1、Fourth editionA PracticalEnglishGrammarA. J. ThomsonA. V. MartinetOxford University PressOxford University Press Walton Street, Oxford 0X2 6DPOxford New York TorontoDelhiBombayCalcuttaMadrasKarachiPetalingJayaSingaporeHong KongTokyoNairobiDar es SalaamCape TownMelbourneAucklandand associated compani

2、es inBeirutBerlinIbadanNicosiaOxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press.ISBN 0 19 431342 5 (paperback)ISBN 0 19 431347 6 (hardback) Oxford University Press 1960, 1969, 1980, 1986First published 1960 (reprinted seven times)Second edition 1969 (reprinted ten times)Third edition 1980 (reprinted

3、 eight times)Fourth edition 1986Second impression 1986All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford U

4、niversity Press.This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired or otherwise circulated without the publishers prior consent in any font of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition in

5、cluding this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.Printed in Hong KongPreface to the fourth editionA Practical English Grammar is intended for intermediate and post-intermediate students. We hope that more advanced learners and teachers will also find it useful.The book is a comprehen

6、sive survey of structures and forms, written in clear modem English and illustrated with numerous examples. Areas of particular difficulty have been given special attention. Differences between conversational usage and strict grammatical forms are shown but the emphasis is on conversational forms.In

7、 the fourth edition the main changes are as follows:1Explanations and examples have been brought up to date.2There is now more information on countable and uncountable nouns, attributive and predicative adjectives, adverbs of place, sentence adverbs, cleft sentences, prepositions, conjunctions, moda

8、l verbs, perfect tenses, infinitive constructions, the passive purpose clauses and noun clauses.3Some material has been rearranged to make comparisons easier. For example, parts of chapters on can, may, must etc. are now grouped by function; verbs of liking and preference have a chapter to themselve

9、s; suggestions and invitations have joined the chapter on commands, requests and advice.4The contents list new summarises every section heading, and there is a new index containing many more entries and references.In this edition the sign is frequently used to denote a change of speaker in examples

10、of dialogue. Note also that although the sign = sometimes connects two words or expressions with the same meaning, it is often used more freely, e.g. to indicate a transformation from active to passive or direct to indirect speech.We wish to thank all at Oxford University Press who have assisted in

11、the preparation of the fourth edition. We would also like to thank Professor Egawa of Nihon University, Japan, Professor Ren Dirven of Duisburg University, West Germany and other colleagues for their friendly and helpful suggestions.London, November 1985A.J.T., A.VM.ContentsReferences are to section

12、s, unless otherwise stated.1 Articles and one, a little/ a few, this, that page 9fairly, rather, quite, hardly etc.a/an (the indefinite article) 1fairly and rather 42Use of a/an 2quite 43Omission of a/an 3hardly, scarcely, barely 44a/an and one 4a little/a few and little/few 5Inversion of the verbth

13、e (the definite article) 6Inversion after certain adverbs 45Omission of the 7Omission of the before home etc. 85 all, each, every, both, neither, either, some, any, no, none page 64This/these, that/those 9all, each, every, everyone etc. 46both 472 Nouns page 16all/both/each + of etc. 48Kinds and fun

14、ction 10neither, either 49Gender 10some, any, no and none 50Plurals 12someone, anyone, no one etc. 51Uncountable nouns 13else after someone/anybody etc. 52Form of possessive case 14another, other etc. with one, some 53Use of possessive case etc. 15Compound nouns 166 Interrogatives: wh-? words and ho

15、w? page 71Interrogative adjectives and pronouns 543 Adjectives page 23Affirmative verb after who etc. 55Kinds of adjectives 17who, whom, whose, which, what 56Position of adjectives 18who, whom, which and what as objects of prepositions 57Order of adjectives of quality 19Uses of what 58Comparison 20w

16、hich compared with who, what 59Constructions with comparisons 21Interrogative adverbs:than/as + pronoun + auxiliary 22 why, when, where, how 60the + adjective 23ever after who, what etc. 61Adjectives + one/ones etc. 24many and much 257 Possessive, personal and reflexive pronouns: my, mine, I, myself

