1、專題八文章段落的寫作專題八文章段落的寫作段落是文章的基本單位。段落一般是由主題句(topic sentence)、擴(kuò)展句 (supporting sentence)和結(jié)論句 (concluding sentence)構(gòu)成的。一、主題句主題句表達(dá)段落主題，概括段落的中心思想，是段落組成的依據(jù)，全段其他文字都要圍繞它展開。主題句通常放在段落的開端，其特點(diǎn)是開門見山地提出話題或問題，然后加以詳細(xì)演繹或說明；其作用是使文章的觀點(diǎn)更顯豁，結(jié)構(gòu)更清晰，便于讀者迅速地把握主題和預(yù)測全段的內(nèi)容。主題句有時位于段落中間，起著承上啟下的作用；有時置于段末，起著概括全段的作用；也有時含而不露，隱藏在字里行間。將主題

2、句放在段首的寫作方法最常見，更易于掌握，所以考生應(yīng)盡量采用這種方法。主題句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和思想內(nèi)容必須完整、具體、鮮明，要避免不完整(incomplete)，不清楚(unclear)，過于籠統(tǒng)(general)，應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：歸納出你要寫的文章的幾個要點(diǎn)；提煉出一句具有概括性的話；主題句應(yīng)具有可讀性，能吸引讀者。下面是作文題目為The Advantages of Travel其中一段的主題句。試比較一下哪一句更好：Enjoy the beautiful scenery in different places.(不完整)To travel, one needs to know something

3、about it.(不清楚)By travelling one enjoys a lot.(太籠統(tǒng))By travelling one can enjoy the beautiful scenery in different places.(較好) 二、擴(kuò)展句主題句確定之后，接下來就是段落的發(fā)展，即如何運(yùn)用擴(kuò)展句來展開主題。段落的發(fā)展有如下幾種方法：1. 列舉法(details)列舉法就是通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對主題句中的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行陳述或解析的方法。常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞有：first, second, also, finally, one, another, still another, fo

4、r one thingfor another, to begin with, on one handon the other hand, besides, moreover等。2. 舉例法(examples)舉例法就是通過具體的事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容。常用的連接詞有：for example, for instance, furthermore, in addition, to illustrate, one example is 3. 因果法(cause and effect)在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中，常采用因果分析法，根據(jù)事物發(fā)生的原因推理其結(jié)果，或根據(jù)結(jié)果分析其原因。表原因的連接詞有：

5、because of, owing to, due to, result from, because, since, as 等；表結(jié)果的連接詞有：therefore, as a result (of), consequently, accordingly, so 等。4. 比較或?qū)φ辗?comparison and contrast)比較或?qū)φ辗ň褪峭ㄟ^將同類事物的相似點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較分析來支持主題句的觀點(diǎn)。常見的表示相同的連接詞有：similarly, similar to, like, in common, in the same way等；表示不同的連接詞有：compared with

6、, differ from, be different from, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike, however, whereas, while 等。 5. 分類法(classification)在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對事物進(jìn)行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使讀者對主題有更為清晰的認(rèn)知。常用詞語有：divideinto, classifyinto, group, kind, type, sort, category 等。6. 敘述法(narration)敘述法就是按照事物本身的時間或空間順序，有層次分步驟地來表達(dá)主題。常用的

7、過渡連接詞有：first, in the beginning, at the beginning of, to start with, to begin with, then, and then, after that, later, afterwards, in the end, finally 等。 三、結(jié)論句結(jié)論句位于全段的末尾，是對全段的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)、歸納或提出結(jié)論性觀點(diǎn)的句子。它不僅僅是重復(fù)主題句提出的段落主題，還可以進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)段落的中心思想，以引起讀者的重視和回味。在撰寫時，結(jié)論句的結(jié)構(gòu)形式?jīng)]有必要與主題句保持一致，但所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容必須要和主題句的意義保持一致，不能相互矛盾。當(dāng)然，并

8、非每個段落都需要結(jié)論句，對于一些描述性段落就沒有必要使用。用于總結(jié)的常用連接詞有：on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short等。 即時鞏固1. 分析下面各段文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，指出主題句、擴(kuò)展句和結(jié)論句。(1)Our class held a meeting with regard to the problem of whether to help the old men up when they fall down, durin

9、g which classmates gave their comments. The results are as follows.Some classmates are in favor of helping the old up. As for them, it is our traditional virtue to be ready to help those in trouble. Besides, to care for others is of great importance for people to live in harmony with each other. Oth

10、ers hold different opinions. They are afraid that by doing so they may be misunderstood and ask for trouble. Lack of first aid knowledge also plays a great part, because they are worried that they may be more of a hindrance (阻礙) than a help.In my opinion, we should help up the old men who fall down

11、and cannot get up. People should learn to help others. To care for others will in turn help ourselves. 主題句：_擴(kuò)展句：_結(jié)論句：_Key: 1. (1)主題句是；擴(kuò)展句是；結(jié)論句是(2)As one of the most important organs of our body, an ear enables us to hear a variety of beautiful sounds from the outside world, especially music, which b

