1、第一節第一節 說明文的特點說明文的特點 說明文是用說明的表達方式來解說事物、闡明事理的文章，以解釋、闡述事物的形狀、特征、性質、成因、關系、功能、作用為目的。而說明是對事物的發生、發展、結果、特征、性質、狀態、功能等進行解釋、介紹、闡述的一種基本表達方式。 其說明的對象可以是具體的，如：自然環境，儀表設備等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。第二節第二節 說明文的分類與寫作技巧說明文的分類與寫作技巧 說明文的寫作有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分復雜。說明科技方面的內容常用定義法、比較對比法、分類法、因果法等；說明自然環境方面的內容常用時間次序法、分類法等。當然，隨著對象的不同，具體應該采用的方法也會

2、有所不同。 可用于事物說明的寫作手法很多，這里著重介紹以下幾種主要的說明方法。一、舉例說明 通過舉例或列舉闡明事理的寫作方法。為使讀者弄清某一事理，或使抽象化概念形象化或具體化，作者拿出文章的較大篇幅 進行舉例說明，以進一步證明所述道理的真實性和可行性。恰當的例子能夠使抽象的問題具體化，使讀者更容易理解問題，增強文章的說服力，引起讀者的興趣。舉例說明應該做到以下兩點： 1）所舉的例子必須與說明的對象密切相關，而且，應該使用具體、典型或者淺顯的例子來說明復雜或者抽象的對象，使讀者通過例子更加容易地理解說明對象。千萬不能本末倒置。 2）合理地組織例子的順序。相關的例子應該放在一起，并按說明的順序合

3、理編排例子。范文示例 Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes or raising rare fish, to learning about the stars or making model ships. Some hobbies are very popular: stamp collecting, p

4、ainting and cycling, for example, while others are quite unusual, like collecting insects or traveling on all the trains in one country.二、對比說明 通過對兩種事物進行對比或比較，找出兩者之間的共同點或對立點的寫作手法。為說明某一事物在不同條件下的差異，或此事物與其他事物的差別，作者往往采用比較和對比的手法來獲得分清事理的寫作效果。讀者從比較或對比說明中分清兩個事物的區別。總的來說，對比說明有以下三個功能：（1） 通過對比說明A優于B；（2）通過用人們熟悉事物

5、對比說明人們不太熟悉或者抽象的事物；（3）闡明兩個或多個事物之間的區別，讓讀者做出正確的評價。 進行對比說明時應該遵循以下幾個原則，1）對比只能在同類之間進行。通常對比都是在有相似性的兩個事物間展開，使人們能夠認識到兩者的不同之處。2）對比說明有兩種模式：按照比較對象展開和按照比較內容展開。3）對比必須以有關的實例為依據。有了具體的實例，以及通過觀察分析而來的獨特細節，對比才有說服力。用于對比說明的轉換詞有：both, each, at the same time, similarly, like, likewise, as, too, also, compared with, on the

6、other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, instead of, the opposite, although, while, but, however, yet, nevertheless等。范文示例 It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonel

7、y. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers cannot show their disappointment publicly. They cannot cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and

8、no one to share their sadness三、定義說明 通過揭示概念的內涵或下定義的方式來明確概念的寫作方法。旨在給事物的性質和特點下定義，回答“什么是”和“怎樣理解”之類的問題。因此，這類作文要求作者具備科學嚴謹的文風，定義要下得準確合理，文字說明要全面到位。作者常常會借助舉例說明的手法或比較說明的手法達到界定事物的目的。 定義主要分正式定義和非正式定義。正式定義指詞典上的定義。這種嚴格的定義常用來闡述具體或者沒有爭議的詞或術語。正式定義使用的范圍很有限。討論理想、概念或情感時，只有用非正式定義才能做出滿意的解釋。 定義說明的時候應該注意以下幾點：1）對于抽象的詞語，如自由、

9、幸福、愛等，不同的人對于它們的意義，特別是涵義有不同的認識。所以，要根據自己的寫作目的給出合適的定義。2）定義說明雖然指出定義對象的實質和特有屬性，但是必須表明了解給定定義的目的。定義往往會附加作者的觀點和態度傾向，所以，下定義的時候要和文章的觀點一致。3）定義說明文沒有固定的模式。因此，在下定義的同時，我們還要使用其它的說明方法，使說明更加清晰具體。范文示例 Ambition means the goal in our life. To have ones ambition does not necessarily mean to become the chief state leaders

10、. This is not in the real sense of the word. The ambition is the goal that encourages us always to look forward and not to lose hope because of failure. Ambition differs from person to person and everyone has his own ambition. Yet not every one of us can succeed in what we desire to do.四、空間說明 寫說明文經常

11、要涉及到說明順序的安排。特別是按空間排序的說明文，必須依據合理的說明順序。例如，向別人介紹你自己校園，寫作之前應該確定一個參照物，然后以參照物為參考對象進行說明，會使說明更加清楚。而且，可以有幾個不同的參照物，但是參照物的數量不能過多，否則，會產生凌亂的感覺。范文示例 The Layout of a Hospital Near the gate，on the west side of the road is the Emergency Department Opposite the Emergency Department across the Main Road is the Out-pat

12、ient Department The building to the southwest of the lake is the Dispensary，which faces the Surgery Department lying on the other side of the roadAlong the west wall，from south to north，stand three buildings：the Physician Department， the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department，and the Dental Department The La

13、boratory is to the northwest of the roundabout，and beside the Laboratory，the X-ray Department is located on the same side of the road A winding road by the lake leads to the WardNear the end of the Main Road，the Administrative Building is situated on the east sideThe hospital is nicely and convenien

14、tly laid out 這是一篇說明醫院布局的文章。文章雖短，但需要說明的內容卻達11處之多。文章把整個布局分三部分來寫，中心參照物是貫徹醫院的main road。第一部分以大門為參照物，介紹了靠大門且通過main road東西相對的急診樓和門診樓。第二部分以湖為參照物，中心線還是main road，介紹其他分診樓、實驗室、放射室等。第三部分描寫main road盡頭的建筑物。這樣，繁多的細節顯得井井有條。可見，選擇好主線及參照物是決定說明文成功的關鍵。五、因果說明 因果說明旨在說明事物的原因和結果。分析因果時要回答兩個問題：一是事情發生的原因，二是原因導致的后果。分析原因和結果是一個復雜的

15、過程。因果說明的時候要注意以下幾點：1）分析原因不可簡單化。某一結果可能是由多個原因引起的。2）避免犯邏輯性的錯誤。因為有的結果可能是由其它原因引起的。 More Chinese Young People Are Studying Abroad Prior to the 1990s, going abroad was beyond the wildest dreams of us Chinese people. But this dream is translating into realities for an increasing number of people in our count

16、ry. Many of these people are even high school graduates. Statistics show that about one fifth of high school leavers this year in big cities like Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou choose to pursue their college education in such countries as America, Britain and Australia. How can we account for this

17、new phenomenon? Leaving aside some other factors, the following three are worthy of our attention when we analyze the trend. Firstly, many Chinese people are now financially well-off enough to afford their childs high tuition for foreign education. Secondly, overseas education is supposedly superior

18、 to the college education at home in quality and is thus regarded as a springboard to a better future. In addition, the competition at home either for good education resources or for subsequent employment is so severe that many young people decide to develop themselves academically elsewhere. Some people may be skeptical about the sensibility of this move. But I beli