1、高考專題高考專題英語中的平行結構英語中的平行結構l連詞是一種虛詞， 它不能獨立擔任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞，短語與短語以及句與句的作用。連詞主要可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。 l并列連詞用來連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。l從屬連詞用來引導名詞從句和各類的狀語從句。 一、平行結構, 即并列結構：由并列連詞連接兩個或兩個以上對等的語言成分構成。l常見的并列連詞有：1、表遞進關系：and, not onlybut also, neithernor, not but2. 選擇關系：or，eitheror, otherwise, whether.or 3. 轉折對比關系: but, yet, wherea

2、s, while, still4. 因果關系：so, for5. 并列關系：and, when二、 對連接詞連接的成分要求：形式對稱； 功能相同（充當同樣的句子成分），時態平衡。l并列平行結構應該是名詞和名詞，副詞和副詞，分詞和分詞，不定式和不定式，動詞和動詞，句子和句子等的并列，而不能其中一個概念用分詞結構表達，而另一個概念用不定式或從句來表達。l比如下面句子就違反了平行結構的準則：lDo some nice things for your parents that they dont expect like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothe

3、s, or clean the floors. l做飯、刷碗、洗衣服、拖地在本句中應為并列結構作為介詞like“像”的賓語，故應用相同的形式，都用動名詞，所以應將clean改為cleaning。三、平行結構主要類型l1. 名詞和名詞平行結構lThe patients symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache.l病人的癥狀是發燒、頭暈和頭痛。l2. 形容詞和形容詞平行結構lEarly to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.l早睡早起使人健康、富有、聰明。l3.副

4、詞和副詞平行結構lThe work is handsomely and skillfully done.l這項工作做得漂亮，有水平。l4. 分詞平行結構(現在分詞與現在分詞 / 過去分詞與過去分詞 )lThe boys were running, shouting and laughing.l男孩子們邊跑，邊喊叫著、笑著。（伴隨狀語）lThe old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted.l5. 動名詞doing平行結構lHenrys work is reading books and writing book reviews.l亨利的工作

5、是讀讀書，寫寫書評。l6. 動詞不定式平行結構lOn the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and (to) buy plants and young trees.另一方面，40%的同學認為應收門票，他們認為門票費可以作為支付園林工人及其他工作人員的工資和購買新花木的費用。and 連接并列不定式第二個不定式往往省略連接并列不定式第二個不定式往往省略 to。l7. 介詞短語平行結構l1）Your semeste

6、r grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class. l2）We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. l8. 謂語動詞平行結構 謂語形式時態要一致謂語形式時態要一致 lHe went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter. l9.句子的并列（并列句）lI was tired, but I felt happy.四

7、、需掌握的知識點l1. be about to do sth when+從句l2.祈使句+and+句子l3. while conj.然而，而l4. 分辨謂語動詞的并列和伴隨狀語l5. what名詞性短語的并列l6. “隨著”兩種表達:with+復合結構/as+句子l7. 分辨短語和句子l8. 分辨定語從句和并列句l9. 不定式的并列l10. 分辨：句子+并列連詞+句子、短語+句子五五、 And的用法的用法l綜述：and 是并列連詞，它既能連接兩個并列（平行）的結構，也能連接兩個并列的分句。我們可以通過分析它在句子結構中的功能，從而巧妙的解題。（一）：（一）：and連接兩個或兩個以上的并列連接兩

8、個或兩個以上的并列結構在形式上要一致。在不同的語境中，結構在形式上要一致。在不同的語境中，也可用其他并列連詞也可用其他并列連詞or，but等。等。l句1:We rushed back to the palace and looked for it . l句2: Father sat at the desk and wrote something.l句3: I had to lie to the company and pretend to be a man. 句句1可轉化成不定式作目的狀語。可轉化成不定式作目的狀語。We rushed back to the palace to look fo

9、r it.句句2可轉化成現在分詞作伴隨狀語。可轉化成現在分詞作伴隨狀語。Father sat at the desk, writing something.句句3中的中的and連接兩個不定式，后一個連接兩個不定式，后一個不定式不定式to要省略。要省略。例1:the goat rolled over and _ .A. died B. dead C. dying D. deathl2. He called at every door and _ people the exciting news. A. tell B. telling C. told D. having toldcalled 和和

10、 and 為并列謂語。若將為并列謂語。若將and改為逗號，擇選改為逗號，擇選B， 現在分詞作伴隨狀語。現在分詞作伴隨狀語。若是既無若是既無and也無逗號，則用不定式也無逗號，則用不定式to tell 作目的狀語。作目的狀語。 既是既是B: He called at every door, telling people the exciting news. C: He called at every door to tell people the exciting news.3. She went to the market, _ everything she needed and took a

11、 taxi home.A. buy B. bought C. buying D, to buy 三個并列的謂語動詞：三個并列的謂語動詞：went, bought and took（二）：（二）：and連接并列分句，這種并列句連接并列分句，這種并列句可轉換成簡單句或者從句。可轉換成簡單句或者從句。lA. 并列句和簡單句，狀語從句的轉換。并列句和簡單句，狀語從句的轉換。lEx :Use your head and you will find a way.l簡單句：簡單句：Using your head，you will find a way. 從句：從句：If you use your head，

12、you will find a way.l_and they bought a picnic with them. A. It being a fine day B. It is a fine day C. Being a fine day D. It was a fine dayB. 并列句and和定語從句的轉換lEx: Bamboos are hollow and this makes them very light.l定從：Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light.1.She heard a terrible noise and _

13、brought her heart into her mouth. A. which B. it C. / D. what轉換： She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.2. She had two sons and _ were doctors.A. all of them B. all of whomC. both of them D. both of whoml轉換：轉換：lShe had two sons, both of whom were doctors.l3. The decision