17、 etc. page 75 Adjectives + infinitives 26Possessive adjectives and pronouns 62Adjectives + various constructions 27Agreement and use of possessive adjectives 63Possessive pronouns replacing possessive adjectives + nouns 644 Adverbs page 47Personal pronouns 65Kinds of adverbs 28Position of pronoun ob

18、jects 66Use of it 67Form and useIndefinite pronouns 68Formation of adverbs with Iy 29Use of they/them/their with, neither/either, someone etc. 69Adverbs and adjectives withReflexive pronouns 70 the same form 30Emphasizing pronouns 71Comparative and superlative 31far, farther/farthest etc. 328 Relati

19、ve pronouns and clauses page 81much, more, most 33Defining relative clauses 72Constructions with comparisons 34Relative pronouns used in defining clauses 73Defining clauses: persons 74PositionDefining clauses: things 75Adverbs of manner 35Cleft sentences 76Adverbs of place 36Relative clause replaced

20、 by infinitive or participle 77Adverbs of time 37Non-defining relative clauses 78Adverbs of frequency 38Non-defining clauses: persons 79Order of adverbs 39all, both, few, most, several etc. + of whom/which 80Sentence adverbs 40Non-defining clauses: things 81Adverbs of degree 41Connective relative cl

21、auses 82Contentswhat (relative pronoun) and which (connective relative) 83Have as an auxiliary verbCommas in relative clauses 84Form, and use 118whoever, whichever etc. 85have + object + past participle 119had better + bare infinitive 1209 Prepositions page 91have. object + present participle 121Int

22、roduction 86Alternative position 87have as an ordinary verbOmission of to and for before indirect objects 88have meaning possess 122Use and omission of to with verbs of communication 89have meaning take, give 123Time and date: at, on, by etc. 90Time: from, since, for etc. 91doTime: to, till/until, a

23、fter, afterwards (adverb) 92Form 124Travel and movement: from, to, at, in, by, on, into etc. 93do used as an auxiliary 125at in; in, into; on, onto 94do used as an ordinary verb 126above, over, under etc. 95Prepositions used with adjectives and participles 9612 may and can for permission and possibi

24、lity page 128Verbs and prepositions 97PermissionGerunds after prepositions 98may for permission: forms 127Prepositions/adverbs 99can for permission: forms 128may and can used for permission in the present or future 12910 introduction to verbs page 105could or was/were allowed to for permission in th

25、e past 130Classes of verbs 100 Requests for permission 131Ordinary verbsPossibilityPrincipal parts 101May/might for possibility 132Active tenses 102May/might + perfect infinitive 133Negatives of tenses 103could or may/might 134Interrogative for questions and requests 104can for possibility 135Negati

26、ve interrogative 10513 can and be able for ability page 134Auxiliary verbscan and be able: forms 136Auxiliaries and modals 106Can/am able, could/was able 137Forms and patterns 107could + perfect infinitive 138Use of auxiliaries in short answers, agreements etc.14 ought, should, must, have to, need f

27、or obligation page 137In short answers 108ought: forms 139Agreements and disagreements 109should: forms 140Question tags 110ought/should compared to must and have to 141Comment tags 111ought/should with the continuous infinitive 142Additions to remarks 112ought/should with the perfect infinitive 143

28、must and have to: forms 14411 be, have, do page 116must and have to: difference 145need not and must not in the present and future 146be as an auxiliary verbneed not, must not and must in the present and future 147Form and use 113 need: forms 148be + infinitive 114Absence of obligation 149need not a

29、nd other forms 150be as an ordinary verbmust, have to and need in the interrogative 151be to denote existence, be + adjective 115neednt + perfect infinitive 152There is/are/was/were etc. 116Neednt have (done) and didnt have/need (to do) 153it is and there is compared 117neednt, could and should + pe

30、rfect infinitive 154to need meaning require 155Contents15 must, have, will and should for deduction and assumption page 147In time clauses 195must for deduction 156In indirect speech 196must compared to may/might 157The past perfect continuous tense Form and use 197have/had for deduction 158cant and

