1、國際貿易實務(下劃線為重點記憶和理解,無的為一般記憶和了解)Chapter one1 . 國際貿易概念：International trad e is also known as worl d trade, foreign trade, overseas trade. It refers to the process of fair and d eliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries, involving the use of two or more currencies. Besides, i

2、nternational trade concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisibl e goods.2 .國際貿易產生的原因：(了解)1) Resource reasons (natural resource, human resource and technology)2) Economic reasons (economic benefits, comparative advantage and econo

3、mies of scale)3) Other reasons (political reasons, differences in tastes, preferences and consumption patterns)3 .國際貿易與國內貿易的不同：In particular, international trad e is more subject to:1) Language habits and cultural differences2) Foreign laws, customs and regulations or international rul es3) Exchange

4、 rate fluctuations and interest rate4) Higher level of political, financial and transportation risks5) More complex business procedures therefore managers need a broader range of management skills4 .國際貿易的分類：1)從貨物流向 (direction of cargo fl ow) 分：export trad e, import trad e and transit trade(過境貿易)2)從參

5、與的貿易方 (the number of participants ) 分：direct trad e, indirect trad e and entrepot trad e(轉 口 貿易)轉口貿易：entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goods from overseas for further processing or assembling and the re-exporting the goods abroad.轉口貿易又稱中轉貿易或再輸出貿易,是指國際貿易中進出口貨 物的買賣,不是在生

6、產國和消費國之間直接進行,而是通過第三國轉手進行的貿易.對于第三國來說,就是轉口貿易,與過境貿易的最大區(qū)別在于貨物的所有權 會發(fā)生轉移,并且只涉及一個貿易方.國際上有很多中轉地,如新加坡,香港, 鹿特丹等3)從商品形式(form of goods)分：有形貿易(visible/tangibl e goods trace)禾口 無形貿易(invisibl e/intangibl e goods trace) 4)按結算方式(the settlement instrument )分：易貨貿易(barter trade)和 自 由結匯貿易(free-liquidation trad e)5.1 井出

7、 口 貿易的程序：Export and import procedures:General speaking, from the beginning to the end of a transaction, the whole operation und ergoes four stages:1) the preparation of a transaction2) the negotiation of the contract3) the performance of the contract4) the settlement of disputes其中第二個環(huán)節(jié)：©Negotia

8、tion can be conducted in two forms:In words (face-to-face negotiation or negotiation through tel ephone)In writing (business correspond ence which includes letters, faxes, e-mails) Four main steps: 詢盤(enquiry), 發(fā)盤(offer), 還盤(counter-offer), 接 受 (acceptance)Chapter two 國際貿易術語1.三種 貿易術語的解釋規(guī)那么(three set

9、s of rules)1) 1932 年華沙牛津規(guī)那么(Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932)2)美國對外貿易修正案1941 (Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions1941)3) 2000 年國際貿易術語解釋通那么(International Rul es for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2000)2 . incoterms2000 的具體內容(E、F、C、D組的劃分,重點在F、C類)(這個不知道怎么寫,看書本 P34-42)3 .裝運合同術語和到貨合同術語區(qū)別Shipment contra

10、ct: 起運前交付(the delivery will happen at the time or before the time of shipment ) 如：E F C 類Arrival contract :至ij達目 的地后交付 (deliver at the time of arrival )5 .象征性交接合實際交接Symbolic delivery:買方并沒有實質性的接受到貨物,而是通過一系列運輸單據(jù) 證實其交接.(the buyer does not physically receive the goods, the delivery is proved by the subm

11、ission of transport d ocument by the seller to the buyer ) 只意 味著買方同意了買方交貨的事實,并不代表買方接受了該批貨物就是與合同一致 的貨物.Actual delivery: the buyer (or his agent) physically receives the goods upon the time of deliveryChapter three 出口商品的價格1 .出 口商品價格的表達 ( expression of export price )The standard format of a price in in

