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1、第 PAGE31 頁 共 NUMPAGES31 頁案例26:東南亞融危機背后阻擊手案例26:東南亞匯市危機背后的狙擊手 今年7月以來,東南亞多國貨幣大幅貶值,而美元相對這些貨幣那么大幅升值,每美元相對這些貨幣那么大幅升值,每美元兌泰銖從月初的25升至月底的32,升幅近三分之一;每美元兌菲律賓比索從26.5升至28.5;印尼盾從2430升至2600;甚至一向堅硬的新元也從1.43最高升至1.47。在這場匯市危機中,各國為保衛本國貨幣,動用了大量外匯儲藏。如馬來西亞就動用了近90億美元的儲藏來扶持馬元;泰國傳聞動用了170億美元;菲律賓央行運用近30億美元干預市場,使外匯儲藏剩下缺乏100億美元;

2、印尼那么以出售美元掉期期貨的方式,投入10億美元干預市場。這次匯市動亂的劇烈,很多人將它與兩年前墨西哥的比索危機相提并論。而許多東南亞國家首腦那么強烈指責這場匯市危機背后的金融狙擊手。索羅斯是幕后黑手?口氣強硬的馬亞西亞總統馬哈迪爾在7月24日東盟ASEAN外長會議致開幕辭時指出,“東盟的經濟根本因素良好,但只要有人用數十億美元在匯市炒賣,就可以破壞我們獲得的成果。”馬哈迪爾鋒芒直指美國金融巨子索羅斯,譴責這位66歲的全球金融市場投機家,在月底東南亞的貨幣危機中興風作浪。馬哈迪爾說:“假如說結合國不將這種投機或炒作馬元及其他東南亞國家貨幣的行為看作犯罪活動,以及采取行動對付他索羅斯,那么所有開

3、展中國家必定深受其害。”馬哈迪爾咒罵其為“流氓”、“匪徒”、“無政府者”,“我國不能對這個人采取什么行動,因為我們只是一個小國,假如我們是個強權國家,我們將可以利用施行在別人國度里的法律,把他引渡回來,送上法庭。”看來馬哈迪對索羅斯已是恨之入骨。東南亞這次匯市風暴中,區內各種貨幣如多米諾骨牌般一一倒地,創下新低,把它與在全球貨幣市場進展投機游戲而出名的大炒家索羅斯聯絡起來是件自然的事。人們早就對索羅斯這個名字賦予不同的聯想:有人把他稱為“貨幣危機的犯人”,也有人稱為“惡魔和黑手”,卻也有人稱他為“慈善家”,時代雜志更把他列入最能影響世界的25人之列參見本刊199_年10月號。索羅斯最有名的“狙

4、擊”是1992年將英國的英鎊和意大利里拉逐出歐洲匯率機制ERM,使英國花去近77億美元來穩定匯率。這一回合下來,索羅斯操盤的量子基金Quantum賺了10億美元,從而贏得當代金融“煉金師”的稱號。而1995年的墨西哥比索危機、199_年住友商社的銅期貨交易,據說都有索羅斯的參與。這次匯市風暴聯絡上索羅斯,是因為他握有相當數量的東南亞各國的貨幣,而這次東南亞各國貨幣的一再貶值,是因為有人大量拋售這些貨幣。同時,索羅斯的基金會有一個名為“開放社會研究所”Open Society Institute的機構,設有“緬甸方案”,該方案通過提供經費和主辦活動等方式,幫助緬甸社會的開放。索羅斯曾經一再游說泰