14、_, what is to be done now is how to carry it out.lA. is made B. has been made C. having been made D. having made4. I saw a lot of children playing in the garden, most of them _ girls.A. are B. were C. being D. have been comes-coming/and leaveskeep-keeping/and you判斷下列句子的正誤l1. The weather turned out t

15、o be very good, it was more than we could expect.l2. Spring comes, leaves turn green. l3. Keep on trying, youll succeed.l4. They get coal out of the ground, changing it into electricity and send it to many places.l5. He has made a wonderful discovery, which I think it is of great help to us. It -whi

16、ch / it 前加前加andchanging-changel6.They got off the train, carrying all their cases and their fathers jacket.l7. Turning down the radio and the baby is sleeping.l8. I have three coats, none of them fits me.l9. The secretary worked into the night, preparing a long speech for the president.l10. As there

17、 are nearly 50 streets in the city, most of which we cant remember clearly.Turning-Turnthem-which/and nonewhich-them在高考中的體現及解題思路 l1.The house belongs to my aunt but shehere any more(2006年全國卷) Ahasnt lived Bdidnt live Chadnt lived Ddoesnt live 解析：but前后分句的時態平衡。時態平衡。 but連接兩個并列句，第一個分句謂語動詞belongs屬于一般現在時態

18、，but后的分句也用一般現在時態doesnt live來表達以保持時態平衡,選D。2.The old couple married for 40 years and never once _with each other. (2003全國卷) A. they had quarreled. B. they have quarreled C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled.l解析：這對老夫妻已結婚40年了,他們彼此從未吵過架.本題的關鍵詞是and, and前是句子,and 后也應是句子形式，后一分句以never開頭的則應倒裝倒裝,C。3.She

19、 set out soon after dark _ home an hour later. （1994） A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrivedl分析：她天黑后回家，一個小時后到家。A C是分詞 A為分詞一般式doing ,表示與謂語同時發生；having arrived表示先于謂語發生；to arrive表示目的。很明顯先set out 后arrive排除A和C而本題時態是一般過去時，所以選D. and連接兩個謂語。_the Fire Department in your city, and you will le

20、arn a lot about firefighting. (湖南卷)A. Having searched B. To search C. Searching D. Searchl解析：做好本題的關鍵是注意到句中的并列連詞and，由and可知這是一個并列句，and的后面是句子，其前面也應是句子。由于句首無主語，可推斷它是祈使句，所以選動詞原形D。5. It is worth considering what makes “convenience” foods so popular, and _ better ones of your own. A. introduces B. to intro

21、duce C. introducing D. introducedl句中的并列連詞and連接的是兩個對稱的并列成分，由于其前的considering為動名詞，所以空格處也要用動名詞。選6One learns a language by making mistakes andthemAcorrect Bcorrecting Ccorrects Dto correct l解析：列連詞and連接兩個動名詞短語making mistakes和correcting them作介詞by的賓語，使其and前后形式一致。選B。7. The country has already sent up three u

22、nmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March. A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched l解析：兩個“句子”間沒有并列連詞，所以空格處不可能填一個完整的謂語，據此我們可以最先排除選項A。又因動作于去年的三月底就已經發生，所以排除C，D。選B。the most recent having been launched at the end of last March為獨立主格結構，在句中做伴隨狀語

23、。“獨立主格結構”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構成。其作用相當于一個狀語從句 。8The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. (重慶卷) A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished l解析：B。兩個“句子”間沒有并列連詞，不可能填一個完整的謂語，可以最先排除C和D。再根據句意，由于lessons與動詞finish之間為被動關系，故要用過去分詞。單選題：1. T

24、he young member made several proposals, and none of _ considered practical or acceptable. A. them B. which C. it D. what 2. Jingqiu, the young heroine of the new Zhang Yimou movie Under the Hawthorn Tree, is a very innocent high school student, _ love story set in _ mid 1970s.A. her; the B. whose;/

25、C. whose; the D. her; /3. The old man spoke to the girl again, raising his voice, but still _ no answer. A. received B. receiving C. had received D. to receive4. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 5. To

26、m caught the school bus, _. A. and Jane did neither B. but so did Jane C. and Jane didnt either D. but Jane didnt 6. On Sunday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, _ some bananas and visited her cousin. A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. buy7. She set out soon after dark_ home an hour later.A. ar

27、riving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived8. _ the poem a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.A. Your having read B. While readingC. If reading D. When you read9. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do.A. When left B. Leaving C. Leave D. If you leave 10. The children climbe

28、d up the hill, _ they picnicked .A. on its top B. on the top of itC. on whose top D. on the top of that11. While reading, _ .A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell was rangC. we heard the doorbell ring D. the bell of the door rang12. _ many times, but he still couldnt understand it.A. Having been told

29、 B.Though he had been toldC. He was told D. Having told 13. _ the road and youll soon get to the museum.A. Walking on B. Following C. Walk D. Take14. _ an expert, so he knew exactly what to do.A. Being B. Having been C. As D. He was15. The dictionary is expensive, _ we could have to buy it.A. but B.

30、 and C. or D. so16. Five minutes earlier, _ we could have caught the last train.A. or B. but C. and D. so17. Hurry up! _ well be late.A. and B. so C. for D. so that18. Its idea didnt agree with _ was written in the Bible.A. which B. what C. that D. how19. He is pleased with _ you have given her and

31、all _ youve told her.A. that; that B. that; what C. what; that D. what; what20. _ we cant get seems better than _ we have.A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what 21. John got the first place and _ made his parents happy.A. which B. that C. as D. what 22. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always pref