12、ternational trad e has four components通常一個標準出口價格包括四個局部：貨幣 (a code of currency)金額 (a number indicating the price )數(shù)量單位 (a unit for measuring quantity ) 貿易術語(a certain trade term)例如： USD22.5/Piece CIF New York這是一種出口價格的表現(xiàn)形式,在紐約市用CIF貿易術語進行交易,每件貨為22.5美元2 .價格的計算FOB價格： 以出口國貨幣計算 FOB= total cost + profit以外國貨

13、幣計算FOB= (Total cost + profit)/ Exchange rateCFR 價格： CFR= FOB + Ocean freightCIF 價格： CIF=FOB + Ocean freight +Insurance PremiumInsurance premium =CIF *(1+markup) *Premium rate(R)CIF=CFR / (1-markup*R)包含傭金(commission )的價格：©Commission (C) = contract value * commission rate Price including C = net

14、price / (1 - C rates)Net price = price including C (1- C rates)Price including C指的是FOB或FCA條件下的價格折扣價：Discount = contract price * discount rateActual price = contract price - discount=contract price * (1- discount rate)3 .價格評估的兩個指標：出口禾潤率( Export pro租 margin ):Export profit margin = export revenue (FOB

15、) - export cost (FOB)Export revenue (FOB)公式中用的是FOB價格,即不包含運費保險費的價格,并且使用的是出口國貨 幣.反映的是一單位的銷售額能賺取多少的利潤,越大越好 出 口換匯本錢(Export Cost for Foreign Exchange ):Export cost for foreign exchange = export cost in local currencyExport revenue in foreign currency該指標反映的是要賺取一單位的外國貨幣需要花費的本國貨幣本錢,越小越好4 .定價的四個步驟：(要求能夠知道概念和

16、判斷)詢盤：A potential client asks for information from the counterpart to his intentionin buying or selling of a certain commodity.發(fā)盤： A sufficiently d efinite proposal ad dressed to one or more specific persons for concluding a contract, necessarily indicating the intention of the offeror to be bound i

17、n case of acceptance.還盤： A reply to an offer which contains additions, limitations of other modifications.接受： An unconditional statement mad e formally by or an action conducted by the offeree indicating assent to an offer or counter-offer.參考書上67-72頁的幾個exampleChapter four 商品條款1 .品質條款：注：CISG規(guī)定,如果一項商品

18、交易既憑描述性買賣又憑樣品實物買賣,那么賣 方必須使交貨的商品同時符合這兩個條件1) 商品府景用文字日月走示 ( sale by description)憑規(guī)格買賣(sale by specification ):用商品質量向假設干指標,如大小、容量、 成分等憑等級買賣(sale by grace ):如一級二級,大中小號等憑標準買賣 (sale by standard ): 采用一些組織如 ISO制定公布的標準.有兩 種主要的標準：良好平均品質F.A.Q (多適用于農產品銷售)和上好可銷品廠G.M.Q (多適用于木材,冷凍類產品)憑品牌和商標買賣 (sale by brand name or

19、 trade mark)憑產地買賣(sale by origin)憑說明書和圖樣買賣(sale by 也scriptions or illustrations )2) 商品質量用實物樣品表示(sale by sampe)憑賣方樣品買賣(sale by sellers sample):賣方提供原樣,買方選擇,賣方需 留樣(duplicate)憑買方樣品買賣：又叫來樣制作,但容易產生工業(yè)產權糾紛憑對等樣品買賣( sale by counter sample):對等樣品又叫回樣 a returned sample 或確認樣 a confirmed sample,是賣方根據(jù)買方來樣仿制的樣品. 為預防

20、 糾紛,需由第三方或公證機關進行“封樣 (sealed sample)A counter sampl e is a replica mad e by the seller of the sampl e provid ed, normally by the buyer. It is also called a returned sample or a confirmed sampl e.2 .品質條款的本卷須知(必須在合同中注明)1) 品質機動( Quality latitude) : means the permissibl e range within which the quality o