5、國和馬亞西亞在緬甸進一步施行民主之前。不要讓緬甸參加東盟。但是泰國和馬亞西亞顯然沒有承受索羅斯的游說。這自然就使人聯想起索羅斯以制造東盟成員貨幣貶值進展報復。面對指責,索羅斯當即發表聲明,否認為匯市風暴的幕后黑手。其發言人認為馬哈迪爾的指控是沒有根據和“完全不真實的”。索羅斯本人的慈善活動對索羅斯任董事長的索羅斯管理公司在東南亞的投資決策“沒有影響”,該公司與索羅斯基金會“是兩個完全不相干的組織,彼此獨立行事。” 抓住經濟弱點狙擊索羅斯否認他在東南亞進展貨幣投機,他說過去兩個月內沒有拋善泰銖或馬元,只是在6月16日出售了一筆價值1000萬美元的泰銖。他于8月3日還宣布愿與馬哈迪爾會晤,以澄清誤

6、會。今年11月兩人都將參加在香港舉行的國際貨幣基金會及世界銀行年會,索羅斯還將致辭。索羅斯表示自己從未想過以外匯炒賣到達政治目的,聲稱這只會引起股東不滿,他的投資基金純粹用作商業用處,以賺錢為最終目的。他聲明:“東盟接納一個集權和壓制異已的政權,對該地區的繁榮與穩定是一個威脅。我的這一立場可能引起了誤解。但我不認為貨幣投資會促進緬甸的自由事業。”但量子基金是一個離岸基金,注冊地為荷屬安的勒斯群島,當地的法律幾乎是為該基金量身訂造,受特殊保護,所以量子基金的180多億美元,資產如何分布,很難為外人查證。而據經濟學家的報道,量子基金確實早在今年3月就以掉期方式借入大量泰銖,進展拋售,但今年5月泰國

7、中央銀行宣布泰銖不會貶值,索羅斯只好平倉。但是否全部出清就很難說了。因為泰國為保衛泰銖,動用大量外匯儲藏支持匯價外,同時大幅進步利率以增加投機者的本錢,官方利率從5月初的10厘躍升至38厘以上,但這些措施未能奏效,政府于7月2日被迫宣布泰銖自由浮動,隨即大幅貶值。此時,像索羅斯之類的投機客就可以趁低吸納,歸還過去的借貸,從中圖利。這正是當年索羅斯狙擊英鎊和墨西哥比索的方法。“東南亞奇跡”的背后美國麻省理工學院MIT的經濟學教授克曼一直認為“東亞奇跡”缺乏持久的支撐力,因為東南亞的許多國家沒有完善的開展方案,“奇跡”靠的不是消費效率的進步與創新,而是低廉的勞工與資金。一方面,仍然是出口導向型的經

8、濟,依賴興旺國家的市場和資金,貨幣雖然大多與美元掛鉤,但實力遠遠不能與之相比,其匯率在其他興旺國家貨幣相對美元貶值時就會變與與實際脫離;同時,他們在出口方面又與中國、印度、越南這些國家劇烈競爭,由于勞工、地價等本錢升高而明顯處于不利地位。另一方面,它們本身也存不少問題,特別是銀行系統都非常薄弱,難以適應資本全球一體化的新形勢。金融自由化、國際化是一種普遍趨勢,但法國INSEAD商學院教授Charles Wyplosz指出:“金融市場的自由化已正在改變世界,它制造出了更多的不安定,我們已由墨西哥比索危機看到,而這只是開場而已。”而國際貨幣基金組織干事MCandesus去年已指出,下一個墨西哥危機

9、將由銀行危機引發。這一預告,果然在泰國應驗。泰國經過近十年的經濟成長被譽為亞洲第五條小龍,外資持續涌入,經濟效率卻沒能同時進步雖然政府大量投資于教育與培訓,但還是只有不到三分之一的青少年能讀完中學課程,造成泡沫成分。在80年代后期的地產狂熱中,泰國的銀行作了大量地產按揭,當地產市道大幅回落后,銀行滿身壞帳。加上近年泰國經濟開展比預期差,今年貿易赤字多達100億美元左右。其經濟實力根本就不能維持泰銖這樣高的匯率,政府卻人為地將泰銖兌美元長期維持在26:1的程度。同時加上過度依賴海外資金,使利率持續在高程度,終于出現經濟問題,引起國際投資者大舉襲擊。據亞洲華爾街日報今年8月1至2日報道,泰國目前的

