1、高中英語講義十九、主從復合句 賓語從句1概述 置于動詞、 介詞等詞性后面起賓語作用的從句叫賓語從句。 賓語從句的語序必須是陳述語序。謂語動詞、 介詞、 動詞不定式， v.-ing 形式后面都能帶賓語從句。 有些形容詞( afraid,sure,glad等)之后也可以帶賓語從句。2賓語從句的特點1 .賓語從句可以作及物動詞、介詞及形容詞的賓語。2 .賓語從句的語序一律用陳述句語序。3 .連接詞that引導賓語從句在句中無詞義，不充當句子成份，多數情況下可以省略。4 . whether和if都可引導賓語從句，但whether后可緊跟or not; whether從句可作介詞的賓語。5 .如果從句太

2、長，可以用形式賓語 it.3賓語從句中引導詞的用法在復合句中作主句的賓語，引導詞有：連詞：that( that 常可省略),whether,if代詞：who,whose,what,which副詞：when， where,how,why等。1. that引導的賓語從句(在非正式場合that可以省略) 可 跟 that 從 句 做 賓 語 的 動 詞 有 ：say,think,insist,wish,hope,demand,imagine,wonder,know,suppose,see,believe,agree,admit,deny,ex pect,explain,order,command,f

3、eel,dream,suggest,hear,mean,notice,prefer,request,require,propose,d eclare,report 等。如： The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注意：當主句謂語動詞是think,believe,suppose,expect 等詞，而賓語從句的意思是否定時，常把否定轉移至主句表示。如： I don't think it is right for him to treat you like that. 在以下情況中 that

4、不能省略 當句中的動詞后接多于兩個由 that 引導的賓語從句時，第一個that 可省，但后面的 that不可省。如： He said(that)you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you. 當主句的謂語動詞與that 賓語從句之間有插入語時， that 一般不可省。如： Just then I noticed for the first time,that our master was wearinghis fine green coat and his black sil

5、k cap. 當 that 從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時， that 不可省。如： I can't tell him that his mother died.注意： 許多帶復合賓語的句子， that 引導的賓語從句經常移到句子后部， 而用 it 作形式賓語。如： I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.2.由whether,if引導的賓語從句 由 whether （ if ）引導的賓語從句，實際上是一般疑問句演變而來的。意思是“是否”。賓語從句要用陳述句語序。一般說來，在賓語從句中 whether 與 if

6、可以互換使用，但在特殊情況下 if 與 whether 是不能互換的。如： I wonder whether（if ） they will come to our party.只能用whether,不能用if引導的賓語從句 在帶 to 的不定式前如： We decided whether to walk there. 在介詞的后面如： I'm thinking of whether we should go to see the film. 在動詞后面的賓語從句時如： We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week 直接與o

7、r not 連用時如： I can't say whether or not thet can come on time. 只能用if 不能用 whether 引導的賓語從句 if 引導條件狀語從句，意為“如果”如： The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny. if 引導否定概念的賓語從句時如： He asked if I didn't come to school yesterday. 引導狀語從句 even if （即使）和as if （好象）時如： He talks as if he has known all abo

8、ut it.3.連接代詞和連接副詞引導的賓語從句這樣的賓語從句實際上是由特殊疑問句變化而來的， 賓語從句要用陳述句語序。 用于這種結構 的 動 詞 常 常 是 ： see,say,tell,ask,answer,know,decide,show,find out,imagine,suggest,doubt,wonder,discover,understand,inform,advise 等。英語中的連接代詞有：who,whom,whose,which,what, 在句中擔任主語、 賓語、 定語或者表語。如： Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?英語

9、中的連接副詞有：when,where,why,how ，在句中擔任狀語的成分。如： None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.4賓語從句的語序賓語從句的語序是陳述句語序即：連接代詞/副詞+主語+謂語+其他成分。如： I don't know what they are looking for.Could you tell me when the train will leave?Can you imagine what kind of man he is?5賓語從句的時態1 .主句是一般現在時，從句根據實際情況使用任何時態

10、。如： The headmaster hopes everything goes well.2 .主句是過去時態，從句須用過去時態的某種形式。如： She was sorry that she hadn't finished her work on time.3 .當賓語從句表示的是一個客觀真理或者事實時，即使主句是過去時，從句也用一般現在 時態。如： The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound. 狀語從句也可位在復合句中， 修飾主句或主句謂語的句子叫作狀語從句。 狀語從句可位于主句之前，于主句之后。狀

11、語從句可分為時間、地點、原因、結果、條件、方式、讓步、比較和目的等九大類。1狀語從句引導詞列表從句類型從屬連詞時間狀語從句as,t afterbefore, once, since.* till, until, ¥ he never j vrhi 1 &j 3s s ooi i as地點狀語從句where, wherevers anyvherej everywhere驚因狀語從句because, since, as, naw (that)j seeing that, considering that, i nt hat結果狀語從句thatj 50 thatj so/such.