21、f the goods d elivered by the seller may be fl exibly controll ed.是指對特定 質量指標在一定幅度內可以機動.2) 品質公差(Quality tolerance) : refers to the quality d eviation recognized, which allows the quality of the goods d elivered to have certain difference within a range. 是指允許交付貨物的特定質量指標在公認的一定范圍內的差異.3)保證條款(Safeguard Cl

22、ause):保護賣方預防受到因工業(yè)產權和知識產權而 受到不應該的控告3 .計量方法(measuring quantity )國際貿易中主要使用的度量衡制度有四種：公制 (metric system),美制(U.S. system), 英制(British system) 和國際單位制(International system of units).主要單位有：重量(weight ) : ton, gram, kilogram, pound, ounce .注意：ton 有 metric ton(1000KG), long ton( 1016KG)和 short ton(907KG)之分,合同中如

23、果未注 明,很容易產生糾紛.容積(capacity) : gallon, liter, bushel .個數(shù)(number) : piece, package, pair, set, gross, dozen, head, case, barrel, drum, bag :長度(length) : yard, meter, foot, centimeter -.面積(area) : square yard, square meter, square foot, square inch ,:體積 (volume) : cubic yard, cubit meter .4 .重量的計算方法：1)豐

24、重Gross weight:商品連同包裝的重量2)冷重 Net weight:商品本身重量3)條件重上 Conditioned weight The dry weight of commodity plus the standard moisture content 涉及含水分問題標準回潮率(standard regain rate) : the ratio between the water content andthe dry weight of the goods, which is accepted in the worl d market or agreedupon by the s

25、eller and the buyer實際回潮率(actual regain rate) : the ratio between the actual regaining water content in the goods and the actual dry weightConditioned weight = dried net weight *(1 + standard regain rate)actual weight* ( 1+standard regain weight) =1+ actual regain weight4)理論重量(Theoretical weight) : w

26、hen the total weight of the product is calculated by multiplying the total quantity and the unit weight, rather than measured actually.適用于固定規(guī)格和體積的商品.5)法定重量(Legal weight) : The weight of goods including the immediate, inner, or direct packing of the goods. 通常法定重量是征收關稅的依據(jù).5 .包裝的類型1)包括裸裝貨(nude cargo),散

27、裝貨(bulk cargo),包裝貨(packed cargo)2)運輸包裝(transport packing )又稱 shipping packing, outer packing, big packing, is mainly adopted to facilitate cargo transportation.包裝容器(container): case, drums, bags, bales, crate.包裝方法 (method of packing): 單位包裝 (unit packing) 和集中包裝(collective packing).其中集中包裝主要由托盤 (pallet

28、),集裝包(flexible container)和集裝箱 (container).Chapter five國際貨物運輸1 .班輪和租船運輸1) 班輪運輸(liner transportation ):是在一定航線上,在一定的停靠港口,定期 開航的船舶運輸.班輪運輸?shù)奶攸c：班輪四固定船期固定(regular scheduled departure),航線固定(specified route ),停靠港 口固定 (routes with fixed base ports ) 和 運費率相對固定 (comparatively fixed freight rates )班輪的種類：工會同盟班輪(co

29、nference liners )和非工會同盟班輪 (non-conference liners )貨物由承運人負責配載裝卸并承擔費用(包括如速遣費和滯期費等額外費用) 運費的構成(composition of liner freight ):根本運費(basic freight)禾口附力口 費(surcharges and additionals )Total Freight = Total Quantity xBasic Rate x (1+Surcharge /Additional Rates)根本運費的計算標準 重量噸 W (weight ton)體積噸 M (measurement