10、情況其實比墨西哥還差,泰國所有金融機構的貸款總額約相當于國內消費總值的140%,而墨西哥在比索危機前,只有45%。在這些貸款中泰國又有約25%的壞帳,總和相當于GDP的40%!而根據世界銀行的研究,要清理這些貸款,需要花費約10%的GDP和25%的貸款。投機者的狙擊目的從東南亞各國的外匯儲藏看都不算少,但匯率貶值似乎與外匯儲藏與該國M流通貨幣加支票戶口存款并沒有聯絡。如新加坡雖然最強,達392%,即外匯儲藏約為M1的4倍,但新元匯率今年回落5%,排名第二的泰國雖然高達220%,但也只能阻擋案羅斯之類的投機者一個多月,最后不得不大幅貶值。投機者所選定的狙擊目的其實并不在其外匯儲藏,而是那些正式或

11、非正式施行匯率干預機制的貨幣,因為自由浮動率已反映在市場上,那些跟其他貨幣掛鉤,或有管理浮動managed float的貨幣都存在于干預機制,如歐洲貨幣聯盟的上下限波幅是2.5%,這種機制便成為炒家攻擊的目的,也是中央銀行防御的目的,當然,國家外匯儲藏缺乏便不能抵御市場的投機力量。泰銖、馬元、印尼盾包括新元都是一攬子貨幣掛鉤的貨幣,自然容易投機者炒作,同時骨牌效應也更明顯。跟美元采取聯絡制的港元,7月18日也曾受到外匯投機者的沖擊,在倫敦掛牌的港元一度沖破7.75這一心理關口,直接控制港元結算及交收的香港金融管理局及時識破,立即在市場抽資,通過拋售短期的外匯基金票據及拆入一個月的資金,同時直接

12、拋美元,買入港元,港元立即回穩。7月21日星期一開市后又嚴陣以待,抽緊銀行同業流動資金,便隔夜拆息率上升至六厘二五,港元又恢復正常。投機者知難而退。從經濟狀況看,香港也表現良好,今年第三季在投資、消費活動上都將相當不俗,經濟增長更可望到達5.8%,超出年初5.5%增長的預測。同時,香港的外匯儲藏包括土地基金在內共有800億港元,加上中國對外儲藏不斷穩定上升,超過1000多億美元,港元穩如磐石。比照之下,人民幣走勢反倒非常堅硬,7月底收市報8.29。分極員認為中國受上半年出口強勁增長,出現177億美元貿易順差,人民幣強勢打破8.29的價格是遲早的,但由于央行不欲匯率升高影響出口,曾屢次在此價位進

13、展干預,該價位的心理壓力已遠超過技術壓力,以致亞洲華爾街日報提倡東南亞諸國要向中國學習7月14日頭版。同時,中國目前未開放人民幣自由由兌換,其外匯管理機制使國際游資難以套利,即使獲利也難以通過正常交易流出。在外匯交易中心的交易對每家外資銀行都有額度雖然一般都會批準,外匯管理局非常清楚外資銀行兌換人民幣的情況。在外匯中心的交易,一般都是持有實盤的,所以投機活動難以得逞。對此之下,泰國施行金融自由化時間很短,當地外資銀行不多,很多外匯交易都在離岸金融機構進展。由于太多的交易不在泰國央行監管之下,政府很難“偵察”到國際炒作的活動,因此難以抵御。羊群心理與與金錢之死經濟理論界對投機者狙擊貨幣的行為進展

