1、學習好資料歡迎下載虛擬語氣；名詞性從句；定語從句；非謂語動詞；倒裝語序（這五大項排名不分先后），一般直接考 2 分左右；下面還有時態與語態2 分-1 分，情態動詞+have done 1 分，主謂一致要考1 分,強調句句型 1 分。定語從句、名詞性從句、非謂語動詞的掌握不僅對于詞匯結構直接考查有意義，而且更為重要的是對于閱讀理解意義相當重大；有些語法知識比如虛擬語氣、倒裝、強調句句型、主謂一致、反 義疑問句則主要對于詞匯結構題直接考意義重大；有些語法知識諸如并列平行結構、狀語從句、 插入結構、it 指代用法、比較結構則主要對于閱讀理解有重大意義。一.定語從句考什么：which 引導的非限制性定

2、語從句，一級考點定語從句是由關系代詞或關系副詞引起的，在句子中充當定語成分，來修飾名詞、代詞或句子。定語從句一般放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后，這種名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。The new pointswhich the preside nt stressed in his reportare very importa nt in deed.（定語從句、關系代詞、先行詞）That is the reasonwhy I am not in favor of revis ing the pla n.（定語從句、關系代副詞、先行詞）所有從句都是由連接詞引出來的，定語從句的連接詞被叫做關系代詞、關系副詞。具

3、體而言,有以下幾種情況關系代詞關系代詞先行詞關系代詞所作成分例句that人或物主、賓、表1which物或整句話主、賓（動詞賓語、介詞賓語）2who人主3whom人賓4whose人或物定語（相當于先行詞的所有格）5as人或物或整句話主語、賓語6例句：1 One should not plant a gardenthat is too large for him to care for.（06 閱讀1）Anyonewho brought his sleep ing bag andcook ing equipme nt alonga very small qua ntity of mon ey.（0

4、34 He saw the manager talking with somebody5 Many peoplewhose possessi ons were destroyed in n atural disasters eve ntuallycon sidered their loss as a bless ing.（06CET-6,12）6As is ofte n the case,the more you use your brain, the more active it will become.關系代詞使用的幾種特別規定：That 1）先行詞是不定代詞，常見有 all, much,

5、 any, something, anything等；2）先行詞被 all, any, every, some,（a）few,（a）little修3 ）先行詞被最高級、序數詞、the on ly/next/same/very修飾時；4 ）先行詞既包括人，又包括物時。2 .Because of theirfrequent wars, many of their inventionswere no more than improvementsin the desig n of Greek weap ons3 There are a lot of wome nwith which they were

6、 familiar whowill do the job as well as men.（06 閱讀 2）.（06 閱讀 2）could stay there for月度 2, P48）.whom he didnt know.學習好資料歡迎下載5）只用 which:介詞后、引導非限制性定語從句只能用which。介詞+which 既可以引導限制性定語從句，也可以引導非限制性定語從句，該結構中介詞的選擇取決于從句謂語動詞的固定搭配， 也取決于先行詞的習慣搭配。It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.This is the co

7、mputer on which he spe nt all his sav in gs.6）關系代詞省略情況：that、which 引導定語從句作賓語可以省略。但以下情況不可省略： 第一，弓 I 導非限制性定語從句中，即使作賓語which 也不能省略。第二，關系代詞緊跟介詞后，作介詞賓語，此時一不可用that，只可用 which 或 whom 引導定語從句，并且不可省略；但當介詞謂語定語從句句末時，作為介詞賓語的關系代詞仍可用that,也可以省略。This is one of the thi ngs with which we have to put up.This is one of the

8、 things（that/which ） we have to put up with.關系副詞關系副詞與先仃詞關系在從句中所作成分whe n先仃詞是表示時間的名詞，相當于介詞+which.狀語where先仃詞是表示地點的名詞，相當于介詞+which狀語why先行詞是表示理由的名詞（reason ），相當于for+which.狀語1 Do America ns have the capacity and visi on to remove these structural barriers that deny democratic rights andopport un ities?（06CE

9、T4閱讀）2. Culture shock is an occupati onal disease for people who have bee n sudde nly transplanted abroad（04 轉本P61 閱讀 4）3 For primitive men, activity during the day meant hunting and attacking , in which hesoon saw as red, the color of blood and fire.（05轉本 P70 閱讀 1）4 The curriculum con sisted mainly

10、 of the classical la nguages, and the purpose of thiskind of school was the preparation of boys for college, where most of them would be fitted for the min istry.第二章名詞性從句考什么：that、what 引導的名詞性從句，一級考點。所謂名詞性從句，就是把這個句子當作名詞使用，并在句子中充當一定的句子成分：主語、同 位語、表語、賓語。做什么成分，這個名詞性從句就是相應的主語從句、同位語從句、表語從句、賓語從句。一主語從句：在句子中擔當

11、主語的是一個句子，這個句子就叫做主語從句。How this happened is still a question.It is clear that he has gone.所有從句都是由連接詞引出來的，主語從句的連接詞有以下幾種情況：連詞that whether（that在從句中沒有任何意義，不作任何成分，但不可省略）連接代詞What, whatever, who, whoever連接副詞When, where, how, why注意考點： 1 In the new country, that wome n go out to work and add to the family in c

