities.ThedestructioncausedbythevolcanicexplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,forexample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbyhumans.Weneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunityaremostimportanttothecommunitysresistancetodestruction,aswellasitsrecovery.defined10.Th

48、ewordpalesinthepassageisclosestassociatedwithmaximumdiversity.Atleastintemperatezones,maximumdiversityisinmeaningtooincreasesproportionallyoftenfoundinmid-successionalstages,notintheclimaxcommunity.Oncearedwoodforestmatures,forexample,thekindsofspeciesandthenumberofindividualsgrowingontheforestfloor

49、arereduced.Ingeneral,diversity,byitself,doesnotensurestability.Mathematicalmodelsofecosystemslikewisesuggestthatdiversitydoesnotguaranteeecosystemstabilityjusttheopposite,infact.odiffersolosessignificanceoiscommonParagraph7:Manyecologistsnowthinkthattherelativelong-termstabilityofclimaxcommunitiesco

50、mesnotfromdiversitybutfromthepatchinessoftheenvironment,anenvironmentthatvariesfromplacetoplacesupportsmorekindsoforganismsthananenvironmentthatisuniform.Alocalpopulationthatgoesextinctisquicklyreplacedbyimmigrantsfromanadjacentcommunity.Evenifthenewpopulationinurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elev

51、ationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.3.Thewordinhibitsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtooconsistsofocombinesorestrictsioseosftabalishesdiffere

52、ntspecies,itcanapproximatelyfillthenichevacatedbytheextinctpopulationandkeepthefoodwebintact.12ThewordadjacentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtooforeignostableofluidoneighboringTPO-4DeerPopulationsofthePugetSoundParagraph2:Nearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeersdiet.Wheretheforestin

53、hibitsthegrowthofgrassbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy?OnecompensationfornothibernatingistheParagraph5:Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanac

54、tions.First,themajorpredatorsofdeerwolves,cougar,andlynxhavebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthefateoftheforests.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeforestedbylogging,fire,

55、orbothhavebecomeidealfeedinggroundsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseandothermeadowplants,theblack-tailedindethereopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofsh

56、ade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforplantsgrowninclearings.10ThewordreboundinthepassageisboUiltest-inmeaningtoodeclinedifficultyofaccesshasbeeninterpretedbyorecoverysomeasasignthatmagical-religiousactivitiesoexchangewereperformedthere.omovement3Thewordprincipalinthepassageisclosest

57、inmeaningtoCaveArtinEuropeomajorParagraph1:Theearliestdiscoveredtracesttkelyartarebeadsandcarvings,andthenpaointinwgesl,lprotectedfromsitesdatingbacktotheUpperPaloeolidthisictinctperiod.Wemightexpectthatearlyartisticeffortswouldbecrude,butthecavepaPianrtainggrasph3:ThesubjectsofthepaintingsareofSpai

58、nandsouthernFranceshowamoasrktleydanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbaredegreeofskill.Sodothenaturalisticpawinaltlisn,gswithnobackdropsorenvironmentalonslabsofstoneexcavatedinsoutherntrAafprpicinag.s.Perhaps,likemanycontemporarySomeofthoseslabsappeartohavebeenpaintedasmuchas28,000yearsago,whichsuggeststhatp

59、aintinginAfricaisasoldaspaintinginEurope.Butpaintingmayolderthanthat.TheearlyAustraliansmaypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,andifthatwerebeindevedentheirbelief,itmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.havepaintedonthewallscl

60、ifffacesatleast30,000yearsago,andmaybeasmuchas60,000yearsago.1ThewordmarkedinthepassageinmeaningtooconsiderableosurprisingolimitedoadequateParagraph2:TheresearchersPeterUckoandAndreeRosenfeldidentifiedthreeprincipallocationsofpaintingsinthecavesofEurope:(1)inobviouslyinhabitedrocksheltersandcaveentr