1、環(huán)境工程微生物基礎(chǔ)Environmental Microbiology 參考書： 環(huán)境工程微生物學(xué)，周群英、高廷耀編，高等教育出版社，第三版。污染控制微生物學(xué)原理與應(yīng)用，任南琪等編，化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2004年。污染控制微生物學(xué)，任南琪等編，哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社，2002年。Lecture (40 hours)Laboratory practice (4*2 hours)Total :48 hoursArrangement（本部）Lecture (32 hours)Laboratory practice (4*4 hours)Total :48 hoursArrangement（康尼）CHAPT

2、ER 1 INTRODUCTION 緒論CHAPTER 2 VIRUS 病毒CHAPTER 3 ARCHAEA AND BACTERIA 古菌和細(xì)菌CHAPTER 4 EUKARYA真核微生物CHAPTER 5 MICROBIAL METABOLISM 微生物代謝CHAPTER 6 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE 微生物在物質(zhì)循環(huán)中的作用CHAPTER 7 MICROORGANISMS IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT 水污染控制中的微生物原理ContentsContents補(bǔ)充1：Growth And Reproduction And Existence Facto

3、rs 微生物的生長繁殖和生存因子補(bǔ)充2： Microecology 微生物生態(tài)補(bǔ)充3： Microbiology Principles in Wastewater Further Treatment 污水深度處理和微污染源水預(yù)處理中的微生物學(xué)原理補(bǔ)充4： Micro-treatment of Organic Solid Wastes and Waste Gas and Micro-community 有機(jī)固體廢棄物與廢氣的微生物處理及其微生物群落實(shí)驗(yàn)1 ： Simple Stain And Gram Stain Of Bacteria 細(xì)菌的簡單染色和革蘭氏染色實(shí)驗(yàn)2： Culture Med

4、ia Preparation And Sterilization 培養(yǎng)基的制配與滅菌實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)（康尼）實(shí)驗(yàn)一 光學(xué)顯微鏡的操作及細(xì)菌、放線菌、硅藻等微生物個(gè)體觀察 -4學(xué)時(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)二 培養(yǎng)基的制備與滅菌 - 4學(xué)時(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)三 細(xì)菌的培養(yǎng)和接種技術(shù) - 4學(xué)時(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)四 細(xì)菌的簡單染色和革蘭氏染色 -4學(xué)時(shí)主要任務(wù)環(huán)境工程微生物學(xué)是環(huán)境工程專業(yè)的一門專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課。本課程的任務(wù)：通過各種教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)的學(xué)習(xí)，掌握環(huán)境工程中的污（廢）水、廢氣及有機(jī)固體廢物的生物處理和水體、土壤及大氣污染與自凈過程中涉及到的微生物學(xué)基本概念、基本原理、基本方法和水處理基本工程技能，為其它專業(yè)課的學(xué)習(xí)、為以后從事專業(yè)工作和科學(xué)研究打下良好的

5、基礎(chǔ)。基本要求1、正確理解環(huán)境工程微生物學(xué)中的一些基本概念；2、掌握細(xì)菌、藍(lán)細(xì)菌、酵母菌、原生動(dòng)物、微型后生動(dòng)物及藻類等的形態(tài)、大小、細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)及功能；3、掌握微生物營養(yǎng)與呼吸、生長與繁殖基本原理；4、掌握污（廢）水、固體廢棄物、廢氣的生物法處理原理和基本方法；5、了解飲用水衛(wèi)生細(xì)菌學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)及其檢測(cè)方法；本課程重點(diǎn)在于理解概念、原理和方法。 The environment Microbes are responsible for the cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphors (geochemical cycles), all essential c

6、omponents of living organisms . They are found in association with plants in symbiotic relationships, maintain soil fertility and may also be used to clean up the environment of toxic compounds. Some microbes are devastating plant pathogens, which destroy important food crops, but others may act as

7、biological control agents against these diseases第一節(jié) 環(huán)境與環(huán)境工程面臨的問題、可持續(xù)發(fā)展與微生物1、 環(huán)境工程面臨的問題廢水廢氣固廢緒論2、 微生物對(duì)人類生存環(huán)境的影響是寶貴的自然資源；是生物多樣性的重要成員；是環(huán)境中有機(jī)物的主要分解者；是參與環(huán)境污染物綜合利用，變廢為寶的積極分子；某些微生物及微生物代謝產(chǎn)物可污染環(huán)境，危害人體健康；在特定的環(huán)境中可產(chǎn)生大量的CO2等溫室氣體，有可能有助于大氣溫室效應(yīng)。3、 微生物在環(huán)境工程中應(yīng)用的優(yōu)點(diǎn) 容易發(fā)生變異 能在極端環(huán)境中生存 經(jīng)濟(jì)、高效微生物在環(huán)境保護(hù)和污染治理，保持生態(tài)平衡方面起著重要作用，開發(fā)