14、了大量研究,較早的形式認為,這種現象都是由于經濟根本因素出現嚴重問題,才讓投機者有機可乘,投機者的這種突襲可以看作一種合理行為,因為他們看到匯率不合理,就利用貨幣市場的不平衡牟利。而最近的理論形式顯示,即使經濟根本因素沒有問題,一個國家或地區貨幣也可能受投機者狙擊,其原因在于人們不穩定的情緒及羊群心理。這正是目前金融學中興起的行為金融學,其主要假設是:局部投資者的非理性是市場有效性不能成立的主要原因。行為金融學是金融學與心理學的結合,試圖通過研究投資者的心理狀況來更好地理解金融市場的運作。例如1987年的全球性股災就是由于投資者羊群心理的恐慌,使全球股票市場下跌20個百分點。這次匯市風暴同樣有

15、羊群心理的作用,如馬來西亞的經濟構造與泰國完全不同,馬來西亞之所以受牽連,主要是外資對整個東南亞的投資情緒有了改變。人們擔憂馬來西亞的銀行也象泰國一樣,對房地產業過度信貸,可能導致資產質量降低,壞帳日益增加,因此引起投機活動。同時隨著科技的進步,金錢的流動變得更加有效率,如今一部電腦加十幾個人就可以輕輕松松地管理分散各地數以百億美元的投資組合,金錢變成十億分之一秒的信號,疾如風雨,動如雷電。這就使象羅斯這樣一個人的金融市場打散一個國家的貨幣,甚至牽動幾個國家的外匯走勢成為可能。只要某一貨幣,或某一上市企業有其薄弱的背景因素,那些被視為投資風向標的權威人物著名的投資專家或大型基金公司,一連出貨拋

16、售,一邊公開表現其看淡意圖,整個投資風向便會因羊群心理而一面倒,這種全面信息的效應,完全可以成為一場新興的經濟戰爭形式。1971年8月15日,當尼克松宣布廢除金本位的貨幣機制時,金錢其實已宣布死亡。金錢脫離了與黃金等價后,就成為沒有根本價值,不受限制的一種帶有抽象成份的象征財富符號。隨著全球電腦網絡的興起Inter與全球金融自由化,在網絡上游走的電了金錢,大大增加了其變動的彈性,迅速由外匯市場的外幣,兌換成美元之后,馬上分開匯市到股市吸納其他優質股票,完全可以不經人手,又可以自動計算,這種死亡之后的金錢,也真的就變成幽靈一樣的東西,浮游于電子世界里。電子金錢使每天有天文數字的金錢在投機市場轉手

17、,實物經濟活動產生的價值卻相形見絀。日本管理學大師大前研一估計,全球每在實物經濟活動的國際貿易活動中,會有250億美元流入國際外匯市場,但在國際貨幣市場轉手的金額卻高達8000億美元,250億美元只占極少一局部。全球電子經濟與實物經濟的比例,大概50:1,即電子經濟每創造50美元價值時,實物經濟才創造1美元。所以東南亞國家辛辛苦苦創立的實物經濟,真的可能經受不住那些擁有全球投資影響力的投機大戶的沖擊。為此,臺灣評論家王杏慶在亞洲周刊發表評論就問:“所謂全球化,終究是全球的更加自由平等呢?或者只不過是少數國家宰害蟲他國的新理論?”他認為,國家金融自由化、全球化后已成了一個新的大海,替索羅斯這種金

18、融“海盜”制造獵物。而且我們真的不可以想象日后超級大國可以利用這種手段,壓迫對手國家,這又是一種“不戰而屈人之兵”的高明戰術。人民幣自由兌換的坐標這次匯市風暴暴露出許多國家經濟中的深層問題,也為我國人民幣的自由兌換的進程與時機提供了經歷與教訓。1、建立象香港成熟的金融體系是貨幣開放的前提。香港外匯儲藏充裕,擁有安康的銀行體系,穩健的經濟根底,政府一直采取保守的財政政策,政府財政異常健全,這樣港元匯率使有足夠實力對抗外來沖擊。香港金管局對付短線的投機者經歷豐富,通過調控隔夜拆息的息口,以及抽緊流通資金調節機制內的頭寸,就可以有力地擊退短線的炒家1995年1月墨西哥金融風暴沖擊至香港時,金管局曾經

