1、Unit 5. Great People and Great Inven tio ns of Ancient China一. 重點(diǎn)詞匯與拓展1.order n.秩序 2.principlen.原那么，準(zhǔn)那么3. position n. 職位 4.stress vt.強(qiáng)調(diào)5. resign vi .辭職 6.influential adj.有影響的7. justice n.公正 8.fuel n.燃料9. condition n.狀況；條件；環(huán)境10. equal adj.平等的equality n.平等權(quán)".philosophy n. 哲學(xué)philosopher n. 哲學(xué)家12.

2、hon esty n.老實(shí)honest adj .老實(shí)的13. contribution n. 奉獻(xiàn)contribute v.作奉獻(xiàn)14. invent vt.創(chuàng)造invention n.創(chuàng)造15. argumentn.爭論；辯論 arguev.爭論，辯論二. 重點(diǎn)短語1. Look after照顧；照料2. Bring up 養(yǎng)育，撫養(yǎng)3. at war with與處于戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)4. be proud of 為自豪5. for the first time首次，第一次6. in conclusion 總之7. Responsible duty 責(zé)任感三. 重點(diǎn)句型1. But it was a

3、lso a time whe n there were many great philosophers.但那也是一個有許多哲學(xué)家的時(shí)期。2. They say (that).他們說四. 語法Defining attributive clauses : ofwhom/ inwhich (限制性定語從句：介詞 + 關(guān) 系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句)一. 重點(diǎn)詞匯與拓展1. equal adj.(能力、力氣等)勝任的；(大小、數(shù)量、程度)相等的，一樣的n .同 等或平等的人或物vt.與相等，等于(=be equal to);比得上(1) A equals B .= A is equal to B . A等于

4、 B。be equal to sth./d oing sth. 等于，能勝任be equal with 與平等equal pay for equal work 同工同酬without (an) equal無人可比地(2) equal sth. 與相等equal sb. in sth. 在方面與某人匹敵equally adv. 相等地，同樣地，等分地equality n .同等；平等，相等例句： Women demanded.婦女們要求同工同酬。A pound is roughly500 grams.1磅約等于 500克。Bobthe job of running the office.鮑勃的能

5、力足以管理這個部門。None of us can , either in beauty or as a dancer.不管是容貌還是舞技我們都比不上她。同類辨析equal 與 same兩者都含有“一樣的的意思。equal指“在數(shù)量、大小、價(jià)值、程度等方面不存在差異的。same指“同一的，實(shí)質(zhì)上不同，但在數(shù)量、意義、外表上沒有明顯區(qū)別的。same前要加定冠詞the。例句：One lihalf a kilometer.一華里等于半公里。They haveproblem.他們有類似的問題。訓(xùn)練】All the countries in the world shouldeach other, thou

6、gh somedevelop ing coun tries can't equal developed onessome secti ons.A. be equal to ; inB. be equal with ； onC. be equal ; onD. be equal to ; of2. order n .次序，順序；整齊；秩序；命令；訂購 vt.命令；指令；訂購； 點(diǎn)菜；安排；指導(dǎo)歸納拓展i n order of.照依順序排列out of order 不整齊；狀況不佳；出故障的in good order 井井有條；狀態(tài)良好keep order 維持秩序place an ord

7、er for sth.訂購某物give/take orders下達(dá)/承受命令in order to do./that.為了2order sb.to do sth./order sth.to be done命令某人做某事 / 某事被做order that. 命令從句中謂語動詞用should +動詞原形，should可以省略order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb.為某人訂購例句：The doctor ordered him to take a rest for a week or two.=The doctor ordered that.醫(yī)生叮囑他休息一兩周。He p

8、ut his papersbefore he left.他在動身前把文件都整理好了。The phone is. 壞了。訓(xùn)練】Remember to put the booksbefore leav ing the room.A. in the placeB. in the order C. in orderD . inn eed3. stress n .重壓；壓力；強(qiáng)調(diào)，重音 vt.著重，強(qiáng)調(diào)，重讀歸納拓展(1) lay/place/put the stress on/upon 把重點(diǎn)放在上；在上用力；強(qiáng)調(diào)重要性un der the stress of. 為所迫；為所驅(qū)使；受到所造成的壓力ca