30、ton)W/M 引量和體積,取高者 (Note: 1WT=1MT)基于商品價值A.V"艮據(jù)商品FOB價值的百分比收費W/M or A.V.位量、體積、價值比較,取最高費率者,要先將 W、M換算成basic rate 再比,較c 注意單位 Unit/Head最低費率Minimum Rate與寸于數(shù)量太小的貨物設定最低費率 臨時議定運價Open Rate -對于大宗價值低無包裝的貨物 參考書本P121頁例題附加費和附屬費(了解)Surcharge 附力口費一beyond our controlBunker Surcharge (bunker adjustment factor / BAF

31、) 燃油附加費(15% of the cost)Currency Surcharge (currency adjustment factor / CAF)貨幣貶值附加費Port Congestion Surcharge 港口 擁擠附力口費 Transshipment Surcharge 轉船附加費 Deviation Surcharge 繞道附加費 Port Surcharge 港口附力口費 Additionals 附屬費 -under our controlHeavy lift additional / Extra charges on heavy lifts 超重費 (over 5 M/T

32、)Lengthy cargo additional / Extra charges on over lengths 超長費 (over 9m)Bulky cargo additional 超大費 (over 6cbm) Additional on direct 直行附屬費Not at basic port, volume over 1000 M/TAdditional on optional discharging port選卸港附屬費Additional for alternation of d estination 變更隹口港附屬費 2)租船運輸(charter transportatio

33、n ): 定程租船(voyage charter) 定期租船(time charter) 光船租船 (bare boat charter/d emise charter) 定程和定期租船的區(qū)別(了解)p121F.I.O (free in and out): the ship-owner d oes not bear loading and unloading cost 2.其他運輸方式1)航空運輸Air transportation:運費計算與海洋運輸中的一樣,只是單位不同 (Note: 6000cm3=1kg)2) 鐵路和公路運輸 Rail(way) transportation and R

34、oad transportation31 國際多式聯(lián)云 I NJ T (International multimodal transportation): means the carriage of cargo from the place of sell ers in one country to the site of the buyer s in another country by at least two modes of transportation on the basis of a multi-modal transportation contract. Only one mu

35、lti-modal transportation operator Only one multi-modal transportation contract Only one freight rate4) 隼奘箱I云輸 :Containerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form adopting an inter-modal system which provides a possible combination of sea, road and other mod es of transportat

36、ion.特點：高效率.平安.節(jié)約本錢Variety in service Involving one operator Use of special equipment Low risk of damage and pilferage Substantial cost savings集裝箱種類Dry cargo container 干貨集裝箱Refrigerated/reefer container 冷凍集裝箱 Tanker container油罐集裝箱 Car container車輛集裝箱集裝箱運輸效勞整箱裝(FCL)和拼箱裝(LCL)效勞 CY to CY service, CFS to

37、CFS service, DR to DR service, DR to CFS service and CFS to DR service (集裝箱場 CY,集裝箱貨站 CFS,自有集裝箱 DR)P127運費計算FCL: by the capacity (根據(jù)集裝箱容積)LCL: similar to liner service (與班輪運輸相似)3 .海運提單 Bill of lading1)提單的作用和功能functions A receipt of the goods 承運人簽發(fā)給托運人的貨物收據(jù) Evidence of the contract of carriage 貨物運輸合同的

38、證實A document titl e to the goods 貨物所有權憑證2)提單的種類裝運提單(shipped B/L)和備運提單(received B/L ):兩者之間的區(qū)別可能考 簡答裝運提單是指承運人在貨物已經裝上指定船舶后所簽發(fā)的提單.必須注明裝船日期和具體船只名稱. Issued by the shipping company after goods shipped on board the designated vessel.Indicating date of shipment and name of the vessel備運提單是指承運人已收到托運貨物等待裝運期間所簽發(fā)

39、的提單.沒有具體的裝船時間和船舶名稱. Goods being received but not yet loaded .is a confirmation of goods handed over to ship owner Absence of date of shipment and name of the vessel, difficult to anticipate date of arrival, hence not favorabl e by buyer 聯(lián)系： When Words such as “Goods shipped on board S/S Red Star on

