1、1Consolidation 22The need for adjustmentsAASB 127:2 types of adjustments are needed:(i) the substitution elimination entry(eliminating “Shares in S Ltd”)(ii) entries that eliminate the effects of inter-entity transactions such as -inter-entity services, sale of inventory and depreciable assetsinter-

2、entity borrowingsinter-entity dividends3The need for adjustmentsThe purpose of consolidate financial statements is to provide information of dealings with external parties only. Hence the effects of the transactions within the group must be adjusted.AASB 127 para 24“Intragroup balances, transactions

3、, income and expenses shall be eliminated.”4The need for adjustmentsnAASB127 para 26nThe financial statements of the parent and its subsidiaries shall be prepared as of the same reporting date.nWhen different the subsidiary must prepare additional financial statements as of the same date as the pare

4、nt.5The need for adjustments Any profits made on inter-entity transactions must be eliminated because, from a group viewpoint, they are unrealised profits.Each group asset must be shown at its cost to the group (which may be different to the cost recorded by the entity within the group that currentl

5、y owns the asset).6The need for adjustments Each group liability must represent an obligation to an entity outside the groupWe may have to adjust for the effects of prior period transactions as well as current period transactions. This is because consolidation adjustment entries are applied in a wor

6、ksheet only and not in the accounts of either the parent or any of its subsidiaries.7The need for adjustmentsWhen items of stock are sold within the group (e.g. P to S, or S to P) any profit made on the sale must be eliminated.The unrealised profits on these internal sales will distort stock levels

7、in dollar terms.We will eliminate these unrealised profits by means of adjustments to opening and closing stock amounts.8The need for adjustmentsUnrealised profits on internal sales become realised group profits if and when the item that was sold internally passes to a buyer outside the group. When

8、this occurs the group will record sales revenue and the cost to the group of what was sold (COGS).9Example: P sold an item of stock to S for $100 cash. Assume that this sale was at cost, so no profit was recognised by P.In the books of P:Dr Bank100Cr Sales*100In the books of S:Dr Purchases* 100Cr Ba

9、nk100*Group effectInventory adjustments10Inventory adjustments The final effect of this sale from a group viewpoint is:Dr Purchases100Cr Sales100To reverse this effect and so avoid overstating group sales and purchases:Dr Sales100Cr Purchases100This entry has no effect on group profit.11Inventory ad

10、justments How is gross profit calculated? To reduce Cr SALES REVENUE Dr profit Dr - COGS Cr profit = GROSS PROFIT12Inventory adjustments How is cost of goods sold calculated? To reduceDr opening stock CrDr + purchases CrCr - closing stock DrDr = cost of goods sold CrReducing opening stock increases

11、profitReducing closing stock reduces profit13Inventory adjustmentsAdjustment entries may affect asset and liability balances e.g. transfer of inventory at a profit.Where carrying amounts differ from tax base, tax-effect must be considered.The legal entitys records consider the differences between th

12、e tax base and the carrying amount in the legal entity.On consolidation, it is the change in the carrying amount that affect this relationship and requires adjustment.14Inventory adjustmentsExample:If Sub Ltd carries an asset at $100 and the tax base of the asset is $80, Sub Ltd will raise a deferre

13、d tax liability of 30% x $20.If on consolidation an adjustment is made to reduce the asset to $90, the carrying amount to the economic entity, the deferred tax liability must be reduced by 30% x $10.Combining the legal entities records and the consolidation adjustment results in the economic entitys

14、 position being shown in the consolidated financial statements.15Inventory adjustmentsAt 1/7/00, Parent Ltd sells inventory to Sub Ltd for $1 000 at a profit before tax of $200. Tax rate is 30%. All inventory is unsold at 30/6/01.RECORDED POSITIONParent Ltd:Sub Ltd:Sales of $1 000Inventory at $1 000

15、Cost of sales of $800Profit of $200Income tax expense of $6016Inventory adjustmentsECONOMIC ENTITY POSITIONnNo sales to external partiesnNo cost of sales to external partiesnNo profit on sale of inventory to external partiesnCost of inventory at 30/6/01 is $80017Inventory adjustmentsCONSOLIDATION WO

16、RKSHEET ADJUSTMENTSalesDr1 000Cost of SalesCr800InventoryCr200Deferred Tax Asset Dr60Income Tax ExpenseCr60*Carrying amount of inventory is reduced from $ 1 000 to $800. CATB by $200. (DTA of $200 x 0.3)18Inventory adjustmentsAssume all the transferred inventory is sold by Sub Ltd externally for $1

17、200 by 30/6/01.RECORDED POSITION Parent SubTotalSales 1 0001 2002 200Cost of sales 8001 0001 800Profit 200 200 400Tax expense 60 60 12019Inventory adjustmentsECONOMIC ENTITY POSITIONSales of $1 200 to external partyCost of sales of $800 from external partyProfit of $400Tax expense of $120CONSOLIDATI