8、極端環(huán)境中微生物處理廢水等污染物的技術(shù)有著廣闊的前景。第二節(jié) 環(huán)境工程微生物學(xué)研究對(duì)象與任務(wù)研究對(duì)象1 、微生物的形態(tài)、細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)及功能，微生物的營養(yǎng)、呼吸、物質(zhì)代謝、生長繁殖、遺傳與變異等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。2 、棲息在水體、土壤等環(huán)境中的微生物及其生態(tài)3 、自然環(huán)境物質(zhì)循環(huán)與轉(zhuǎn)化4 、污染水體、污染土壤等修復(fù)工程的凈化原理研究任務(wù)1 、充分利用有益微生物資源為人類造福。2 、微生物對(duì)化學(xué)污染物及其他有利影響。（為生物處理法得到更高的效果）污水處理常見微生物照片1、變形蟲（阿米巴）amoeba.2、太陽蟲目 （Heliozoan）3、草履蟲4、櫛毛蟲5、輪蟲6、寡毛蟲7、線蟲8、橈足蟲9、鐘形蟲10、漫

9、游蟲Lionotus11.菌膠團(tuán) Why should we study microbiology?Nature resources DecomposerClean up the pollutantSome may harm to human Two major reasonsMicrobes are important to the environment Benefits in applied environmental engineering Variation easily Some may exist in extreme condition Economical, highly e

10、ffective Chapter 1 Introduction to Environmental Microbiology 緒論環(huán)境工程微生物基礎(chǔ)Environmental Microbiology 1.1 Microbiology Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes, which a

11、re bacteria and archaea. Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied. In short; microbiology refers to the study of life and organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.1.1.1 History 1) AncientIn 600 BCE, the ancient Indian surgeon Susruta held microbes

12、responsible for several diseases and explained in Sushruta Samhita that they can be transmitted through contact, air or water. Theories on microorganisms was made by Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro in a book titled On Agriculture in which he warns against locating a homestead in the vicinity of

13、 swamps:“ .and because there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases.” This passage seems to indicate that the ancients were aware of the possibility that diseases could

14、be spread by yet unseen organisms.2）ModernBacteria, and other microorganisms, were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design. In doing so Leeuwenhoek made one of the most important discoveries in biology and initiated the scientific fields of

15、bacteriology and microbiology. 3）TypesMicrobial physiology Microbial genetics Cellular microbiologyMedical microbiology Veterinary microbiology Environmental microbiology Evolutionary microbiology Industrial microbiology Aeromicrobiology Food microbiology Pharmaceutical microbiology Oral microbiolog

16、y 4) Benefits Whilst there are undoubtedly some who fear all microbes due to the association of some microbes with many human illnesses, many microbes are also responsible for many beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation (e.g. the production of alcohol and dairy products), antibiotic pr

17、oduction and as vehicles for cloning in higher organisms such as plants. Scientists have also exploited their knowledge of microbes to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as Taq polymerase, reporter genes for use in other genetic systems and novel molecular biology techniques such as t

18、he yeast two-hybrid system.Bacteria can be used for the industrial production of amino acids. Corynebacterium glutamicum is one of the most important bacterial species with an annual production of more than two million tons of amino acids, mainly L-glutamate and L-lysine. Microorganisms are benefici

19、al for microbial biodegradation or bioremediation of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes and subsurface pollution in soils, sediments and marine environments. The ability of each microorganism to degrade toxic waste depends on the nature of each contaminant. Since sites typically have multi

20、ple pollutant types, the most effective approach to microbial biodegradation is to use a mixture of bacterial species and strains, each specific to the biodegradation of one or more types of contaminants. 1.2 Environmental Microbiology Environmental microbiology is the study of the composition and p

21、hysiology of microbial communities in the environment. The environment in this case means the soil, water, air and sediments covering the planet and can also include the animals and plants that inhabit these areas. Environmental microbiology also includes the study of microorganisms that exist in ar