19、抽資使頭寸出現負46億港元,頭寸緊絀使隔夜拆息一度飚升至12厘,炒家終于知難而退據聞索羅斯今年上半年就想乘香港回歸投機一把港元,結果因看到香港森嚴的外匯管理而罷手,2貨幣危機發生后,一般的救市行為很難有效,1995年初的墨西哥金融危機,使世界各國明白金融體系牽一發而動全身,一國有事,其沖擊力會涉及全球,墨西哥風暴過后,各國央行加強聯絡,希望在金融市場出現危機時大家可以“同心協力”,共同對付匯市炒家,今年1月國家貨幣基金協議成立“新借貸安排”,由25個參與國或央行作出476億美元的貸款保證,供各國遇到金融危機時緊急借用,加上現存的“一般借貸安排”之下的同等數量貸款保證,國際貨幣基金組織可以調用的

20、應急資金將達1000億美元但是,東南亞匯市風暴清楚地顯示,匯價波動,貨幣貶值完全是由于一個國家內部的經濟表現疲軟,或金融體系管理不善,匯價出現波動,其實國家元氣大傷是病,貨幣貶值只是病因,其他國家在匯市波動時,最多只能向出事國家提供流動現金(但需抵押品),以應付短期投機者在匯市的襲擊行為,但長遠而言,這些國家必須重整金融市場,增加本國的競爭力,才能使匯率恢復穩定例如菲律賓在比索貶值之后,急忙向國際貨幣基金獲得4.3億美元額外貸款,以前的6.5億美元貸款也獲延期;國際貨幣基金認為它的改革措施對頭的話,9月之后還可以給予額外貸款。3匯市危機開展中國家經濟的構造性扭曲哈佛大學經濟系的開展經濟學專家薩

21、克斯(JSachs)就分析p 道:(1)開展中國家經濟改革和金融系統自由化,引起大量追求高回報的外資涌入,使當地貨幣匯價攀升;匯價高企不利出口,所以這些外資大量流人非出口部門,尤其是房地產業,造成房地產泡沫現象的同時,使出口業萎靡不振但是,外資的高回報率始終要靠強大的出口支持,故長遠看,貨幣貶值難以防止;(2)金融市場自由化使一些松綁金融公司進展大量借貸活動,從外國獲得融資貸給本地公司或個人,投入高風險的行業或工程也在所不惜,假如政府有拯救破產銀行的慣例,這種高風險借貸活動更肆無忌憚;(3)開展中國家的匯率多與美元掛鉤,但對美,歐、日的出口額卻大致相等當這些國家的貨幣近乎隨美元升值之后,對歐、

22、日的出口價卻日益上升當地有影響的金融界人士為了持續吸引資金進入,強力支持幣值穩定,使偏離的匯價長期不能下調,造成最終大幅貶值的前提,我國雖然不象東南亞國家極其依賴出口,但薩克斯教授對匯市危機的分析p 對我國吸引外資的政策,經濟降溫防止泡沫成分也有參考價值。討論題:如何評價金融市場上的投機者?它對經濟的開展有無推動作用?說明理由。reform results, economy, and political system, and culture system, and social system, and discipline check system, and party of constru

23、ction system reform solid advance, ta_, and financial, and price, and administrative approval, and State-owned enterprises, and ecological civilization, important field and key link reform made major progress, market in resources configuration in the of decisive role significantly enhanced, Unpreced

24、ented burst of momentum and vitality of economic and social development. _I General Secretaryapos;s speech in this regard include the reform only when there is no plete, the notes on the 18 session of ideas into the partyapos;s spirit of the reforms more difficult to move forward, the increasing use

25、 of the Socialist system with Chinese characteristics such as the ability to run the country.4.with regard to promoting sustained and healthy economic development.Face ple_ changeable of international situation and difficult heavy of domestic reform development stable task, _I General Secretary made