9、use/reduce stress造成 / 減少壓力(2) stress the importa nee of.強(qiáng)調(diào)的重要性(3) stressful adj.產(chǎn)生壓力的；使緊迫的a stressful job/situation/lifestyle繁重的工作/困難的處境/緊的生活方式stressed adj.緊的，焦慮的(不位于名詞前，且常修飾人) 例句： Our parents alwaysproper behavior.我們的父母一直很強(qiáng)調(diào)行為He.他強(qiáng)調(diào)合作的重要性。He finds his new teach ing job very.他覺得新的教學(xué)工作非常緊。【訓(xùn)練】Things

10、can easily go wrong whe n people are un der.A. stressB. weight C . loadD. strength4. resign n .辭去(職務(wù))v.辭去，辭職歸納拓展(1) resign from.從辭去職務(wù)resig n as sth. 辭職resign one ' s post/position辭職resig n.to. 把托付給resign on eself to (doi ng) sth.聽任(某種影響)；只好(做)某事(2) resig ned adj.已辭職的；已放棄的be resig ned to sth./do

11、ing sth. 心甘情愿 resig nation n.辭職，辭職書；放棄，順從hand in on e's resig nati on遞交辭呈例句：The Ministeroffice. 那位部長辭職了。The team refused to resig n themselves to being defeated.該隊(duì)不甘心失敗。We haven' t yet received his .我們尚未收到他的辭職信。resign 與 retire兩者都含有“退職"的意義。(1) resign表示因?qū)ぷ鞑粷M意或工作上的失職而自愿或被“辭退，辭去"了職 務(wù)，

12、常與from連用。(2) retire表示因年齡大或是身體狀況不允許，按國家有關(guān)規(guī)定“退休"，并享受規(guī)定補(bǔ)助。例句：Hethe business when he was 60.他 60 歲時(shí)退休了。【訓(xùn)練】After a numberof disagreements with the committee，the chairman decided to.A. retireB. retreat C . withdrawD. resign You must resig n yourself toa bit Ion ger.A. waitB. waiting C . waitedD. wai

13、t for5. condition n .條件，情形，環(huán)境，社會地位；(pl.)(生活或工作的)條件，環(huán)境 vt.以為條件，使到達(dá)要求歸納拓展on con dition that. 條件是；在前提下on no con diti on絕不要；絕不un der the con diti ons of.在的情況下be in good/poor con diti on在好 / 壞的狀況下be out of con diti on身體不適be in no condition to( 身體狀況)不適宜be in (a) con dition (to do a thi ng)能做、有做的條件例句： You

14、can go outyou wear a coat.你要穿上外套才能出去。The ship is notmake a long voyage.此船的現(xiàn)狀不適宜遠(yuǎn)航。同類辨析condition , state 與 situation三者都含有“情況，狀況的意思。(1) co nditio n作“情況，情形，條件"時(shí)，常指人或物目前的情況，常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。(2) state 表示“狀況，情況"時(shí)，常用單數(shù)形式，與冠詞連用，構(gòu)成in a . state或in the state of.，指人或物在環(huán)境、外觀、心靈、健康等方面的情形或狀況。(3) situation常與in連用，表示

15、“處于一種狀況"。例句：He is in a good state.他身體健康。Their liv ing con diti ons were terrible.他們的生活條件很差。We are in a difficult situati on.我們正處于困境。【訓(xùn)練】 Ron lent me the money onthat I pay it back n ext mon th.A. conditionB. conditionsC . state D . situation School childre n must be taught how to deal with dan

16、gerous.A. states B . conditions C . situations D . positions二. 重點(diǎn)短語1 . be at war with 在與交戰(zhàn)中歸納拓展(1) a civil/cold war戰(zhàn) / 冷戰(zhàn)go to war宣戰(zhàn)，進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)make/declare war (on sb.)向(某人)宣戰(zhàn)(2) be at.表示“處于狀態(tài)/動作"的意思。類似的短語還有：at peace處于和平狀態(tài)at school/work 在上學(xué)/上班at table 在吃飯at trouble/risk 處于困境中/在冒險(xiǎn)例句：At that time , C

17、hina and Japanwere at war, so travelling was extremely difficult.當(dāng)時(shí)，中日雙方正在打仗，因此旅行變得極其困難。Germa ny has beenwith France for 50 years.德國與法國已和平相處了 50年。People in the world don't want to to settle the internationaldisputes.世界各國人民不想訴諸武力去解決國際爭端。【訓(xùn)練】When he came back from abroad ， our country waswith Japa

