1、國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)(下劃線為重點(diǎn)記憶和理解,無(wú)的為一般記憶和了解)Chapter one1 . 國(guó)際貿(mào)易概念：International trad e is also known as worl d trade, foreign trade, overseas trade. It refers to the process of fair and d eliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries, involving the use of two or more currencies. Besides, i

2、nternational trade concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisibl e goods.2 .國(guó)際貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的原因：(了解)1) Resource reasons (natural resource, human resource and technology)2) Economic reasons (economic benefits, comparative advantage and econo

3、mies of scale)3) Other reasons (political reasons, differences in tastes, preferences and consumption patterns)3 .國(guó)際貿(mào)易與國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的不同：In particular, international trad e is more subject to:1) Language habits and cultural differences2) Foreign laws, customs and regulations or international rul es3) Exchange

4、 rate fluctuations and interest rate4) Higher level of political, financial and transportation risks5) More complex business procedures therefore managers need a broader range of management skills4 .國(guó)際貿(mào)易的分類：1)從貨物流向 (direction of cargo fl ow) 分：export trad e, import trad e and transit trade(過(guò)境貿(mào)易)2)從參

5、與的貿(mào)易方 (the number of participants ) 分：direct trad e, indirect trad e and entrepot trad e(轉(zhuǎn) 口 貿(mào)易)轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易：entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goods from overseas for further processing or assembling and the re-exporting the goods abroad.轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易又稱中轉(zhuǎn)貿(mào)易或再輸出貿(mào)易,是指國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口貨 物的買賣,不是在生

6、產(chǎn)國(guó)和消費(fèi)國(guó)之間直接進(jìn)行,而是通過(guò)第三國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)手進(jìn)行的貿(mào)易.對(duì)于第三國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō),就是轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易,與過(guò)境貿(mào)易的最大區(qū)別在于貨物的所有權(quán) 會(huì)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,并且只涉及一個(gè)貿(mào)易方.國(guó)際上有很多中轉(zhuǎn)地,如新加坡,香港, 鹿特丹等3)從商品形式(form of goods)分：有形貿(mào)易(visible/tangibl e goods trace)禾口 無(wú)形貿(mào)易(invisibl e/intangibl e goods trace) 4)按結(jié)算方式(the settlement instrument )分：易貨貿(mào)易(barter trade)和 自 由結(jié)匯貿(mào)易(free-liquidation trad e)5.1 井出

7、 口 貿(mào)易的程序：Export and import procedures:General speaking, from the beginning to the end of a transaction, the whole operation und ergoes four stages:1) the preparation of a transaction2) the negotiation of the contract3) the performance of the contract4) the settlement of disputes其中第二個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)：©Negotia

8、tion can be conducted in two forms:In words (face-to-face negotiation or negotiation through tel ephone)In writing (business correspond ence which includes letters, faxes, e-mails) Four main steps: 詢盤(enquiry), 發(fā)盤(offer), 還盤(counter-offer), 接 受 (acceptance)Chapter two 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)1.三種 貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的解釋規(guī)那么(three set

9、s of rules)1) 1932 年華沙牛津規(guī)那么(Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932)2)美國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易修正案1941 (Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions1941)3) 2000 年國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通那么(International Rul es for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2000)2 . incoterms2000 的具體內(nèi)容(E、F、C、D組的劃分,重點(diǎn)在F、C類)(這個(gè)不知道怎么寫,看書本 P34-42)3 .裝運(yùn)合同術(shù)語(yǔ)和到貨合同術(shù)語(yǔ)區(qū)別Shipment contra

10、ct: 起運(yùn)前交付(the delivery will happen at the time or before the time of shipment ) 如：E F C 類Arrival contract :至ij達(dá)目 的地后交付 (deliver at the time of arrival )5 .象征性交接合實(shí)際交接Symbolic delivery:買方并沒(méi)有實(shí)質(zhì)性的接受到貨物,而是通過(guò)一系列運(yùn)輸單據(jù) 證實(shí)其交接.(the buyer does not physically receive the goods, the delivery is proved by the subm