12、ome學習好資料歡迎下載is a new pattern of family life.2 What refrigerati on did promote was market ing market ing hardware and electricity,marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search ofa good price.(P81,test3).直_語從句直接考點最重要的就是關于that/what 區分問題。同位語連接詞that 不作任何成分，沒有任何意義，但在引導

13、主語從句時不可省略。注意：名詞性從句中的that 與定語從句中的 that 有著明顯的差別：作不作成分，有沒有指代。二同位語從句讀例子說問題：同位語、同位語從句、同位語連接詞。1. The idea that we can invite him tomorrow is quite good.2 The rumor that there II be earthquake soon spread all over the area.3 The gen eral gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at on ce.4 Af

14、ter a couple of roun ds, the only, last and serious questi on rema ins whether our team can win the majority of thepeople.轉本考點：1 后面常接同位語從句的抽象名詞Belief,certainty,concept, doubt, evidenee, explanation, fact, hope, idea, news, order,promise, proof, questi on ,rumor, thought等。2 分隔情況有時，由 that 引導的同位語從句可以不緊

15、跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而被謂語動詞等隔開。In formatio n has bee n put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted in touni versities.3 注意區分 that 引導的同位語從句和定語從句的區別The suggesti on that she should stay in the room is good.The suggesti on that she has give n at the meet ing is good.That 在第一個句子中引導的是同位語從句，沒有意義，

16、不作成分，但不可省略。三表語從句如主句主語為 reason，只能用 that 引導標語從句，不可用because。The reas on why so many people died there is that there were not eno ugh food supplies.第三章非謂語動詞考什么？ 1 不定式的省略 to 情況，不定式的被動式、完成式；2 涉及到固定搭配需要使用的動名詞形式；3 過去分詞與現在分詞作狀語時候的比較選擇；4 獨立主格結構。非謂語動詞是指那些在句中不能單獨充當句子謂語成分的動詞形式。基本形式有四種：不定式、動名詞、分詞和獨立主格結構。一不定式考點 不定

17、式構成 to+do（動詞原形）。1 不定式的時態與語態時態、語態主動被動一般式To do: where can we get some sickles to cut the rice with. 表示不定式動作與謂語動詞動作冋時或在其后發生。To be done學習好資料歡迎下載完成式To have done: Mrs. Brown is supposed to have left for Italylast week.表示 1：不疋式動作、狀態發生于謂語之前。2 表示將來某一時刻之前不定式表示的動作、狀態完成We releaving at six in the morning , and h

18、ope to have done most of thejourney by lunch time.To have bee ndone進行式To be doing完成進行式To have been doing: He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.不疋式動作在謂語動作之前發生， 但仍在持續進行。注意 to have done的特殊考點：(1) should like/would like/love +to have don e,表示過去未實現的動作；I d like to have gone with you on your hik

19、e last weekend, but I was too busy.(2)在 wish, intend, mean, expect, pretend, plan, think等表示打算計劃”等含義的過去時動詞后面，接 to have done也表示動作沒有實現。I intended to have limited my research to waste water treatment, but I was asked to deal with other problems too.2 n+to do+ 介詞I haven t decided which hotel to stay at.3

20、 do but/except 結構中，but 前面有 do 的某種形式，but/except 后接不帶 to 的不定式。另外 cannot help but也接不帶 to 的不定式，屬于特例。4 had better, would rather/soonerthan ,ratherthan, might as well 之后必須接動詞原形。二動名詞考點1 時態和語態時態主動語態被動語態語態一般式Doing: I approved of his tak ing part in theproject.Bei ng done: After being in terviewed for the job

21、, you willbe required to take a Ian guage test.完成式Having done: The man in the corner confessed to havi ng told a lie to the man ager.Having bee n done: She rese nts havi ng bee n criticizedby her boss yesterday.2 轉本英語可能會出現的后接動名詞的動詞有：admit, appreciate, avoid, con sider, delay,deny, i magi ne, mind, m

22、iss, practice, resist, risk, suggest, quit, enjoy, fini sh.(女口考到后兩詞，那屬于弱智題，這類弱智題曾在03p5345、46、51 出現過)。3 轉本英語可能會出現的后接動名詞的詞組有：be(get)used to ; be accustomed to, be devotedto, be busy, cannot help, con fess to,give up, have trouble(i n), havedifficulty(i n ),it is no use/good, look forward to, object to

23、, lead to, stick to, get dow n to, see toUsed to do VS be used to doingBe accustomed to, be used to, devote to, dedicate to, look forward to, lead to, con tribute to, object to, stick to, getdown to, see to.這里的 to 都是介詞，后面只能接動名詞。4 在 need, want, require, deserve等動詞以及形容詞worth 后，動名詞主動形式表示被動意義。學習好資料歡迎下載Y