12、 . that目的狀語從句5。that, in brdur thatjfear that,infor the purpose that條件狀語從句if, uniessj as/slong as, on ccndition that, in case., prozided that比較狀語從句thanj as. . as, not so/as.as方式狀語從旬as? as if/tho-u h6v讓步狀語從句though, although, wn if/though, however, whatever, as, while1 .上述有些連詞除了能引導狀語從句外，還可引導定語從句和名詞性從句。

13、在使用的時候，要根據句子結構和句意來判別和區分不同的從句，正確使用引導詞。以where為例，試比較下列多種從句的區別。如：You are to find it where you left it.（地點狀語從句）Tell me the address where he lives.（定語從句，先行詞為 the address）I don't know where he came from.（賓語從句）Where he has gone is not known yet.（主語從句）This place is where they once hid.（表語從句）2 .在兩個分句間要有一個

14、且只有一個連詞，千萬不能按漢語習慣。如： Because he was ill,he didn't come to school.=He was ill,so he didn't come to school.3 .在時間、地點、條件、方式或讓步狀語從句中，若從句的主語與主句的主語一致（或從句的主語為it）,從句的謂語又包含動詞be時，從句中的“主語+be”部分可省略。如： When （he was）asked about it,he kept silent.Fill in the blanks with articles when （they are）necessary.If

15、（it is）possible,I'll explain it again later.She stood at the gate as if （she was） waiting for someone.2時間狀語從句1. when引導的時間狀語從句 when 引導的時間狀語從句， 其動詞既可以是延續性動作的動詞， 也可以是瞬間性動作的動詞，可以表示主句的動作和從句的動作同時發生，或從句的動作發生在主句的動作之前。如： when you apply for a job,you must present your credentials. 當你申請工作時， 你必須遞交你的有關證件。 （同

16、時）when the students heard the teacher's footsteps,taeyadopted talking. 當學生們聽到老師的腳步聲時，他們都停止了講話。 （從句動作發生在前） when 還可表示 just then （正在那時）的意思，此時其所引導的從句只放在主句之后。如： we were about to start when it began to rain. 我們正要動身，突然天下起雨來。The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining. 比賽剛剛開始就下起雨來。

17、as 引導的時間狀語從句as側重表示主句和從句的動作并相發生，翻譯成“一邊一邊”。如： We were having breakfast as she was combing her 她梳頭時我們在吃早飯。3. while引導的時間狀語從句while或“在期間”，所引導的從句的動作是延續性的，并表示和主句的動作同時發生。如： When the teacher paraphrased the text in English,the students listened attentively and took notes.當老師用英語解釋課文時，學生們聚精會神地聽并做著筆記。I can learn

18、 while I wor 裁可以邊工作邊學習。4. before引導的時間狀語從句before "在之前”如： I'll be back before you have left. 你離開之前我就會回來。before "之后才"如： It may be many years before we meet again. 能要過許多年我們才能再見了。It was three days before I came back. 他三天后才回來。5. as soon as/once/directly/the instant 引導的時間狀語從句as soon as是最

19、常見的表示“一就"的從屬連詞，其他連詞還有immediately, instantly ,the instant(that)the minute(that),the moment(that)等，它們通常都可與 as soon a換用。如： As soon as we got home,the telephone rang.我們至U家， 電話就響了。I recognized her immediately I saw her. 我一看見她就認出她來了。Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet. 老師一進來，大家就靜了下來。6. ha

20、rdlywhen/no soonerthan引導的時間狀語從句關聯從屬連詞 hardly/barely/scarcely when 和 no sooner.than 的意思是“剛就“，它們所引導的從句中的謂語動詞通常為過去完成時。如： He had no sooner (no sooner had he)arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.他剛一到家，就又要他出另一次差。No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have

21、 remained silent. 這些話剛一出口，他就意識到自己應該保持沉默。7. since引導的時間狀語從句在含有 since 引導的時間狀語從句的復合句中，從句的謂語動詞通常為一般過去時，主句的謂語動詞通常為現在完成時、過去完成時和一般現在時。如： we've never met since we graduated from the college. 大學畢業后我們就再沒見過面。Great changes have taken place since you left.你走了 以后，這里發生了 巨大變化。8. till/until引導的時間狀語從句till和until同義，作

22、"直到時（為止）”解，till多口語話， until 多用于句首。如： Donald will remain in college untilltill）he finishes his Ph.D course. 唐納德將留在學校直到完成他的博士學位課程。I won't go with you until（tll）I finished my homework. 等裁做完作業我才和你一起去。3地點狀語從句1. where引導的地點狀語從句，從屬連詞 where "在（或到）的地方“如： Where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者事