11、ission of transport d ocument by the seller to the buyer ) 只意 味著買方同意了買方交貨的事實(shí),并不代表買方接受了該批貨物就是與合同一致 的貨物.Actual delivery: the buyer (or his agent) physically receives the goods upon the time of deliveryChapter three 出口商品的價(jià)格1 .出 口商品價(jià)格的表達(dá) ( expression of export price )The standard format of a price in in

12、ternational trad e has four components通常一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出口價(jià)格包括四個(gè)局部：貨幣 (a code of currency)金額 (a number indicating the price )數(shù)量單位 (a unit for measuring quantity ) 貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)(a certain trade term)例如： USD22.5/Piece CIF New York這是一種出口價(jià)格的表現(xiàn)形式,在紐約市用CIF貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交易,每件貨為22.5美元2 .價(jià)格的計(jì)算FOB價(jià)格： 以出口國(guó)貨幣計(jì)算 FOB= total cost + profit以外國(guó)貨

13、幣計(jì)算FOB= (Total cost + profit)/ Exchange rateCFR 價(jià)格： CFR= FOB + Ocean freightCIF 價(jià)格： CIF=FOB + Ocean freight +Insurance PremiumInsurance premium =CIF *(1+markup) *Premium rate(R)CIF=CFR / (1-markup*R)包含傭金(commission )的價(jià)格：©Commission (C) = contract value * commission rate Price including C = net

14、price / (1 - C rates)Net price = price including C (1- C rates)Price including C指的是FOB或FCA條件下的價(jià)格折扣價(jià)：Discount = contract price * discount rateActual price = contract price - discount=contract price * (1- discount rate)3 .價(jià)格評(píng)估的兩個(gè)指標(biāo)：出口禾潤(rùn)率( Export pro租 margin ):Export profit margin = export revenue (FOB

15、) - export cost (FOB)Export revenue (FOB)公式中用的是FOB價(jià)格,即不包含運(yùn)費(fèi)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的價(jià)格,并且使用的是出口國(guó)貨 幣.反映的是一單位的銷售額能賺取多少的利潤(rùn),越大越好 出 口換匯本錢(Export Cost for Foreign Exchange ):Export cost for foreign exchange = export cost in local currencyExport revenue in foreign currency該指標(biāo)反映的是要賺取一單位的外國(guó)貨幣需要花費(fèi)的本國(guó)貨幣本錢,越小越好4 .定價(jià)的四個(gè)步驟：(要求能夠知道概念和

16、判斷)詢盤：A potential client asks for information from the counterpart to his intentionin buying or selling of a certain commodity.發(fā)盤： A sufficiently d efinite proposal ad dressed to one or more specific persons for concluding a contract, necessarily indicating the intention of the offeror to be bound i

17、n case of acceptance.還盤： A reply to an offer which contains additions, limitations of other modifications.接受： An unconditional statement mad e formally by or an action conducted by the offeree indicating assent to an offer or counter-offer.參考書上67-72頁(yè)的幾個(gè)exampleChapter four 商品條款1 .品質(zhì)條款：注：CISG規(guī)定,如果一項(xiàng)商品

18、交易既憑描述性買賣又憑樣品實(shí)物買賣,那么賣 方必須使交貨的商品同時(shí)符合這兩個(gè)條件1) 商品府景用文字日月走示 ( sale by description)憑規(guī)格買賣(sale by specification ):用商品質(zhì)量向假設(shè)干指標(biāo),如大小、容量、 成分等憑等級(jí)買賣(sale by grace ):如一級(jí)二級(jí),大中小號(hào)等憑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)買賣 (sale by standard ): 采用一些組織如 ISO制定公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn).有兩 種主要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：良好平均品質(zhì)F.A.Q (多適用于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售)和上好可銷品廠G.M.Q (多適用于木材,冷凍類產(chǎn)品)憑品牌和商標(biāo)買賣 (sale by brand name or

