1、存在主義存在主義 與與 文學(xué)文學(xué)董董 崇崇 選選 中山醫(yī)大應(yīng)用外語系教授懂更懂學(xué)習(xí)英文網(wǎng)站負責(zé)人網(wǎng)址：.tw一、哲學(xué)與文學(xué)：一、哲學(xué)與文學(xué)： Philosophy is the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct. Logic, ethics, aesthetics, epistemology, metaphysics (ontology, cosmology), etc. Literature is writing reg

2、arded as having permanent worth through its intrinsic excellence. Poetry, drama, fiction, prose. 哲學(xué)是抽象推理論說的文學(xué)，文學(xué)是具體展示例証的哲學(xué)。二、存在主義的哲學(xué)：二、存在主義的哲學(xué)： A. Basic Ideas: Existence precedes essence. 存在 先於 本質(zhì)。 Existence is absurd. 存在是荒謬的。 Surd (無理根): 無定值、無精確答案 Essence is the result of free choice. 本質(zhì) 為 自由抉擇之結(jié)果。

3、KierkegaardB. Main Existentialists:1. Kierkegaard (齊克果): A world without preexisting truths, values, or general laws. 原本無真理、價值、通則定律Truth as inner commitment (truth = faith). Subjectivity is truth, and truth is subjectivity. Choice between esthetic and ethical ways of life. (Either/Or) 美或善God as the

4、mythic, eternal reality for faith. “l(fā)eap to faith” or “l(fā)eap of faith” knight of faithHeidegger2. Heidegger & Jaspers: Heidegger (海德格)：Dasein: “being there,” “existence,” “being in the world” “thrown into the world” being as finite and transient in time 丟在、有限、短暫 (Being and Time) Angst: “being for

5、 death,” nothingness, 焦慮 active participationJaspers2. Heidegger & Jaspers: Jaspers (雅斯柏斯): World-theories as human responses 世界觀 (Psychology of World Views) The three methods: scientific, existentialist, metaphysical 科學(xué)、人生、玄界 (Philosophy) Seeking truth in nature, in human communication, or in “

6、the one being” (“The Absolute,” “God”) Sartre三、三、 存在主義的文學(xué)：存在主義的文學(xué)：1. Sartre (沙特沙特): Being and Nothingness (論文): For man existence precedes essence. Being is objective, and existence has a subjective quality. Being-in-itself vs. Being-for-itselfThe Flies (劇本): Orestes kills Aegistheus to teach his pe

7、ople to be free and responsible, taking with him the crowd of repulsive flies. 1. Sartre (沙特沙特): Nausea (小說): Roquentin records the process of his “nausea” (噁心) about the fact that things and people cannot help existing, and yet there is “absolutely no reason for existing.” 存在無理卻存在 No Exit (獨幕劇): Ga

8、rcin, Estele, Ines a bare room/Hell 沒有出口 meaningless repetition 無意義的重複Camus2. Camus (卡繆卡繆): The Stranger異鄉(xiāng)人 (小說): Meursault does not mourn for his mothers death, kills an Arab, and rejects a clergymans preaching. He feels he is “the stranger” in the world. The Myth of Sisyphus西西法斯神話 (論文): Sisyphus i

9、s the absurd hero confronting an unintelligible world but knowing his futile struggle towards the heights.2. Camus 卡繆卡繆: The Plague 瘟疫 (小說): Doctor Rieux stays 8 months at Oran for the bubonic plague, yet everything seems to “begin again from zero.” “The Guest” 客人 (短篇小說)： Daru & the Arab A noble

10、 choice Heminway3. Hemingway 海明威海明威 : The Sun Also Rises 妾似朝陽又照君 (小說): Barnes tells the story of “the lost generation” (Brett Ashley, Michael Campbell, etc.), who have no direction for life. A Farewell to Arms 戰(zhàn)地春夢 (小說): Frederic Henry & Catherine Barkley escape to Switzerland only to have a tra

11、gic end. Choosing love instead of war.3. Hemingway: For Whom the Bell Tolls 戰(zhàn)地鐘聲 (小說): Robert Jordan blows up the bridge, only to die on the hillside without having Maria or achieving his war ideal. The Old Man and the Sea 老人與海 (中篇小說): An old Cuban fisherman, after 84 days without a catch, hooks a g

12、igantic marlin but gains nothing reaching home. Beckett4. Beckett 貝克特貝克特 : Waiting for Godot 等待果陀 (劇本): Two tramps (Vladimir/Didi & Estragon/Gogo) are forever waiting for Godot while Pozzo & Lucky pass by. Pozzo drives Lucky as if he were an animal but becomes blind led by Lucky, who becomes dumb.4. Beckett: Endgame 殘局 (劇本): The blind bed