40、May 10, 2021 " added and signed by the carrier or the agent on the received B/L , it becomes a shipped B/L ?青?吉提單(clean B/L) 和不?青?吉提單(unclean B/L)清潔提單是指貨物在裝船時外表狀況良好,承運人在提單上不帶有明顯宣稱貨物 或包裝有缺陷狀況的文字或批注的提單.A clean B/L refers to one which d oes notdeclare a obfective condition of the exterior packing

41、of goods.不清潔提單是指承運人在簽發(fā)的提單上帶有明顯宣稱貨物或包裝有缺陷狀況的 文字或批注的提單. An unclean B/L is the one that contains unfavorable notation about the apparent condition of the cargo.(3)t己襟單(straight B/L ), 不t己襟單(bearer B/L ) 才旨示想單(order B/L ) 記名提單是指提單上的收貨人欄內填明特定收貨人名稱的提單. Made out to a designated consignee Only the named con

42、signee is entitl ed to the cargo Not transferable不記名提單(open or blank B/L ):指提單上的收貨人欄內不寫明特定收貨人名 稱的提單. The consignee box left blank or open, or bearing the wordingTobearer 至持有人) Can be transferred without end orsement therefore with high risk , unfavorable in international trad e指示提單是指提單上的收貨人欄內填寫“憑指示或

43、“憑某某人指示字樣的提單. Made out to the order of a named person , No definite consignee, “To order“Toorder of the shipper or “Torder of the consignee instead Negotiable and transferable, but need endorsement , Widely used in international trade直運提單 (direct B/L ) 和轉4臺提單(transshipment B/L)直運提單是指貨物裝上船后,中途不再換船而直接

44、駛往目的港卸貨所簽發(fā)的提 單.轉船提單 Involving additional charges, longer time and higher risks in transit, therefore unfavorable to the buyer Acceptable only when there is no direct service正本提單( original B/L ) 和副本提單(copy B/L)正本提單是指提單上有承運人或其代理人簽名蓋章并注明簽發(fā)日期的提單 Valid only after being singed by the shipping company or i

45、ts agent Showing “ Original " and the number of the signed originals Normally mad e out in a set of three originals An evidence showing the ownership of goods Presented for taking the d elivery of the goods at d estination, one is used, the others becomes void automatically副本提單僅供參考和記錄之用,注明副本字樣.

46、Normally only used for referenceor for records.全式提單(Long form B/L) 和略式提單(short form B/L )運費付訖提單(freight prepaid )和運費托收提單(freight to be collected)其他不標準提單到付提單(stale B/L):指提單簽發(fā)后超過信用證規(guī)定期限才交到銀行的提單,或者收貨人不能在船到目的港前收到的提單.倒簽提單(ante-dated B/L): 提單上簽發(fā)的日期早于實際起一運時間的提單.(晚預簽提單(advanced B/L ):在貨物還未實際裝載前簽發(fā)的提單.(不知何時起

47、運)甲板提單(on-deck B/L):承運人簽發(fā)的說明貨物裝于船舶甲板上的提單.3)其他運輸單證海上運單(sea waybill)： 附于提單后. 詳細前犁釋提單內容. 與運輸合同一致,不具有所有權作用航空運單(air waybill ):與海運提單作用幾乎一致,理論上不是貨物所有權證鐵路運輸單據(jù) Consignment note (rail waybill)公路承運貨物收據(jù) Road consignment note多式聯(lián)運單據(jù) Multimodal transportation d ocument (MTD)4 .裝1各期(time of shipment) 和交貨期的區(qū)另U (time

48、 of delivery)1) Under shipment contracts, the symbolic delivery takes place, so time of shipment is equal to time of d elivery. The time is the one limited for l oading the goods on board vessel or in the hand of the carrier at the port or place of shipment.2) Under arrival contracts, the actual d e