24、our hair wants cutt ing.三分詞考點（本部分結合教材 P28）分詞是非謂語動詞部分最為重要的一個部分，分詞包括present participle, past participle。分詞也具有時態和語態的變化。1 現在分詞與過去分詞的區別點：語態時態現在分詞主動進行（一些特例情況下并不必然表示進行）如：promis ing young m過去分詞被動完成還要注意原則上語態服從時態，如retired gen eral。Seeing from the hill, you can see the whole city.Seeing from the hill, the city

25、 is beautiful.Heated to 100, water will boil.Heating to 100, water will boil2 有些過去分詞已經轉化為形容詞，沒有被動的概念和已經完成的概念，如a practiced man 技術嫻熟的人， well-behaved you ng man懂禮貌的年輕人，the cultivated people 有修養的人。尤其在做閱讀理解時候注意及時能從相應的動詞意義轉變過來。同樣道理，有些動詞的現在分詞也已轉化為固定的形容詞，主要是由表示人的情緒的動詞變化而來，意思為“令人”如:amusing,ast onishing, bori

26、 ng, in spiri ng, promis ing, puzzli ng。這就要注意過去分詞、現在分詞轉化來的形容詞詞義的差別：Boring, bored; in teresti ng, in terested; satisfy ing, satisfied; tiri ng, tired等。3 現在分詞的完成式、被動式第一，表示一般性動作，不表明動作的先后或與謂語動作同時發生，用現在分詞一般式。 第二，現在分詞所表示的動作先于句子謂語發生，要用完成式。（not ） having done.第三，現在分詞的邏輯主語是現在分詞動作的對象，要用被動式。（not ） being done,（n

27、ot）havingbee n done.例句研究：1 Over fishing,coupled with destructive fishing practices, is killing off the fish andruining their environment.（CET031聽力）。順便注意這里的主謂一致is.過去分詞轉化的形容詞短語作狀語2 They stated their considered judgement, painstakingarrived at after thorough inquiryand deliberatio n. （CET4,03,9）過去分詞做定語

28、的典型例子。四獨立主格結構我們在前面講到過去分詞和現在分詞短語作狀語時候，它們的邏輯主語應該是句子的主語。但有時過去分詞短語和現在分詞短語帶有自己的主語，這個主語叫做邏輯主語，該邏輯主語一般由名詞或代詞充當，放在過去分詞或現在分詞短語之前，我們把這一結構稱為獨立主格結構。獨立主格結構與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。She walked along the path, her daughter follow ing close behind.All the work done, you can have a rest.學習好資料歡迎下載Weather permitting, we II go to

29、 the Summer Palace.（一）獨立主格結構特點：1 獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在Weather permitting; we are going to visit you tomorrow.2 名詞或代詞與后面的分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式或介詞短語等是主謂關系The day being fine, we decided to go swim ming.It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.3 獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。They ll send you the book for $10, postage

30、 in cluded.（二） with/without的復合結構作獨立主語一個獨立主格結構前面可以加上with/without ,作伴隨狀語或定語。我們可以把它理解為with的獨立主格結構。1 The murder was brought i n, with his hands tied behi nd his back.2 The childre n looked at us, with their eyes ope ning wide.3 With ni ght coming on, they went home.4 The river with grass and flowers on

31、both sides runs through our schoolyard.第四講虛擬語氣虛擬語氣考什么？考的是謂語動詞形式。所有的虛擬語氣考點都在謂語動詞形式上。一 If 條件從句虛擬語氣情況時間If 從句謂語動詞形式主句謂語動詞形式過去Had doneWould/should/could/might +have done現在Did/wereWould/should/could/might +do將來Did/were to/should doWould/should/could/might +do錯綜時間虛擬語氣：If he had prepared very carefully yest

32、erday, he could perform well now.連詞 if 省略形成倒裝。If 條件句中的連詞 if 可以省略，但該句就要使用倒裝語序，即將 were,had,should 等置于主語前，形成倒裝。Had you in formed her earlier, she would n t have assig ned the con tract.Were she livi ng happily, I would be very ast oni shed.二用于某些動詞的賓語從句中；以及由這些動詞變來的分詞、名詞后的主語從句、表語從句、 同位語從句。其形式是（should）+動詞

33、原形。表示愿望Desire, prefer表示建議Advise, move, propose, suggest, recomme nd.表示要求、請求In sist, maintain, oblige, request, require, urge表示決疋Decide, determ ine, resolve其他Arran ge, deserve intend, moti on, promise .1 賓語從句He in sisted that she be in the office at six.The doctor suggested that she (should)take a tr

34、ip.學習好資料歡迎下載2 it is +過去分詞的主語從句It is required that the mach ine be tested.3 表語從句、同位語從句His suggestio n is that we go out on a pic nic.His suggesti on that we go out on a pic nic next Sun day is won derful.三用于 it is+ 某些形容詞+主語從句It isesse ntial/urge nt/n ecessary/importa nt/advisable/natural/desired/vita

35、l/crutial/stra ng e+that 的從句中，謂語形式為(should)+原形動詞。It is n ecessary that the mach ine (should)be oiled every day.四 用于 it is ( high/about )time+ 從句中It is high time we went back to college.五 用于 would /had rather , would sooner引起的從句中，其謂語從此用過去時，表示現在或將來；用 had+done,表示過去的情況。I would rather you didn t tell him anything about it.六