1、KalveroObergCultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostdiseases,ithasitsownsymptoms.文化休克是突然移居國外的人的一種職業病?像大多數疾病一樣，它有自己的征兆.Cultureshockiscausedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincl

2、udethethousandandonewayswithwhichwearefamiliarinthesituationofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeople,whenandhowtogivetips,howtogoshopping,whentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitations,whentotakestatementsseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues,whichmaybewords,gestures,facialexpressions,customs,ornorm

3、s,areacquiredbyallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmuchapartofourcultureastheIanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofusdependforourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues,oftenwithourconsciousawareness.文化休克是由于失去我們熟悉的標志和社會環境而導致的焦慮.這些標志包括我們熟悉的日常生活，遇到別人知道何時握手，說些什么，知道什么時候如何給小費，如何購物，何時接受或拒絕邀請，

4、何時嚴肅何時放松.這些可能是語言，手勢,面部表情，風俗或規定，我們成長的過程中一直遵守，是文化的一部分，就像我們語言或信仰一樣.我們依靠這些思想和標志，成為我們的潛意識.Nowwhenapersonentersastrangeculture,allormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved,Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedorfullofgoodwillyoumaybe,aseriesofpropshaveknockedfromunderyou,followedbyafeelingoffrust

5、rationandanxiety.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthesameway.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthediscomfort.“Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymadeusfeelbad.”Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogethertogrumbleaboutthehostcountryanditspeople,youcanbesuretheyaresufferingfromcultureshock.Anot

6、hersymptomofcultureshockisregression.Totheforeignereverythingbecomesirrationallyglorified.Allthedifficultiesandproblemsareforgottenandonlythegoodthingsbackhomeareremembered.Itusuallytakesatriphometobringonebacktoreality.當一個人進入一個陌生的環境所以這些熟悉的線索都消失了 . 他就像一條離開了水的魚，不管你有多么的思想開放多么的友好善良，一系列的問題會來到你的身邊，帶給你沮喪和

7、焦慮?人們對挫折的反應大致相同，首先是拒絕帶給他不適的環境，“這個國家很壞因為它讓我感覺很壞”.當一個陌生地方的人一起抱怨這個國家和這個國家的人，你就可以肯定他們正在遭受文化沖擊?文化休克的另一個癥狀就是逃避.對于一個外國人來說每一樣事物都變的無法忍受.所有的困難和問題都忘記了，只剩下回家這一個念頭.通常只有一趟回家之旅才會把他帶回現實.Someofthesymptomsofcultureshockare:excessivewashingofthehands;excessiveconcernoverdrinkingwater,fooddishes,andbedding;fearofphysic

8、alcontactwithattendants;theabsent-mindedstare;afeelingofhelplessnessandadesirefordependenceonIong-termresidentsofone'sownnationality;fitsofangeroverminorfrustrations;greatconcernoverminorpainsanderuptionsoftheskin;andfinally,thatterriblelongingtobebackhome.文化休克的另一些癥狀是：過度的洗手，過度關注飲用水，食物,床上用品，恐懼與服務

9、員身體接觸，失神凝望,感覺很無助，渴望依賴在這里長期居住的同國籍的人，小事就能引起憤怒，對輕微的疼痛和皮疹過度關注，最終極度渴望重返家園.Individualdiffergreatlyinthedegreeinwhichcultureshockaffectsthem.Althoughnotcommon,thereareindividualwhocannotliveinforeigncountries.However,thosewhohaveseenpeoplegothroughcultureshockandontoasatisfactoryadjustmentcanseestepsinthep

10、rocess.文化沖擊對不同的人有不同程度的影響.盡管并不普遍，有些人不能在國外生活.然而,可以看看有些已經克服文化沖擊并且有一個滿意的調整，可以參照一下步驟.StagesofAdjustmentRaymondZeuschnerKalveroObergdescribesfourstagesthatpeoplegothroughwhentheyexperieneesituationsthatareverydifferentfromthosetowhichtheyareaccustomed.Examplesofsuchsituationsincludemovingtoanewcity,travel

11、ingtoanewcountry,andbecomingpartofaneworganization,militaryunitorcorporation.KalveroOberg介紹了適應與他們熟悉的環境有很大不同的情況有四個階段.包括the new移居到一個新的城市，前往一個新的國家，成為一個組織,軍隊或公司的一員.Stageoneisahoneymoonphase,duringwhichexperieneeisperceivedtobeinteresting,picturesque,entertaining,andcharming.Youmaynoticeseveralsuperficia