18、n.A. at a warB. at war C . at the warD. on war2. bring up教育；培養(yǎng)；提出話題;嘔吐歸納拓展bring about 帶來，引起，導(dǎo)致bring back 歸還；恢復(fù)；回想起；帶回bring down降低；轉(zhuǎn)到下頁下欄；使減價(jià)bring forward 提出論點(diǎn)、問題等bring out 說明例句：Though born andin the city ，she prefers life in thecoun try.盡管是在城里出生和長大，但她更喜歡農(nóng)村生活。He didn ' t feel well and his breakfa

19、st.他感覺身體不太舒服，把吃的早餐全部吐了出來。Mr Wang' s new suggesti on wasat the meet ing.王先生的新建議在會議上被提了出來。【訓(xùn)練】 The stude nts in this school have very good manners because they havebee n well.A. brought out B. brought in C . brought together D . brought up You n eed n't add any expla nati on here because the m

20、eaning of that wordwill bevery clearly in the n ext paragraph.A. picked outB. brought out C . brought upD. looked up三. 重點(diǎn)句型1. 1They say that. 他們說2Me ncius believed that the reas on why man is differe ntfrom an imals isthat man is good.孟子認(rèn)為人之所以與動物不同是因?yàn)槿耸呛玫摹⑸屏嫉摹?He believed that people were more impor

21、tant than rulers，. 他認(rèn)為人民比統(tǒng)治者更重要(4) Mozi believed that all men were equal.墨子認(rèn)為人人平等。歸納拓展以上各句中，主語都是“人，謂語局部都是表示人的思維的動詞。賓語都是賓 語從句的形式，即sb. + v. + that句型。這個句型用來表示“某個(些)人說(認(rèn) 為/相信/希望)什么或怎么樣"，常見的謂語動詞有say, th ink , co nsider ,hope, report. 。這個句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換為It is/was + p.p. + that 從句或 sb./sth.be + p.p. + todo/to

22、have + p.p.。例句： People hope that more milu deer will be set free one day.f It is hoped that more milu deer will be set free one day.f More milu deer are hoped to be set free one day.人們希望有一天有更多的麋鹿被放歸自然。 believe后是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，從句中使用the reason why.is that. 句式，其中why引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，that引導(dǎo)的是表語從句。 reason用作定語從句先行詞時(shí)，

23、首先判斷reason在定語從句中作什么成分， 如果作狀語，那么要使用關(guān)系副詞 why引導(dǎo)定語從句，而且why有時(shí)可省略；如 作主語或賓語，那么使用關(guān)系代詞that/which引導(dǎo)定語從句。33例句：The on ly reas on I went was that I wan ted to meet your frie nds.我去的唯一的理由是想見見你的朋友們。We'd like to know the reas on why she did n't accept the job.我們希望知道她為什么不承受這份工作。【訓(xùn)練】The bird flu is believedby

24、 viruses that like to reproduce inthe cells in side the huma n nose and throat.A. causing B . being caused C . to be caused D . to have caused2. Treat others in the way you want to be treated.己所不欲，勿施于人。歸納拓展(1) 領(lǐng)先行詞是way (意為“方式，方法)時(shí)，且在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，可用 in which或that引導(dǎo)定語從句，也可省略關(guān)系詞。例句：I don't un dersta n

25、d the way (in which/that) they worked out the problem.我不理解他們計(jì)算這道題的方法。(2) 當(dāng)the way后面的定語從句中缺少主語或賓語時(shí)，考生應(yīng)用正常的思維方式來解決問題。例句：The way (that/which) he explained to us was quite simple.他向我們解釋的那種方法很簡單。此復(fù)合句的從句中缺少賓語成分，故用which或that引導(dǎo)定語從句，而不應(yīng)用in which。 領(lǐng)先行詞為time時(shí)，time假設(shè)作“次數(shù)"講，用that 可省略引導(dǎo)；time 假設(shè)作“一段時(shí)間"講，

26、用 when或at/during which 引導(dǎo)。例句：This was a time when /duri ng which there were no radios ，no teleph ones or TV sets.在那個時(shí)代，沒有收音機(jī)、，也沒有電視機(jī)。【訓(xùn)練】 I don't like the wayyou speak to her.A.不填 B . in that C . which D . of which The wayhe worked out the problem isn't the wayI toldhim.A. / ； /B. which ； wh