26、 China economic development into new normal of science judge, proposed innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared five big development concept, implementation macro policy to stability, and industry policy to associate, and micro policy to live, and reform policy to real, and soci

27、al policy to backing five big pillar se_ policy, vigorously advance supply side structural reform, new concept, achieved has 20_ to 20_ during, Domestic production total annual growth 7.3%, obviously fast Yu earlier world economic 2.3% of annual growth, on world economic growth of contribution over

28、25%, tertiary industry accounted for domestic production total share over 50%, eventually consumption on economic growth of contribution rate reached 66%, economic structure adjustment made important progress, development of quality and benefits significantly upgrade, China economic show out huge of

29、 swing room and broad of development prospects. This aspects _I General Secretary of speech main including economic growth must is real and no water of growth improve open type economic level “see missing of hand” and “see have see of hand” are to with good speed up from elements drive, and investme

30、nt scale drive development mainly to to innovation drive development mainly of change active promoted China energy production and consumption revolution,.5.with regard to building the rule of law in China.18 big yilai, Central tightly around full advance law ruling, put party of led, and people mast

31、ers, and law ruling organic unified up, insisted law ruling, and law ruling, and law administrative mon advance, insisted rule of law national, and rule of law Government, and rule of law social one construction, full advance science legislation, and strictly law enforcement, and just judicial, and

32、universal law-abiding, China features socialist legal system further sound perfect, leaders at all levels cadres using rule of law thinking and rule of law way deepening reform, and reform results, economy, and political system, and culture system, and social system, and discipline check system, and

33、 party of construction system reform solid advance, ta_, and financial, and price, and administrative approval, and State-owned enterprises, and ecological civilization, important field and key link reform made major progress, market in resources configuration in the of decisive role significantly e

34、nhanced, Unprecedented burst of momentum and vitality of economic and social development. _I General Secretaryapos;s speech in this regard include the reform only when there is no plete, the notes on the 18 session of ideas into the partyapos;s spirit of the reforms more difficult to move forward, t

35、he increasing use of the Socialist system with Chinese characteristics such as the ability to run the country.4.with regard to promoting sustained and healthy economic development.Face ple_ changeable of international situation and difficult heavy of domestic reform development stable task, _I Gener

36、al Secretary made China economic development into new normal of science judge, proposed innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared five big development concept, implementation macro policy to stability, and industry policy to associate, and micro policy to live, and reform policy

37、to real, and social policy to backing five big pillar se_ policy, vigorously advance supply side structural reform, new concept, achieved has 20_ to 20_ during, Domestic production total annual growth 7.3%, obviously fast Yu earlier world economic 2.3% of annual growth, on world economic growth of c

38、ontribution over 25%, tertiary industry accounted for domestic production total share over 50%, eventually consumption on economic growth of contribution rate reached 66%, economic structure adjustment made important progress, development of quality and benefits significantly upgrade, China economic

39、 show out huge of swing room and broad of development prospects. This aspects _I General Secretary of speech main including economic growth must is real and no water of growth improve open type economic level “see missing of hand” and “see have see of hand” are to with good speed up from elements dr

40、ive, and investment scale drive development mainly to to innovation drive development mainly of change active promoted China energy production and consumption revolution,.5.with regard to building the rule of law in China.18 big yilai, Central tightly around full advance law ruling, put party of led

41、, and people masters, and law ruling organic unified up, insisted law ruling, and law ruling, and law administrative mon advance, insisted rule of law national, and rule of law Government, and rule of law social one construction, full advance science legislation, and strictly law enforcement, and ju

42、st judicial, and universal law-abiding, China features socialist legal system further sound perfect, leaders at all levels cadres using rule of law thinking and rule of law way deepening reform, and promoted development, and The ability to resolve conflicts and constantly improve, our .6.on the buil