31、 couldnt used for negative deduction 15919 The future page 180will and should: assumption 160Future forms 198The simple present 19916 The auxiliaries dare and used page 150Future with intention 200dare 161will + infinitive 201used 162The present continuous 202to be/become/get used to 163The be going

32、 to form 203be going to used for intention 20417 The present tenses page 153be going to and will + infinitive to express intention 205The present continuousbe going to used for prediction 206Form 164The future simple 207Present participle: spelling 165First person will and shall 208Uses 166Uses of t

33、he future simple 209Other possible uses 167will contrasted with want/wish/would tike 210Verbs not normally used 168The future continuous tense 211feel, look, smell and taste 169The future continuous used as an ordinary continuous tense 212see and hear 170The future continuous used to express future

34、without intention 213think, assume and expect 171The future continuous and will + infinitive compared 214The simple present tenseVarious future forms 215Form 172The future perfect and the future perfect continuous 216Used for habitual action 173Other uses 17420 The sequence of tenses page 195Subordi

35、nate clauses 21718 The past and perfect tenses page 161The sequence of tenses 218The simple past tense Form 175Irregular verbs: form 17621 The conditional page 196Use for past events 177 The conditional tensesThe past continuous tenseThe present conditional tense 219Form 178The perfect conditional t

36、ense 220Main uses 179Conditional sentencesOther uses 180Conditional sentences type 1 221Past continuous or simple past 181Conditional sentences type 2 222The present perfect tenseConditional sentences type 3 223Form and use 182will/would and should 224Use with just 183if + were and inversion 225Past

37、 actions: indefinite time 184if, even if, whether, unless, but for, otherwise etc. 226Actions in an incomplete period 185if and in case 227Actions lasting throughout an incomplete period 186if only 228Use with for and since 187In indirect speech 229it is + period + since + past or perfect tense 188P

38、resent perfect and simple past 18922 Other uses of will/would, shall/should page 206The present perfect continuous tenseHabits expressed by will, would 230Form 190should/would think + that-clause or so/not 231Use 191would for past intention 232Comparison of the present perfectshall I/we? 233simple a

39、nd continuous 192shall: second and third persons 234Some more examples 193that.should 235The past perfect tenseit is/was + adjective + that. should 236Form and use 194Other uses of should 237Contents23 The infinitive page 21227 Commands, requests, invitations, advice, suggestions page 245Form 238The

40、 imperative for commands 281Uses of the infinitive 239Other ways of expressing commands 282The infinitive as subject 240Requests with can/could/may/might I/we 283As object or complement 241Requests with could/will/would you etc. 284Verb + how/what etc. + infinitive 242Requests with might 285Infiniti

41、ve after verb or verb + object 243Invitations 286Infinitive after verb + object 244Advice forms 287Infinitive after verbs of knowing and thinking etc. 245Advice with may/might as well + infinitive 288The bare infinitive 246Suggestions 289Infinitive represented by to 247Split infinitives 24828 The su

42、bjunctive page 253Infinitive as connective link 249Form 290Infinitive used to replace a relative clause 250Use of the present subjunctive 291Infinitive after certain nouns 251as if etc. + past subjunctive 292After too, enough, so. as 252it is time + past subjunctive 293Infinitive phrases 253The cont

43、inuous infinitive 25429 care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish page 255The perfect infinitive 255care and like 294Perfect infinitive continuous 256care, like, love, hate, prefer 295would like and want 29624 The gerund page 228would rather/sooner and prefer/would prefer 297Form and use 257More examples

44、 of preference 298The gerund as subject 258wish, want and would like 299Gerunds after prepositions 259wish + subject + unreal past 300The word to 260wish (that) + subject + would 301Verbs followed by the gerund 261Verbs + possessive adjective/pronoun object + gerund 26230 The passive voice page 263T

45、he verb mind 263Form 302The perfect gerund 264Active and passive equivalents 303The passive gerund 265Uses of the passive 304Prepositions with passive verbs 30525 Infinitive and gerund constructions page 234Infinitive constructions after passive verbs 306Verbs + infinitive or gerund 266Verbs + infin