22、tificial environments such as bioreactors.Microbial life is amazingly diverse and microorganisms literally cover the planet. It is estimated that we know fewer than 1% of the microbial species on Earth. Microorganisms can survive in some of the most extreme environments on the planet and some, for e

23、xample the Archaea, can survive high temperatures, often above 100C, as found in geysers, black smokers, and oil wells. Some are found in very cold habitats and others in highly saline, acidic, or alkaline water. An average gram of soil contains approximately one billion (1,000,000,000) microbes rep

24、resenting probably several thousand species. Microorganisms have special impact on the whole biosphere. They are the backbone of ecosystems of the zones where light cannot approach. In such zones, chemosynthetic bacteria are present which provide energy and carbon to the other organisms there. Some

25、microbes are decomposers which have ability to recycle the nutrients. Microbes have a special role in biogeochemical cycles.Microbes, especially bacteria, are of great importance because their symbiotic relationship (either positive or negative) have special effects on the ecosystem.It is vital to m

26、onitor the composition of the indigenous and added bacteria in order to evaluate the activity level and to permit modifications of the nutrients and other conditions for optimizing the bioremediation process.1.3 Microorganisms. What is a microbe?1 Microbe/Microorganism : Microbe is used to describe

27、an organism that is so small that , normally , it cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope. 2 the category : Viruses（病毒）, Bacteria（細(xì)菌）, Archaea（古細(xì)菌） ，fungi（真菌）and protists（原生生物）；microscopic plants；animals Most microorganisms are unicellular (single-celled), but this is not universal, since som

28、e multicellular organisms are microscopic, while some unicellular protists and bacteria, like Thiomargarita namibiensis, are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye. 小m級(jí)：光鏡可見nm級(jí)：電鏡可見形體微小簡單細(xì)胞簡單多細(xì)胞非細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)簡單The white bar above represents 10 microns (0.01mm).Below are some organisms and cells drawn to

29、approximate scale. virus(0.05 to 0.1 microns)bacteria (0.5 to 1.5 microns) red blood cell (5 microns) lymphocyte (5 to 8 microns) Most of the bacteria, protozoa, and fungi are single-celled microorganisms, and even the multicelled microbes do not have a great range of cell types. Viruses are not eve

30、n cells, just genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and incapable of independent existence.The size and cell type of microbes microbeApproximate range of sizesCell typeViruses0.01-0.25mAcellularBacteria0.1-10mProkaryoteFungi2m-1mEukaryoteProtozoa2-1000mEukaryoteAlgae1m-several metersEukaryot

31、e1.3.1 Classification and structure 1. Biological Classification The biological classification system that we still use for plants and animals, is relatively minor modified , for fungi and microorganisms. It is a system that starts with a few categories at the highest level, and further sub-divides

32、them at each lower level. The levels were given names that are already familiar to you Domain （域） Kingdom （界） Phylum（門） Class （綱） Order （目） Family （科） Genus （屬） Species（種）魏泰克 生物五界分類系統(tǒng)： 原核生物界(細(xì)菌、放線菌、藍(lán)細(xì)菌)真核原生生物界(藍(lán)藻以外的藻類及原生動(dòng)物)真菌界(酵母菌、霉菌)動(dòng)物界植物界王大耜 生物六界分類系統(tǒng)非細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)生物 病毒界原核細(xì)胞生物原核生物界藍(lán)藻門（藍(lán)細(xì)菌）細(xì)菌門真菌界動(dòng)物界植物界酵母菌真核原

33、生生物界原生動(dòng)物真核藻類霉菌微型后生動(dòng)物高低等動(dòng)物低等植物高等植物細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)生物微生物的類群: 原核微生物，（細(xì)菌） 細(xì)胞型微生物 真核微生物，（酵母菌） 非細(xì)胞型微生物，（病毒）2. Introduction 1）Prokaryotes 原核生物Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a cell nucleus and the other organelles found in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are almost always unicellular, although some species such as myxobac

34、teria can aggregate into complex structures as part of their life cycle. These organisms are divided into two groups, the archaea and the bacteria.2）Bacteria細(xì)菌Bacteria are the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on Earth. Bacteria inhabit practically all environments where some liquid water