19、 trade mark)憑產(chǎn)地買賣(sale by origin)憑說(shuō)明書和圖樣買賣(sale by 也scriptions or illustrations )2) 商品質(zhì)量用實(shí)物樣品表示(sale by sampe)憑賣方樣品買賣(sale by sellers sample):賣方提供原樣,買方選擇,賣方需 留樣(duplicate)憑買方樣品買賣：又叫來(lái)樣制作,但容易產(chǎn)生工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)糾紛憑對(duì)等樣品買賣( sale by counter sample):對(duì)等樣品又叫回樣 a returned sample 或確認(rèn)樣 a confirmed sample,是賣方根據(jù)買方來(lái)樣仿制的樣品. 為預(yù)防

20、 糾紛,需由第三方或公證機(jī)關(guān)進(jìn)行“封樣 (sealed sample)A counter sampl e is a replica mad e by the seller of the sampl e provid ed, normally by the buyer. It is also called a returned sample or a confirmed sampl e.2 .品質(zhì)條款的本卷須知(必須在合同中注明)1) 品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)( Quality latitude) : means the permissibl e range within which the quality o

21、f the goods d elivered by the seller may be fl exibly controll ed.是指對(duì)特定 質(zhì)量指標(biāo)在一定幅度內(nèi)可以機(jī)動(dòng).2) 品質(zhì)公差(Quality tolerance) : refers to the quality d eviation recognized, which allows the quality of the goods d elivered to have certain difference within a range. 是指允許交付貨物的特定質(zhì)量指標(biāo)在公認(rèn)的一定范圍內(nèi)的差異.3)保證條款(Safeguard Cl

22、ause):保護(hù)賣方預(yù)防受到因工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)而 受到不應(yīng)該的控告3 .計(jì)量方法(measuring quantity )國(guó)際貿(mào)易中主要使用的度量衡制度有四種：公制 (metric system),美制(U.S. system), 英制(British system) 和國(guó)際單位制(International system of units).主要單位有：重量(weight ) : ton, gram, kilogram, pound, ounce .注意：ton 有 metric ton(1000KG), long ton( 1016KG)和 short ton(907KG)之分,合同中如

23、果未注 明,很容易產(chǎn)生糾紛.容積(capacity) : gallon, liter, bushel .個(gè)數(shù)(number) : piece, package, pair, set, gross, dozen, head, case, barrel, drum, bag :長(zhǎng)度(length) : yard, meter, foot, centimeter -.面積(area) : square yard, square meter, square foot, square inch ,:體積 (volume) : cubic yard, cubit meter .4 .重量的計(jì)算方法：1)豐

24、重Gross weight:商品連同包裝的重量2)冷重 Net weight:商品本身重量3)條件重上 Conditioned weight The dry weight of commodity plus the standard moisture content 涉及含水分問(wèn)題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率(standard regain rate) : the ratio between the water content andthe dry weight of the goods, which is accepted in the worl d market or agreedupon by the s

25、eller and the buyer實(shí)際回潮率(actual regain rate) : the ratio between the actual regaining water content in the goods and the actual dry weightConditioned weight = dried net weight *(1 + standard regain rate)actual weight* ( 1+standard regain weight) =1+ actual regain weight4)理論重量(Theoretical weight) : w

26、hen the total weight of the product is calculated by multiplying the total quantity and the unit weight, rather than measured actually.適用于固定規(guī)格和體積的商品.5)法定重量(Legal weight) : The weight of goods including the immediate, inner, or direct packing of the goods. 通常法定重量是征收關(guān)稅的依據(jù).5 .包裝的類型1)包括裸裝貨(nude cargo),散