43、ding of Socialist culture in China.A country, a nation strong, always supported by culture flourished, the inheritance and development of civilization, without culture to develop and prosper, there will be no realization of the dream of China.18 big yilai, _I General Secretary around “foster and pro

44、mote Socialist core values” “promote China e_cellent traditional culture” “firmly master ideology work led right and discourse right”, aspects do has series important speech, main including put publicity thought work do have better for achieved China dream condensed powerful moral support improve na

45、tional culture soft strength foster and promote Socialist core values youth to consciously practice line Socialist core values Childhood actively cultivate and practice the core values of socialism and the partyapos;s important speech on the press mote the reform and development of s

46、ocial undertakings and social management.18 big yilai, Central insisted put guarantees and improved livelihood as ruling acting political of starting point and foothold, _ia big pneumatic solution masses most care most directly most reality of interests problem, 3 years cumulative reduction poverty

47、more than 50 million people, equivalent to a medium national population of total, annual added town employment more than 10 million people, starts construction supportability housing engineering near 4 million sets, built world Shang scale ma_imum, and cover universal of basic medical guarantees wor

48、k and pension guarantees work, urban and rural residents ine continued growth, The lives of the people of all ethnic groups have more on both material and spiritual thriving. This aspects _I General Secretary of speech main including promoted poverty area poverty, and speed up development let 1.3 bi

49、llion people enjoys better more fair of education speed up advance housing guarantees and supply system construction always put people life security put in first bit efforts put China construction became work power insisted general national security views, go China features national security road ef

50、fective maintenance national security and social settled,.8.with regard to prehensive strictly administering the party.Party of 18 big yilai, Central station in party and national survival of height, firmly grasp strengthening party of ruling capacity construction, and advanced purity construction t

51、his article mainline, to style construction for breakthrough, to developed introduced eight items provides started start, put discipline and rules is in front, organization carried out has party of mass line education practice activities and “three strict three real” topic education, insisted “zero

52、tolerance, and full cover, and no area”, insisted “Tiger” “flies” with playing, style political wind society continued improved, More perfect system of laws within the party, discipline of authoritative seriousness increasing, for the history of winning has a lot of new features provide a strong pol

53、itical promoted development, and The ability to resolve conflicts and constantly improve, our .6.on the building of Socialist culture in China.A country, a nation strong, always supported by culture flourished, the inheritance and development of civilization, without culture to develop and prosper,

54、there will be no realization of the dream of China.18 big yilai, _I General Secretary around “foster and promote Socialist core values” “promote China e_cellent traditional culture” “firmly master ideology work led right and discourse right”, aspects do has series important speech, main including pu

55、t publicity thought work do have better for achieved China dream condensed powerful moral support improve national culture soft strength foster and promote Socialist core values youth to consciously practice line Socialist core values Childhood actively cultivate and practice the core values of soci

56、alism and the partyapos;s important speech on the press mote the reform and development of social undertakings and social management.18 big yilai, Central insisted put guarantees and improved livelihood as ruling acting political of starting point and foothold, _ia big pneumatic solu

57、tion masses most care most directly most reality of interests problem, 3 years cumulative reduction poverty more than 50 million people, equivalent to a medium national population of total, annual added town employment more than 10 million people, starts construction supportability housing engineeri

58、ng near 4 million sets, built world Shang scale ma_imum, and cover universal of basic medical guarantees work and pension guarantees work, urban and rural residents ine continued growth, The lives of the people of all ethnic groups have more on both material and spiritual thriving. This aspects _I G

59、eneral Secretary of speech main including promoted poverty area poverty, and speed up development let 1.3 billion people enjoys better more fair of education speed up advance housing guarantees and supply system construction always put people life security put in first bit efforts put China construc

60、tion became work power insisted general national security views, go China features national security road effective maintenance national security and social settled,.8.with regard to prehensive strictly administering the party.Party of 18 big yilai, Central station in party and national survival of

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