18、ON WORKSHEET ADJUSTMENTSalesDr1 000Cost of SalesCr1 00020Inventory adjustmentsAssume at 30/6/01 that S Ltd has sold 75% of the inventory externally for $900. That is there is ending inventory containing unrealised profit of $50 i.e. 25% x $200.RECORDED POSITIONParentSubTotalSales$1000$900$1 900Cost

19、of sales 800 750 1 550Inventory - 250 25021Inventory adjustmentsECONOMIC ENTITY POSITIONSales $900Cost of sales600 i.e. 75% x $800Inventory200 i.e. 25% x $800CONSOLIDATION WORKSHEET ADJUSTMENTSalesDr1000Cost of SalesCr950Inventory *Cr50* Note: this is 25% x profit of $200. Net result is to decrease

20、group profit by $50.22Inventory adjustmentsAs inventory is being reduced by $50, a tax-effect entry is required as CATB by $50:Deferred Tax AssetDr15Income Tax ExpenseCr15The deferred tax asset is reversed when the inventory is sold externally.23Inventory adjustmentsAt 1/7/01, inventory containing u

21、nrealised profit of $50 remains on hand.In the consolidation worksheet for 2001-02: Retained Profits (1/7/01)Dr35Income Tax Expense *Dr15Cost of Sales *Cr50S Ltd records cost of sales of $250, the economic entity would record $200.Result is that this years group profit will increase by $50 before ta

22、x.24Depreciable assetsOn 1/7/00, Parent Ltd sells plant to Sub Ltd for $1 000. It had a carrying amount in Parent Ltd of $800. Depreciation is 10% p.a.RECORDED POSITION Sale of assetParentSubRevenue$1 000Plant $1 000Carrying amount of asset sold$800Income tax expense6025Depreciable assetsECONOMIC EN

23、TITY POSITIONNo salePlant held at cost of $800CONSOLIDATION WORKSHEET ADJUSTMENTRevenue ProceedsDr1 000Carrying Amount of Plant SoldCr800PlantCr20026Depreciable assetsAs carrying amount of asset has been reduced on consolidation by $200, then CATB or view it as group profit decreasing by $200:Deferr

24、ed Tax Asset Dr 60Income Tax ExpenseCr60REALISATION OF PROFITNo external party involvedProfit is realised as asset is consumed measured by reference to depreciation27Depreciable assetsDepreciation:Sub Ltd depreciates plant at 10% p.a. on cost of $1 000 i.e. $100The economic entity charges depreciati

25、on at 10% p.a. on cost of $800 i.e $80CONSOLIDATION WORKSHEET ADJUSTMENTAccumulated Depreciation Dr20Depreciation ExpenseCr20Income Tax Expense Dr6Deferred Tax AssetCr628Depreciable assetsSUBSEQUENT PERIODS - AS ASSET REMAINS ON HANDCONSOLIDATION WORKSHEET ADJUSTMENTSALE OF ASSETRetained Profits (1/

26、7/01)Dr140Deferred Tax AssetDr60PlantCr200Profit is still considered to be unrealised29Depreciable assetsAccumulated DepreciationDr40Depreciation ExpenseCr20Retained Profits (1/7/01)Cr20Income Tax ExpenseDr6Retained Profits (1/7/01)Dr6Deferred Tax AssetCr1230Intragroup servicesnSome examples of serv

27、ices between related entities includenLending of specialist personnel for limited periods of timenOne entity may lease or rent an item of plant or warehouse from the othernA subsidiary may exist solely for the purpose of carrying out some specific task31Intragroup servicesnS Ltd paid $30,000 to P Lt

28、d for the services of a specialist employeenIn P LtdCashDr30,000Service Revenue Cr30,000nIn S LtdService ExpenseDr 30,000CashCr30,000nConsolidation adjustment entryServices RevenueDr30,000Services ExpenseCr30,00032Intragroup Borrowing RECORDED POSITIONParent LtdLoan to S Ltd (asset) $1 000Interest r

29、evenue 70Subsidiary LtdLoan from P Ltd (liability) $1 000Interest expense 70At 1/7/03 P Ltd lends $1 000 to S Ltd. Interest paid at 30/6/04 is $70.33Intragroup BorrowingECONOMIC ENTITY POSITIONNo loan asset, no loan liability, no revenue, no expense because no external party was involvedCONSOLIDATIO

30、N WORKSHEET ADJUSTMENTSDr Loan from P Ltd1 000Cr Loan to S Ltd1000Dr Interest revenue 70Cr Interest expense 70No tax effect34Intragroup dividends from post acquisition profitsn From a group viewpoint internal dividends are simply transfers of cash from one part of the group to another.n “Post-acquisition” dividends are those paid from profits earned after P Ltds acquisition of S Ltd.n P will never pay divid