27、裝貨(bulk cargo),包裝貨(packed cargo)2)運(yùn)輸包裝(transport packing )又稱 shipping packing, outer packing, big packing, is mainly adopted to facilitate cargo transportation.包裝容器(container): case, drums, bags, bales, crate.包裝方法 (method of packing): 單位包裝 (unit packing) 和集中包裝(collective packing).其中集中包裝主要由托盤 (pallet

28、),集裝包(flexible container)和集裝箱 (container).Chapter five國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸1 .班輪和租船運(yùn)輸1) 班輪運(yùn)輸(liner transportation ):是在一定航線上,在一定的停靠港口,定期 開(kāi)航的船舶運(yùn)輸.班輪運(yùn)輸?shù)奶攸c(diǎn)：班輪四固定船期固定(regular scheduled departure),航線固定(specified route ),停靠港 口固定 (routes with fixed base ports ) 和 運(yùn)費(fèi)率相對(duì)固定 (comparatively fixed freight rates )班輪的種類：工會(huì)同盟班輪(co

29、nference liners )和非工會(huì)同盟班輪 (non-conference liners )貨物由承運(yùn)人負(fù)責(zé)配載裝卸并承擔(dān)費(fèi)用(包括如速遣費(fèi)和滯期費(fèi)等額外費(fèi)用) 運(yùn)費(fèi)的構(gòu)成(composition of liner freight ):根本運(yùn)費(fèi)(basic freight)禾口附力口 費(fèi)(surcharges and additionals )Total Freight = Total Quantity xBasic Rate x (1+Surcharge /Additional Rates)根本運(yùn)費(fèi)的計(jì)算標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 重量噸 W (weight ton)體積噸 M (measurement

30、ton)W/M 引量和體積,取高者 (Note: 1WT=1MT)基于商品價(jià)值A(chǔ).V"艮據(jù)商品FOB價(jià)值的百分比收費(fèi)W/M or A.V.位量、體積、價(jià)值比較,取最高費(fèi)率者,要先將 W、M換算成basic rate 再比,較c 注意單位 Unit/Head最低費(fèi)率Minimum Rate與寸于數(shù)量太小的貨物設(shè)定最低費(fèi)率 臨時(shí)議定運(yùn)價(jià)Open Rate -對(duì)于大宗價(jià)值低無(wú)包裝的貨物 參考書本P121頁(yè)例題附加費(fèi)和附屬費(fèi)(了解)Surcharge 附力口費(fèi)一beyond our controlBunker Surcharge (bunker adjustment factor / BAF

31、) 燃油附加費(fèi)(15% of the cost)Currency Surcharge (currency adjustment factor / CAF)貨幣貶值附加費(fèi)Port Congestion Surcharge 港口 擁擠附力口費(fèi) Transshipment Surcharge 轉(zhuǎn)船附加費(fèi) Deviation Surcharge 繞道附加費(fèi) Port Surcharge 港口附力口費(fèi) Additionals 附屬費(fèi) -under our controlHeavy lift additional / Extra charges on heavy lifts 超重費(fèi) (over 5 M/T

32、)Lengthy cargo additional / Extra charges on over lengths 超長(zhǎng)費(fèi) (over 9m)Bulky cargo additional 超大費(fèi) (over 6cbm) Additional on direct 直行附屬費(fèi)Not at basic port, volume over 1000 M/TAdditional on optional discharging port選卸港附屬費(fèi)Additional for alternation of d estination 變更隹口港附屬費(fèi) 2)租船運(yùn)輸(charter transportatio

33、n ): 定程租船(voyage charter) 定期租船(time charter) 光船租船 (bare boat charter/d emise charter) 定程和定期租船的區(qū)別(了解)p121F.I.O (free in and out): the ship-owner d oes not bear loading and unloading cost 2.其他運(yùn)輸方式1)航空運(yùn)輸Air transportation:運(yùn)費(fèi)計(jì)算與海洋運(yùn)輸中的一樣,只是單位不同 (Note: 6000cm3=1kg)2) 鐵路和公路運(yùn)輸 Rail(way) transportation and R