49、livery takes place, thus, time of shipment is different from time of delivery. Time of shipment refers to the time limit for bading the goods on board vessel at the port or place of shipment; time of d elivery refers to the time limit during which the sell er shall deliver the goods to the buyer at

50、the agreed place.5 .分社匕運(partial shipment )禾口轉運(transshipment)的區(qū)別Partial shipment means the goods under a contract are to be shipped in more than one 10t.分批裝運是指一個合同下的貨物先后分假設干批裝運.Transshipment means unl oading and reloading from one vessel to another during the course of ocean carriage from the port

51、of oading to the port of discharge stipulated.轉運是指從裝運港至卸貨港過程中,進行轉裝或重裝,包括從一運輸 工具移至另一運輸工具的行為.6 .滯期費(demurrage )和諫謂費(dispatch)滯期費是指在規(guī)定的裝卸期限內,如果租船人未能完成裝卸作業(yè),為了彌補船方 的損失,對超過的實踐租船人應向船方支付一定的罰款.Demurrage is the amount of money paid as a penalty at an agreed rate by charterer to compensate the ship-owner for h

52、is l osses in case the charterer fails to have loading and unloading completed within the lay time.速遣費是指租船人在規(guī)定的期限呢,提前完成裝卸作業(yè),那么所節(jié)省的時間船方要向租船人支付一定的獎金.Dispatch is the amount of money paid as a bonus by the ship-owner to the charterer if they get l oading and unloading done ahead of schedule.Chapter six貨

53、物運輸保險1 .保險的四大根本原貝U ( fundamental principl es of cargo insurance):1） m保禾U益原皿I ( the insurable interest principl e)可保利益指的是投保人對保險標的具有法律上成認的利益.Insurable interest isthe interest on insurance subject matter held by the insurant and recognized by law, indicating that the insurant will suffer some financial

54、 l osses if any maritime risks materialize.投保人對保險標的不具有可保利益的,保險合同無效,這就是 可保利益原那么.通常的可保利益形式有貨物的所有權、保費、運費等2） 最大誠心原皿I ( the utmost good faith principl e)是指投保人和保險人在簽訂保險合同以及在合同有效期內,必須保持最大限度的誠意. Both parties be faithful and honest in entering into the insurance contract. Insurant shall expose all important

55、facts influencing the judgment and evaluation by the insurer to the perils.3） 補償原貝the indemMty principl e是指當保險標的遭受保險責任范圍內的損失時, 保險人應當依照保險合同的約定 履行賠償義務.In the event of l oss of or damage to the subject matter resulting from an insured peril, the insurer shall compensate the claimant exactly what the la

56、tter has lost in the occurrence of the peril.補償?shù)姆秶荒艹^ ：total indemnification be limited to ：a） 保險金額 The insurance amount: 110% of the insured valueb） 實際損失 The actua110ss sufferedc） 可保禾“益 The insurable interest of the claimant4） 近因原貝1 the proximate cause principl e:指保險人只對承保風險和保險標的損失之間有直接因果關系的損失負賠償責任

57、.The insurer shall only responsibl e for the l oss which has a direct link to the risks covered.如果有兩個以上原因造成損失,那么如果前因在保險范圍內,后因不在,前因導 致后因,保險人要賠付；如果前因不在保險范圍內,后因在,前因導致后因, 保險人不賠2 .海上運輸風險bl AtUl'Al Cal£Lnutl.CSPenis oFtlic sea海上.鞏暇自然災害Uncxpectc<l acciWunt Eoi luitius ate c iiJe nts 意外事此Risks風MExtern al/Extrai n匚口 usrisks外來風險General risks一艇外來.風險Sp-eciaJ risks林煉外格風險自然災害 Natural calamities:Caused by force majeure events such as heavy weather , lightening, Tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, thund erbolt 雷劈,etc.意外事故 Unexpected accidents/fortuitous accid ents:Caused by