1、past perfect tense構成：助動詞構成：助動詞had + 動詞的過去分詞動詞的過去分詞用法：用法：1. 過去完成時動詞表示過去某一時間或某過去完成時動詞表示過去某一時間或某一動作之前完成的動作或狀態。強調過去一動作之前完成的動作或狀態。強調過去某一動作發生在另一動作之前時。某一動作發生在另一動作之前時。1.他說他以前見過你。他說他以前見過你。He said that he _ (see) you before.had seen2. 到六點鐘為止他們已經工作八小時了。到六點鐘為止他們已經工作八小時了。By six oclock they _(work) for eight hour

2、s.had worked2. 過去完成時詞可以表示過去某一時過去完成時詞可以表示過去某一時刻之前發生的動作或呈現的狀態，這刻之前發生的動作或呈現的狀態，這一動作一直持續一動作一直持續 或將繼續下去。或將繼續下去。By six oclock they _ (work)for eight hours. When I came to GZ , he _(be) there for a long time.用法：用法：1. 到了六點鐘為止，他們已經工作了八小時了。到了六點鐘為止，他們已經工作了八小時了。2. 我到廣州時，他在那里很長時間了。我到廣州時，他在那里很長時間了。had workedhad b

3、een3.到上個月中旬我們在北京住了有五年時間了。到上個月中旬我們在北京住了有五年時間了。By the middle of last month we _(live) in Beijing for five years.had lived1. 到昨晚上，他已寫完那封信。到昨晚上，他已寫完那封信。By yesterday evening he _ (write) that letter.2. 他說他以前見過你。他說他以前見過你。He said that he _(see) you before.3. 當我進來時，他已做完了作業。當我進來時，他已做完了作業。When I came in he _(

4、finish) his homework.過去完成時與過去完成時與 by then(截止到那時截止到那時); by 9 oclock(直到九直到九點鐘點鐘) by the end of (在在結束結束/末之前末之前); by the time(在在時之前時之前); up till then (直到那時直到那時); up until last night(直到昨晚）等連用，表示過去的過去。直到昨晚）等連用，表示過去的過去。had writtenhad seenhad finished3. 過去完成時和過去完成時和 already, just, ever, yet 等連用表示過去的過去。等連用表示

5、過去的過去。用法：用法：例如：例如：1. 他告訴我說他們隊已經贏了。他告訴我說他們隊已經贏了。He told me that his team _ already _ (win).hadwon2. 她說她仍沒去過長城。她說她仍沒去過長城。She said that she _(not go to) the Great Wall yet.hadnt been to用法：用法：過去完成時與過去完成時與when, before, as soon as, till/ until 等引導時間狀語的從句連用，等引導時間狀語的從句連用，強調動作發生的時間前后。強調動作發生的時間前后。例如：例如：1. 她到家

6、之前她的孩子已經睡著了。她到家之前她的孩子已經睡著了。When she got home her children _(sleep).had slept2. 在他們到達之前電影已經開始了。在他們到達之前電影已經開始了。Before they arrived here the film _ already _ (start).hadstartedLast night, as soon as I _(finish) my work I went to sleep.3. 我完成作業了就去睡覺了。我完成作業了就去睡覺了。had finished1. After he _ (finish) his wo

7、rk he went out.had finished2. The children ran away after they _ (break) the window.had broken3. I went to Toms house but he _ (go) out.had gone4. Annie told me that his father _ ( go ) to Paris and he _ ( come ) back in a few days.had gonewould come5. My friend _ (buy) the car two years ago. He _ (

8、buy) it for two years.boughthas had形容詞和副詞的比較等級（假設A和B為進行比較的人或事物）1、原級：使用形容詞或副詞原形，表示A與B一樣（或不一樣）。2、比較級：使用形容詞或副詞比較級形式，表示A與B二者相比哪一個更。3、最高級：使用形容詞或副詞最高級形式，表示三者（或三者以上）相比哪一個最。1.一般在詞尾后加 er 或est. soon-sooner-soonest clever-cleverer-cleverest2.以輔音字母輔音字母加“y”結尾的形容詞副詞,先把“y”變為“i”,再加er或est. (形容詞加形容詞加-ly構成的副詞除外構成的副詞除外

9、) angry-angrier-angriest busy-busier-busiest3. 以一個輔音字母結尾的形容詞，前面的元音字母發短元音時,應 先寫雙寫這一個輔音字母，再加er或est. big-bigger-biggest thin-thinner-thinnest fat-fatter-fattest wet-wetter-wettest hot-hotter-hottest red-redder-reddest 形容詞或副詞比較級和最高級的構成4. 多音節詞和一些雙音節詞在該詞前加more/ most變為比較級/最高級。(以ly結尾的副詞除early以及不規則變化外，也應加mor

10、e/most)Eg. interesting more/most interesting careful more/most careful slowly more/most slowly usefulmore useful- the most useful 例外: tired more / the most tired以下兩種變化方式都可: friendly- friendlier, friendliest / more/the most friendlyOften- oftener/ oftenest more/the most often形容詞或副詞比較級和最高級的構成不規則變化 goo

11、d/well better, best bad/badly/ill worse, worst many/much more, most little less, least * old older, oldest 年長的；老的；舊的 elder, eldest（親戚關系中）年長的 * far farther, farthest 遠的 further, furthest 遠的（有更加、進一步的含義）形容詞或副詞各比較等級的基本用法1、原級：使用形容詞或副詞原形，表示A與B一樣（或不一樣）。 主要用于A as/(not so) as B 結構。 Eg. 1) Jim is as tall as M