34、oad transportation31 國(guó)際多式聯(lián)云 I NJ T (International multimodal transportation): means the carriage of cargo from the place of sell ers in one country to the site of the buyer s in another country by at least two modes of transportation on the basis of a multi-modal transportation contract. Only one mu

35、lti-modal transportation operator Only one multi-modal transportation contract Only one freight rate4) 隼奘箱I云輸 :Containerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form adopting an inter-modal system which provides a possible combination of sea, road and other mod es of transportat

36、ion.特點(diǎn)：高效率.平安.節(jié)約本錢Variety in service Involving one operator Use of special equipment Low risk of damage and pilferage Substantial cost savings集裝箱種類Dry cargo container 干貨集裝箱Refrigerated/reefer container 冷凍集裝箱 Tanker container油罐集裝箱 Car container車輛集裝箱集裝箱運(yùn)輸效勞整箱裝(FCL)和拼箱裝(LCL)效勞 CY to CY service, CFS to

37、CFS service, DR to DR service, DR to CFS service and CFS to DR service (集裝箱場(chǎng) CY,集裝箱貨站 CFS,自有集裝箱 DR)P127運(yùn)費(fèi)計(jì)算FCL: by the capacity (根據(jù)集裝箱容積)LCL: similar to liner service (與班輪運(yùn)輸相似)3 .海運(yùn)提單 Bill of lading1)提單的作用和功能functions A receipt of the goods 承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)給托運(yùn)人的貨物收據(jù) Evidence of the contract of carriage 貨物運(yùn)輸合同的

38、證實(shí)A document titl e to the goods 貨物所有權(quán)憑證2)提單的種類裝運(yùn)提單(shipped B/L)和備運(yùn)提單(received B/L ):兩者之間的區(qū)別可能考 簡(jiǎn)答裝運(yùn)提單是指承運(yùn)人在貨物已經(jīng)裝上指定船舶后所簽發(fā)的提單.必須注明裝船日期和具體船只名稱. Issued by the shipping company after goods shipped on board the designated vessel.Indicating date of shipment and name of the vessel備運(yùn)提單是指承運(yùn)人已收到托運(yùn)貨物等待裝運(yùn)期間所簽發(fā)

39、的提單.沒(méi)有具體的裝船時(shí)間和船舶名稱. Goods being received but not yet loaded .is a confirmation of goods handed over to ship owner Absence of date of shipment and name of the vessel, difficult to anticipate date of arrival, hence not favorabl e by buyer 聯(lián)系： When Words such as “Goods shipped on board S/S Red Star on

40、May 10, 2021 " added and signed by the carrier or the agent on the received B/L , it becomes a shipped B/L ?青?吉提單(clean B/L) 和不?青?吉提單(unclean B/L)清潔提單是指貨物在裝船時(shí)外表狀況良好,承運(yùn)人在提單上不帶有明顯宣稱貨物 或包裝有缺陷狀況的文字或批注的提單.A clean B/L refers to one which d oes notdeclare a obfective condition of the exterior packing

41、of goods.不清潔提單是指承運(yùn)人在簽發(fā)的提單上帶有明顯宣稱貨物或包裝有缺陷狀況的 文字或批注的提單. An unclean B/L is the one that contains unfavorable notation about the apparent condition of the cargo.(3)t己襟單(straight B/L ), 不t己襟單(bearer B/L ) 才旨示想單(order B/L ) 記名提單是指提單上的收貨人欄內(nèi)填明特定收貨人名稱的提單. Made out to a designated consignee Only the named con