35、 is available and the temperature is below +140 C. They are found in sea water, soil, air, animals gastrointestinal tracts, hot springs and even deep beneath the Earths crust in rocks. Practically all surfaces which have not been specially sterilized are covered in bacteria. The number of bacteria i

36、n the world is estimated to be around five million trillion trillion, or 5 1030. Bacteria are practically all invisible to the naked eye, with a few extremely rare exceptions.They are unicellular organisms and lack membrane-bound organelles. Their genome is usually a single loop of DNA, although the

37、y can also harbor small pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids can be transferred between cells through bacterial conjugation. Bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall, which provides strength and rigidity to their cells. They reproduce by binary fission or sometimes by budding, but do not unde

38、rgo sexual reproduction. Some species form extraordinarily resilient spores, but for bacteria this is a mechanism for survival, not reproduction. Under optimal conditions bacteria can grow extremely rapidly and can double as quickly as every 10 minutes.3）Archaea古菌Archaea are also single-celled organ

39、isms that lack nuclei. In the past, the differences between bacteria and archaea were not recognised and archaea were classified with bacteria as part of the kingdom Monera. However, in 1990 the microbiologist Carl Woese proposed the three-domain system that divided living things into bacteria, arch

40、aea and eukaryotes. Archaea differ from bacteria in both their genetics and biochemistry. For example, while bacterial cell membranes are made from phosphoglycerides with ester bonds, archaean membranes are made of ether lipids.Archaea were originally described in extreme environments, such as hot s

41、prings, but have since been found in all types of habitats. Only now are scientists beginning to appreciate how common archaea are in the environment, with crenarchaeota being the most common form of life in the ocean, dominating ecosystems below 150 m in depth. These organisms are also common in so

42、il and play a vital role in ammonia oxidation.Archaea Sulfolobus infected with specific virus . 4）Eukaryotes真核生物All living things which are individually visible to the naked eye are eukaryotes (with few exceptions, such as Thiomargarita namibiensis), including humans. eukaryotes contain organelles：c

43、ell nucleus,Golgi apparatus mitochondria The nucleus is an organelle which houses the DNA that makes up a cells genome. DNA itself is arranged in complex chromosomes. Mitochondria are organelles vital in metabolism as they are the site of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Like bac

44、teria, plant cells have cell walls, and contain organelles such as chloroplasts in addition to the organelles in other eukaryotes. Chloroplasts produce energy from light by photosynthesis.Unicellular eukaryotes are those eukaryotic organisms that consist of a single cell throughout their life cycle.

45、 This qualification is significant since most multicellular eukaryotes consist of a single cell called a zygote at the beginning of their life cycles. This qualification is significant since most multicellular eukaryotes consist of a single cell called a zygote at the beginning of their life cycles.

46、 Microbial eukaryotes can be either haploid or diploid, and some organisms have multiple cell nuclei. However, not all microorganisms are unicellular as some microscopic eukaryotes are made from multiple cells. 5）Protists 原生生物Of eukaryotic groups, the protists are most commonly unicellular and micro

47、scopic. This is a highly diverse group of organisms that are not easy to classify. Several algae species are multicellular protists, and slime molds have unique life cycles that involve switching between unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms. The number of species of protozoa is uncertain,

48、since we may have identified only a small proportion of the diversity in this group of organisms. 6）AnimalsAll animals are multicellular, but some are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopic arthropods include dust mites and spider mites. Microscopic crustaceans include copepods and the c

49、ladocera, while many nematodes are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Another particularly common group of microscopic animals are the rotifers, which are filter feeders that are usually found in fresh water. Micro-animals reproduce both sexually and asexually and may reach new habitats as egg

50、s that survive harsh environments that would kill the adult animal. However, some simple animals, such as rotifers and nematodes, can dry out completely and remain dormant for long periods of time. 7）FungiThe fungi have several unicellular species, such as bakers yeast . Some fungi, such as the path

51、ogenic yeast Candida albicans, can undergo phenotypic switching and grow as single cells in some environments, and filamentous hyphae in others.Fungi reproduce both asexually, by budding or binary fission, as well by producing spores, which are called conidia when produced asexually, or basidiospore

52、s when produced sexually.8) PlantsThe green algae are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that include many microscopic organisms. Although some green algae are classified as protists, others such as charophyta are classified with embryophyte plants, which are the most familiar group of land

53、plants. Algae can grow as single cells, or in long chains of cells. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid, and filamentous forms. In the Charales, which are the algae most closely related to higher plants,