12、ldifferencessuchasmusic,foodandclothing,andthefreshappealofthenewexperieneekeepsyoufeelinginterestedandpositive.Ifyouarearealtourist,youprobablydonotstaylongenoughforthisphasetowearoffbutgoontothenextnewlocationorexperienee.Therearepeoplewhofrequentlychangejobs,majors,romanticpartners,travelplans,cl

13、othingstyles,foods,diets,orcarssothattheynevergetveryfarawayfromthehoneymoonstageofcultureshock.Itisverypleasanttotravelandtotryoutandexplorewhateverisnew.第一階段是一個蜜月期.在此期間新的體驗被認為是有趣的，美麗的,好玩的,迷人的.你可能會注意到一些膚淺的差異，比如音樂，食物,衣服,新經驗讓你感覺新鮮有趣.如果你是一個真正的旅游者，在這個階段不會停留很久，因為會去新的地方,有新的經歷.有些人經常更換工作，專業的浪漫的合作者，旅行計劃，服裝風

14、格,食品,飲食,或汽車，因此，他們離文化沖擊很遠.蜜月階段是非常愉快的旅行,并嘗試和探索一切新的東西.Whenyoustayinanewenvironmentforawhile,youmovetostagetwothecrisisstageinwhichtheshinewearsoffandtheday-to-dayrealitiessinkin.Inarelationship,younoticeannoyinghabbits;inanewcountry,youfindbarrierstoestablishingconnectionsortolearningtheIanguagebeyonda

15、fewpolitephrases.Suddenly,yournewmajorincludesaclassoraprofessoryoudislike.Thedifficultiesandunpleasantnessofrealitiesreplacethecharmingandpicturesque“honeymoon.'However,ifyoustickwiththeexperienceandtrytodealwithitrealistically,youwillprobablymovetothethirdphaseofcultureshock:recovery.當你在一個新環境待

16、一段時間，你就進入了第二階段一一危機階段一一在這個階段所以的光環消退，現實的環境擺在你面前.在人際關系方面，你發現了令人煩惱的障礙，在一個新的國家，你發現建立人際關系學習新的語言是有障礙的，比起第一個階段來.突然之間，你的新專業涉及到的課程和教授你都不喜歡.困難和不愉快的現實取代了第一階段迷人的蜜月期.然而,如果你能夠堅持下去并且嘗試去處理,你可能會進去文化沖擊的第三階段：恢復.Inrecovery,youlearnthesystems,procedures,Ianguage,ornonverbalbehaviorsofthenewenvironmentsothatyoucancopewith

17、itonthebasisofsomemastery,competence,andcomfort.AfterabouttwoweeksinLondon,Ibegantofeelfamiliarwithtravelingby'tube,“shoppingnearlyeverydayforgroceries,payinginthecorrectcurrency,buyinganewspaper,andusingsomephrasesthatareuniquetoEnglishpeople.IhadtheadvantageofspeakingthesamebasicIanguageandofs

18、haringagreatdealwiththeEnglishinsomebroad,culturalaspects.Inacountrythatwasverydifferentfrommyown.ItwouldprobablyhavetakenmeIongertomoveintotherecoveryphase.在恢復階段，你學習新環境里的制度，程序,語言，行為以便能夠熟練駕馭?在倫敦大概兩周之后，我開始熟悉乘坐地鐵旅行，幾乎每天去雜貨店物，用正確的貨幣支付,買報紙,使用一些當地人才用的英語?文化方面我有說同種語言的優勢?在一個與我自己的國家有很大不同的地方，可能讓我用更長的時間去進入恢復階段

19、?Finally,thefourth,oradjustment,phaseoccurswhenyoufeelthatyoufunctionwellandalmostautomaticallyinthenewculture.YounoIongerneedtomakementalconversionsofthecountry'smoney;youknowwhereservicesarelocatedandhowtousethem;youunderstandsomeofthecustomsthataccompanyordinarylife,anditisrelativelyeasyforyoutoadjusttothem.Agreaterenjoymentofthenewexperieneeisnowpossible,andyoumayregainsomeoftheinitialpositiveregardyouhadinthehoneymoonstage.I