42、signee is entitl ed to the cargo Not transferable不記名提單(open or blank B/L ):指提單上的收貨人欄內(nèi)不寫明特定收貨人名 稱的提單. The consignee box left blank or open, or bearing the wordingTobearer 至持有人) Can be transferred without end orsement therefore with high risk , unfavorable in international trad e指示提單是指提單上的收貨人欄內(nèi)填寫“憑指示或

43、“憑某某人指示字樣的提單. Made out to the order of a named person , No definite consignee, “To order“Toorder of the shipper or “Torder of the consignee instead Negotiable and transferable, but need endorsement , Widely used in international trade直運(yùn)提單 (direct B/L ) 和轉(zhuǎn)4臺(tái)提單(transshipment B/L)直運(yùn)提單是指貨物裝上船后,中途不再換船而直接

44、駛往目的港卸貨所簽發(fā)的提 單.轉(zhuǎn)船提單 Involving additional charges, longer time and higher risks in transit, therefore unfavorable to the buyer Acceptable only when there is no direct service正本提單( original B/L ) 和副本提單(copy B/L)正本提單是指提單上有承運(yùn)人或其代理人簽名蓋章并注明簽發(fā)日期的提單 Valid only after being singed by the shipping company or i

45、ts agent Showing “ Original " and the number of the signed originals Normally mad e out in a set of three originals An evidence showing the ownership of goods Presented for taking the d elivery of the goods at d estination, one is used, the others becomes void automatically副本提單僅供參考和記錄之用,注明副本字樣.

46、Normally only used for referenceor for records.全式提單(Long form B/L) 和略式提單(short form B/L )運(yùn)費(fèi)付訖提單(freight prepaid )和運(yùn)費(fèi)托收提單(freight to be collected)其他不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提單到付提單(stale B/L):指提單簽發(fā)后超過(guò)信用證規(guī)定期限才交到銀行的提單,或者收貨人不能在船到目的港前收到的提單.倒簽提單(ante-dated B/L): 提單上簽發(fā)的日期早于實(shí)際起一運(yùn)時(shí)間的提單.(晚預(yù)簽提單(advanced B/L ):在貨物還未實(shí)際裝載前簽發(fā)的提單.(不知何時(shí)起

47、運(yùn))甲板提單(on-deck B/L):承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)的說(shuō)明貨物裝于船舶甲板上的提單.3)其他運(yùn)輸單證海上運(yùn)單(sea waybill)： 附于提單后. 詳細(xì)前犁釋提單內(nèi)容. 與運(yùn)輸合同一致,不具有所有權(quán)作用航空運(yùn)單(air waybill ):與海運(yùn)提單作用幾乎一致,理論上不是貨物所有權(quán)證鐵路運(yùn)輸單據(jù) Consignment note (rail waybill)公路承運(yùn)貨物收據(jù) Road consignment note多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù) Multimodal transportation d ocument (MTD)4 .裝1各期(time of shipment) 和交貨期的區(qū)另U (time

48、 of delivery)1) Under shipment contracts, the symbolic delivery takes place, so time of shipment is equal to time of d elivery. The time is the one limited for l oading the goods on board vessel or in the hand of the carrier at the port or place of shipment.2) Under arrival contracts, the actual d e

49、livery takes place, thus, time of shipment is different from time of delivery. Time of shipment refers to the time limit for bading the goods on board vessel at the port or place of shipment; time of d elivery refers to the time limit during which the sell er shall deliver the goods to the buyer at

50、the agreed place.5 .分社匕運(yùn)(partial shipment )禾口轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)(transshipment)的區(qū)別Partial shipment means the goods under a contract are to be shipped in more than one 10t.分批裝運(yùn)是指一個(gè)合同下的貨物先后分假設(shè)干批裝運(yùn).Transshipment means unl oading and reloading from one vessel to another during the course of ocean carriage from the port