12、rings us a lot of pleasure. Besides, with the help of ears, we can sense any potential dangers earlier. Whats more, its almost impossible for us to communicate with others if ears are seriously damaged. Therefore, protecting our ears means loving our lives.As for protecting our ears, removing wax fr

13、om ears regularly is recommended. Additionally, proper measures are supposed to be taken to protect our ears from the sunburn, cold and water if necessary. Try to avoid the long use of earphones or headphones, as they may do great harm to our hearing in the long term.From my point of view, on Ear-Ca

14、re Day special lectures should be given to publicize knowledge on the protection of ears, making everyone aware of the importance. Cherish our hearing and we are bound to enjoy a more colorful life.主題句：_擴(kuò)展句：_結(jié)論句：_Key: (2)主題句是；擴(kuò)展句是；結(jié)論句是 2. 用恰當(dāng)?shù)闹黝}句和擴(kuò)展句補(bǔ)全短文。As is known to all, no one can avoid difficul

15、ties. So everyone needs others help. However, _(很遺憾有些人不愿提供幫助) to people in trouble. I have had such experiences. Sometimes when I _(算不出數(shù)學(xué)題來) and turn to my classmates, they often refuse me, _(這讓我很是惱火). In fact, I think they might have problems that I know how to work out. If they are willing to help

16、 me, _(我會很樂意幫助他們的). Otherwise, I may refuse them too.Thats why an old saying goes like this：_(幫助他人就是幫助自己). I hope everyone should be unselfish and do whatever they can to help others. Only in this way _(我們才能相互幫助并相互提高)Key: 2. it is a pity that some people wont offer their help cant work out a math pr

17、oblemwhich makes me annoyed I will be happy to help themHelping others is helping yourself can we help and improve each other3. 用段落發(fā)展的方法，以下列句子為主題句各寫一段話。 Everyone needs friends._ Smoking is harmful._ Humor is very important in any relationship._Key: 3. A poem says：“Yesterday marks the beginning, tomo

18、rrow marks the end, somewhere in the middle we became the best of friends.”Everyone needs friends. Friends can make your world more wonderful. When you have friends, they not only bring you joys, but also give you support. When something exciting happens to you, sharing the happiness of the occasion

19、 with friends doubles your joy. And in times of trouble and tension, or when you are in bad mood, you can get some practical suggestions for solving a particular problem from your close friends. Without friends, you may find life dull and less interesting. Friendship makes your life much easier and

20、happier.Key: Nowadays youth smoking is a very serious social problem. Many teens smoke very hard though they are always told it is very harmful. They think smoking is a fashion, and enjoyable. Yes, smoking is very harmful, especially for teens. First, it may cause teenagers to get serious illnesses,

21、 such as heart disease or lung illness. Second, smoking can also make the students pay little attention to their study. Third, smoking is expensive. It may drive the teens to commit a crime. So smoking is bad for the young in many ways. We teenagers should get rid of smoking.Humor is very important

22、in any relationship. It is truly a unique gift when someone has the ability to make another laugh. Humor allows a person to forget his troubles and focus on positive aspects of his life. Personally speaking, making another laugh, whether it is a family member, a close friend, or even a stranger, has

23、 always given me a good feeling! Humor plays an important role in our family lives. The interaction between husband and wife and between a parent and a child, is very important, just thinking how much better our relationships would be if we would take the time to laugh. 4. 請依據(jù)文中畫線內(nèi)容分析如下段落發(fā)展的具體方法。Now

24、adays the development of education varies from place to place, which causes in different provinces the scores for the enrollment are quite different, and that can even go up to more than 100. Many parents or students think out a way to solve the problemimmigrate to other places, where the enrollment

25、 scores are lowerI think it is unfair. As we know, to enter an ideal university, a student will give it everything he or she has. The efforts every student makes are nearly the same.But at different places, the same scores lead to different results.For example, a student in Beijing with lower scores

26、 will enter a university, while a student from Shandong has to get much higher scores to enter the same one.The government should take some measures to solve this problem so that every student has the same right to receive education.段落發(fā)展方法：_Key: 4. 因果法，舉例法，對比法 More and more middle school students ar

27、e going to all kinds of training classes or having family teachers at the weekend. Viewpoints are divided into two.Some think it necessary. First of all, its more effective to study with a teacher than by themselves. Secondly, it can strengthen what is learnt in class. Besides, they can learn a lot

28、more. Others think it not necessary. For one thing, students can easily form the habit of dependence. For another, students need time to relax from time to time. Whats more, the purpose of many training classes and teachers is to make money.In my opinion, whether a training class or family teacher i

29、s needed just depends. If you are really very weak at or interested in a certain subject, maybe its OK for you. But be sure to choose a good and suitable class or teacher, otherwise it would be a waste of time and money.段落發(fā)展方法：_ Key: 4. 分類法，列舉法，因果法 To many people even the word “work” sounds unpleasant, not