46、itive or gerund without change of meaning 26731 Indirect speech page 269regret, remember, forget 268Direct and indirect speech 307agree/agree to, mean. propose 269Statements in indirect speech:go on, stop, try. used (to) 270tense changes necessary 308be afraid (of), be sorry (for) be ashamed (of) 27

47、1Past tenses 309Unreal past tenses 31026 The participles page 239might, ought to, should, would, used to in indirect statements 311Present (or active) participle 272could in indirect statements 312After verbs of sensation 273Pronoun and adjective 313catch, find, leave + object + present participle 2

48、74Expressions of time and place 314go, come, spend, waste etc. 275Infinitive and gerund 315A present participle phrase replacing a main clause 276say, tell, etc, 316A present participle phrase replacing a subordinate clause 277Questions in indirect speech 317Perfect participle (active) 278Questions

49、beginning shall I/we? 318Part participle (passive) and perfect participle (passive) 279Questions beginning will you/would you/could you? 319Misrelated participles 280Commands, requests, advice 320Other ways of expressing indirect commands 321lets, let us, let him/them 322Exclamations and yes and no

50、323Indirect speech: mixed types 324Contentsmust and neednt 32532 Conjunctions page 288Co-ordinating conjunctions 326besides, so, still, yet etc. 327Subordinating conjunctions 328though/although, in spite of, despite 329for and because 330when, while, as to express time 331as meaning when/while or be

51、cause/since 332as, when, while used to mean although, but, seeing that 33333 Purpose page 294Purpose expressed by infinitive 334Infinitives after go and come 335Clauses of purpose 336in case and lest 33734 Clauses of reason, result, concession, comparison, time page 298Reason and result/cause 338Res

52、ult with such/so . that 339Clauses of concession 340Clauses of comparison 341Time clauses 34235 Noun clauses page 303Noun clauses as subject 343that-clauses after certain adjectives/participles 344that-clauses after nouns 345Noun clauses as objects 346so and not representing athat-clause 34736 Numer

53、als, dates, and weights and measures page 307Cardinal numbers 348Points about cardinal numbers 349Ordinal numbers 350Points about ordinal numbers 351Dates 352Weights, length, liquids 35337 Spelling rules page 311Introduction 354Doubling the consonant 355Omission of a final e 356Words ending in ce an

54、d ge 357The suffix ful 358 Words ending in y 359ie and ei 360Hyphens 36138 Phrasal verbs page 315Introduction 362Verb + preposition/adverb 36339 List of irregular verbs page 353Irregular verbs 364 Index page 3591Articles and one, a little/a few, this, that1a/an (the indefinite article)The form a is

55、used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with a consonant sound:a mana hada universitya Europeana one-way streetThe form an is used before words beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or words beginning with a mute h:an applean islandan unclean eggan onionan houror individual letter

56、s spoken with a vowel sound:an L-platean MPan SOSan xa/an is the same for all genders:a mana womanan actoran actressa table2Use of a/ana/an is used:ABefore a singular noun which is countable (i.e. of which there is more than one) when it is mentioned for the first time and represents no particular p

57、erson or thing:I need a visa.They live in a flat.He bought an ice-cream.BBefore a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things:A car must be insuredAll cars/Any car must be insured.A child needs loveAll children need/Any child needs love.CWith a noun complement. This incl

58、udes names of professions:It was an earthquake.Shell be a dancer.He is an actor.DIn certain expressions of quantity:a lot ofa couplea great manya dozen (but one dozen is also possible)a great deal ofEWith certain numbers:a hundreda thousand (See 349.)Before half when half follows a whole number;1 ki

59、los = one and a half kilos or a kilo and a halfBut kg = half a kilo (no a before half), though a + half + noun is sometimes possible:a half-holiday a half-portion a half-share With 1/3, , 1/5 etc. a is usual: a third, a quarter etc., but one is also possible. (See 350.)FIn expressions of price, spee

60、d, ratio, etc.:5p a kilo1 a metresixty kilometres an hour10 p a dozenfour times a day (Here a/an = per)GIn exclamations before singular, countable nouns:Such a long queue!What a pretty girl!But Such long queues!What pretty girls!(Plural nouns, so no article. See 3.)Ha can be placed before Mr/Mrs/Mis