12、ike.Jim is not so tall as Mike.2)Jim works as hard as Mike. Jim doesnt work so hard as Mike.2、比較級：使用形容詞或副詞比較級形式，表示A與B 二者相比哪一個更。 主要用于A than B 結構。Eg. 1) Jim is taller than Mike.2) Jim works harder than Mike.比較級用法擴展1）比較級前面可以有much, even,far, Still, a bit,a little, a lot, 等修飾語,用以加深程度。 e.g. e.g. This book

13、 is much better than that one. This book is much better than that one. e.g. Hes far cleverer than his brother.e.g. Hes far cleverer than his brother. e.g. Eat a bit more, will you? e.g. Eat a bit more, will you? 2）比較級比較級，表示越來越 hotter and hotter 越來越熱 more and more beautiful 越來越漂亮3） than 后面的人稱代詞用主格或賓格

14、都可以。 He is taller than I (am). He is taller than me.3、最高級：使用形容詞或副詞最高級形式，表示三者（或三者以上）相比哪一個最。 主要用于the in/among/of +所包含人或事物的數量3的集合短語結構。Eg. 1) Jim is the tallest in our class.2) Jim works (the) hardest of all the boys.最高級用法擴展 最高級用法擴展形容詞最高級前的the在以下幾種情況下可以省略：1） 該形容詞前有物主代詞或名詞所有格。 He is my/Jims best friend.2

15、） 比較含義模糊。 We are busiest on Monday. This is a most interesting book. 這里的most相當于very。補充： China is one of the most beautiful countries. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.The Object Clause 賓語從句是主從復合句的一種。主從復合句是由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的。 主句是復合句的主體，從句僅僅是主句的一個成分，它從屬于主句，不能獨立。從句在全句中充當什么成分，就叫什么從

16、句。賓語從句當中的從句在全句中作賓語。重點和難點重點和難點 1 1、由不同引導詞引導的賓語從句、由不同引導詞引導的賓語從句 2 2、直接引語和間接引語、直接引語和間接引語 3 3、賓語從句中時態的變化、賓語從句中時態的變化由從屬連詞由從屬連詞thatthat引導的賓語從句引導的賓語從句 由連接代詞 who,whom,whose,which， what 和連接副詞 where,how,why,when引導的賓語從句由從屬連詞由從屬連詞 whether, if 引導的賓語從句引導的賓語從句note：that 在句中無詞匯意義，在從句中不能充當成分，在口語當中往往省略e.g. I hear (tha

17、t) _. （一小時后他會回來）He said (that) _. （他非常想念我們）The teacher told us (that) _. （地球圍著太陽轉） he will be back in an hour he missed us very much the earth moves around the sun1. He asked _. (誰能回答這個問題）2. Do you know_? （他們在等誰）3. He asked _. （誰的書法是班上最好的）5. Do you know _ (地球和月亮哪一個比較小）6. Please tell me _. （我們什么時候開會）

18、7. Can you tell me _? （他在哪兒）8. Could you tell me _? （我該怎么去車站）9. Would you tell me _?（為什么火車遲到了）由連接代詞what, whom, whose, which, what及連接副詞 when, where, how, why引導的賓語從句 who could answer the question whom they are waiting for whose handwriting was the best in the class when well have a meeting where he is

19、 how I can get to the station why the train is late? which is smaller, the earth or the moon?由從屬連詞由從屬連詞whether, if 引導的賓語從句引導的賓語從句e.g. 1. I want to know _. （他是否跟我們一起去公園）2. Ask him _. （他是否能來）3. I dont know _.（是否要下雨） if (whether) he will go to the park with us whether (if) he can come whether it is goi

20、ng to rain or not直接引語變間接引語與賓語從句的關系直接引語變間接引語與賓語從句的關系陳述句變為引導的賓語從句e.g. 1. He said, “You are younger than I ”. 2. He says, “Tony is a good student ”. He said that I was younger than him. He says that Tony is a good student. 直接引語變間接引語與賓語從句的關系直接引語變間接引語與賓語從句的關系一般疑問句變為if (whether)引導的賓語從句e.g. She said, “ Do

21、you often come here to read newspaper? ” “Will they go to visit the Great Wall?” he asked. She asked if (whether) I often came here to read newspaper. He asked if (whether) they would go to visit the Great Wall. 直接引語變間接引語與賓語從句的關系直接引語變間接引語與賓語從句的關系特殊疑問句變為特殊疑問句變為who, what, when等引導的賓語從句等引導的賓語從句e.g. 1. H

22、e asked, “Where do you live?” 2. “How can we get to the post office?” he asked. He asked where I lived. He asked how they could get to the post office. 直接引語變間接引語與賓語從句的關系直接引語變間接引語與賓語從句的關系 1、當主句的謂語動詞是一般現在時或一般將來時，賓語 從句的謂語動詞可以用所需要的任何一種時態。 2、當主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，賓語從句的謂語 動詞要用相應的過去時態，但當賓語從句敘述的內容 為客觀真理時，仍然用一般現在時。

23、e.g. The teacher said that the moon moves around the sun. The radio says it _ cloudy Tomorrow. (be)The headmaster hopes everything _ well. (go)Tony says that they _ (play) basketball at six oclock yesterday evening. I hear they _ (return) it already. He said that they _ members of the Party since 19

24、48. (be)He asked what they _ at eight last night. (do)The teacher told his class that light _ faster than sound. (travel)I think you _ about the relay race now. (talk)I didnt know whom the letters _ from. (be) will be goes were playing has returned had been travels are talking were were doing10. I d

25、idnt know what time he _ the letter. (write)11. Mr Cai told me that the earth _(move) round the earth. 12. Could you tell me who _ away the book already? (take)13. Ling Feng told me he _ to several times. (be)14. Our teacher told us in class the sun _ in the east. (rise)15. Can you tell me what they _ yesterday? (do) wrote moves has taken has been risesdid將下列句子合并為一句將下列句子合并為一句: :1