51、of oading to the port of discharge stipulated.轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)是指從裝運(yùn)港至卸貨港過(guò)程中,進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)裝或重裝,包括從一運(yùn)輸 工具移至另一運(yùn)輸工具的行為.6 .滯期費(fèi)(demurrage )和諫謂費(fèi)(dispatch)滯期費(fèi)是指在規(guī)定的裝卸期限內(nèi),如果租船人未能完成裝卸作業(yè),為了彌補(bǔ)船方 的損失,對(duì)超過(guò)的實(shí)踐租船人應(yīng)向船方支付一定的罰款.Demurrage is the amount of money paid as a penalty at an agreed rate by charterer to compensate the ship-owner for h

52、is l osses in case the charterer fails to have loading and unloading completed within the lay time.速遣費(fèi)是指租船人在規(guī)定的期限呢,提前完成裝卸作業(yè),那么所節(jié)省的時(shí)間船方要向租船人支付一定的獎(jiǎng)金.Dispatch is the amount of money paid as a bonus by the ship-owner to the charterer if they get l oading and unloading done ahead of schedule.Chapter six貨

53、物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)1 .保險(xiǎn)的四大根本原貝U ( fundamental principl es of cargo insurance):1） m保禾U益原皿I ( the insurable interest principl e)可保利益指的是投保人對(duì)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的具有法律上成認(rèn)的利益.Insurable interest isthe interest on insurance subject matter held by the insurant and recognized by law, indicating that the insurant will suffer some financial

54、 l osses if any maritime risks materialize.投保人對(duì)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的不具有可保利益的,保險(xiǎn)合同無(wú)效,這就是 可保利益原那么.通常的可保利益形式有貨物的所有權(quán)、保費(fèi)、運(yùn)費(fèi)等2） 最大誠(chéng)心原皿I ( the utmost good faith principl e)是指投保人和保險(xiǎn)人在簽訂保險(xiǎn)合同以及在合同有效期內(nèi),必須保持最大限度的誠(chéng)意. Both parties be faithful and honest in entering into the insurance contract. Insurant shall expose all important

55、facts influencing the judgment and evaluation by the insurer to the perils.3） 補(bǔ)償原貝the indemMty principl e是指當(dāng)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的遭受保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)的損失時(shí), 保險(xiǎn)人應(yīng)當(dāng)依照保險(xiǎn)合同的約定 履行賠償義務(wù).In the event of l oss of or damage to the subject matter resulting from an insured peril, the insurer shall compensate the claimant exactly what the la

56、tter has lost in the occurrence of the peril.補(bǔ)償?shù)姆秶荒艹^(guò) ：total indemnification be limited to ：a） 保險(xiǎn)金額 The insurance amount: 110% of the insured valueb） 實(shí)際損失 The actua110ss sufferedc） 可保禾“益 The insurable interest of the claimant4） 近因原貝1 the proximate cause principl e:指保險(xiǎn)人只對(duì)承保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的損失之間有直接因果關(guān)系的損失負(fù)賠償責(zé)任

57、.The insurer shall only responsibl e for the l oss which has a direct link to the risks covered.如果有兩個(gè)以上原因造成損失,那么如果前因在保險(xiǎn)范圍內(nèi),后因不在,前因?qū)?致后因,保險(xiǎn)人要賠付；如果前因不在保險(xiǎn)范圍內(nèi),后因在,前因?qū)е潞笠? 保險(xiǎn)人不賠2 .海上運(yùn)輸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)bl AtUl'Al Cal£Lnutl.CSPenis oFtlic sea海上.鞏暇自然災(zāi)害Uncxpectc<l acciWunt Eoi luitius ate c iiJe nts 意外事此Risks風(fēng)MExtern al/Extrai n匚口 usrisks外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)General risks一艇外來(lái).風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Sp-eciaJ risks林煉外格風(fēng)險(xiǎn)自然災(zāi)害 Natural calamities:Caused by force majeure events such as heavy weather , lightening, Tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, thund erbolt 雷劈,etc.意外事故 Unexpected accidents/fortuitous accid ents:Caused by