27、ich C . / ； whatD. that ； what四. 語法1.限制性定語從句在句中起定語作用，修飾某一名詞或代詞，或修飾整個主句的從句，叫作定語從 句。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫作“先行詞。限制性定語從句：描述主句所涉與的人或物的具體情況，是主句不可或缺的一局 部，如省去，主句意義不完整，甚至沒有意義。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞：that ，which，who, whom whose, as。關(guān)系副詞： where，when, why。421限制性定語從句關(guān)系代詞的一般用法如下表：關(guān)系詞關(guān)指代在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞秩宋锞渥又髡Z賓語定語表語whowVVVwhomwVVwhichwVVVVV

28、VthattVVVVVwhosewVVVVasVVVVV例句：The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. 昨天訪問我們班的那個外賓是加拿大人。作主語The man whom/who you met yesterday is my cous in.昨天你遇見的那個人是我的堂兄。作賓語Corn is a useful plant which/that can be eaten by both people and animals. 玉米是一種有用的作物，人、畜均可食用。指物，作主語Who is the man that

29、 is reading over there?正在那邊看書的人是誰？指人，作主語，不可省略His parents wouldn ' t let h im marry anyone whose family was poor.他的父母不讓他與任何家境貧窮的人結(jié)婚。作定語China is not the one that it used to be.中國不再是過去的中國了。作表語，指物as用作關(guān)系代詞，既可指人，也可指物。在定語從句中可作主語、賓語和表語。它常用在 the same.as ， such.as ， as.as ， so.as 句型當(dāng)中，as 不可省 略。例句： Such te

30、achers as know Tom th ink him bright.認(rèn)識湯姆的教師都認(rèn)為他很聰明。作主語，指代teachersI ' ll buy the same dictionary as you have.我要買和你一樣的詞典。作賓語，指代dictionaryThe teachers today are not the same teachers as they were in the past.今天的教師和過去不一樣了。作表語，指代teachers 限制性定語從句關(guān)系副詞的一般用法如下表：關(guān)系副詞指代先行詞所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞謜he n時(shí)間時(shí)間名詞狀語where地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)名詞狀

31、語why原因reas on狀語例句：That was a time when there were still slaves in the USA.那個時(shí)候，美國仍然有奴隸。The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.他父親工作的那家工廠在城市的西部。That' s the reason why she spoke.那就是她要發(fā)言的原因。注意：先行詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不總是用 when或where。如果關(guān)系詞 在定語從句中作主語或賓語時(shí)， 就不能用where和when,而要用which或that。 例

32、句：I won' t forget the time that/which we spent in the countryside. 作 賓語我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們在農(nóng)村度過的那段時(shí)光。 關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)可以用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞來代替。例句： We will never forget the day when/on which Hong Kong returned. 我們將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記回歸的那一天。The city where/in which I was born is becoming more and more developed.我出生的那個城市現(xiàn)在越來越興旺。The reas on w

33、hy/for which Mr Wu resig ned was not very clear.吳先生辭職的原因尚不十分清楚。2“介詞+關(guān)系代詞弓I導(dǎo)的定語從句在定語從句中能作賓語的關(guān)系代詞中，只有whom和which可直接置于介詞之后構(gòu)成“ prep. + whom/which"這一結(jié)構(gòu)。(1)當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用which或whom且不可省略。例句：This is the hero of whom we are proud.這是我們引以為豪的那個英雄。This is the pen with which I wrote the letter.這是我用來寫信的那

34、支鋼筆。當(dāng)介詞放在定語從句末尾時(shí)，可用 that , which , who或whom作介詞賓語的 關(guān)系代詞且可以省略。以上例句可改寫為：This is the hero (that/who/whom) we are proud of.This is the pen (that/which) I wrote the letter with.(3) “復(fù)合介詞短語+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句，從句常用逗號與先行詞分開。例句： He lived in a big house ， in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在前面有棵大樹的大房子里面。注意：在固定搭配的動詞短語中，介詞不可置于關(guān)系代詞之前。例句：This is the pen (which/that) I' m looking for.這是我正在找的鋼筆。(介詞for不可提前) 關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中相當(dāng)于“介詞+名詞"，如 when= on/in/during the time，where = in/at/on the place ，why= for th