23、竟成。Put it where you found it. 把它放在原來的地方。where 在地點狀語從句中，除指地點外，還可指處境等。如：He said he was happy where he was.他說他對自己的處境很滿意。It's your fault that she is where she is. 她今天落到這個地步都怪你。2. wherever引導的地點狀語從句wherever=no matter where后者只能放句首。從屬連詞wherever "在（或到）的各個地方”如： You can go wherever（anywhere）you like t

24、hese day. 這些天你可以去你想去的地方。Where（no matter where）they went the experts were warmly welcomed. 專家每到一處，都受到熱烈的歡迎。Sit down wherever you like. 你喜歡坐哪兒就坐哪兒（ wherever 不可以換成no matter where ）4原因狀語從句1. because引導的原因狀語從句通常用于回答why 引出的疑問句，語氣最強，該從句一般位于主句后面。如： I didn't go abrord with her because I couldn't affor

25、d it. 我沒有和她一起出國是因為費用太高。Don't scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 不要因為時間倉促而馬馬虎虎。2. as引導的原因狀語從句as 引導的原因狀語從句多位于主句之前，通常可以和 since 換用。如： As I didh t know the wayl asked a policeman. 我不認識路，因而問警察。As it is snowing we shall not climb the mountain. 在下雪，我們不去爬山了。3. since引導的原因狀語從句since引導的原因狀語從句多

26、位于主句之前，通常可以和as換用。與as用法一樣如： Since traveling by air is much faster,they decided to take a plane. 你既然乘飛機旅行快得多， 他們就決定坐飛機。Since you won t help me,I'll ask someone else. 你既然不幫我，那我就請別人幫忙。4. now (that)引導的原因狀語從句，now(that)"既然"如： Now(that)you have passed your test you can drive on your own. 你既已考試

27、合格，就可以獨 自開車了。5. seeing (that)引導的原因狀語從句Seeing(that) “鑒于；由于” ，通常用于非正式文體。如： Seeing(that)the weather is badve'll stay at home. 天氣不好，我們還是呆在家里吧。5結果狀語從句1. so tha引導的結果狀語從句so that引導的結果狀語從句只能位于主句之后，so that引導什么從句根據句意來判斷如： Suddenly it began to rain heailso that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.

28、突然下起了 大雨，幾乎無法繼續開車。Linda phoned me in on arrival so that I know she was safe and sound. 琳達到達后給我打了電話， 因而我知道她平安無事。sothat引導的結果狀語從句sothat "如此以致" ，that可以省略，so后面接形容詞或副詞。 如： She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying. 她說話如此之快竟沒有人聽 出來她在講什么。There is so little time left that I have

29、 to tell you about it latter. 現在剩下的時間不多了，我只好以 后再給你講這件事。suchthat引導的結果狀語從句引導結果狀語從句的suchthat的具體內容是：such+a/an+形容詞+名詞+that從句；such+a/an+形容詞+單數名詞+that=so+形容詞+a/an+單數名詞+that從句。如： The professor told us such a funry story that all the students laughed (=The professor told us so funry a story that all the stud

30、ents laughed.) 教授講了個很有趣的故事， (以致于)所有的學生都笑了起來。6目的狀語從句2. in order thl導的目的狀語從句in order that 為了；以便” 。多用于正式文體，通常可以與 so that 換用。如： You stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake. 他們在杭州停了下 來，以便游覽西湖。The expert spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand. 專家講得很慢，以便人人聽得 懂。3. so(

31、thal導的目的狀語從句sothat "為了；以便”。sothat通常可以與in order tha換用，它所引導的目的狀語從句總是放在主句之后，在非正式文體中，常省略that。如： Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 你要講得清楚，他們才聽得懂。She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight.她要七點鐘備好茶點,這樣她八點以前就可以出門了。4. in case/for fear(th引導的目的狀語從句in case for fear(that 這倆個從屬連

32、詞都表示否定目的，意思是“以免” ， “以防” 。 in case 它所引導的從句中的謂語動詞可以是陳述語氣形式，也可以是虛擬語氣形式； for fear(that) 引導的從句中的謂語帶有may， might ， should 等情態動詞。如： Take your umbrella in case it rains. 帶上你的傘，以防下雨。He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain. 他帶了一把傘，以防下雨。7條件狀語從句1. if引導的條件狀語從句，翻譯成“如果”如： If I were a bird ， l would

33、 fly. 如果他說了那樣的話，他不可能是說實話。2. unless引導的條件狀語從句unless 引導的是否定條件狀語從句，在意義上相當于i.not ，而且語氣較強，一般不用于虛擬語氣。如： You'll be late unless you hurry. 你會遲到的，如果不趕快的話。3. if only引導的條件狀語從句ifonly 在引導條件狀語從句時意為“只要；如果” 。如： I'l let you use the car if only you keep it in good condition. 只要你把車保養好， 我就讓你用。4. as/so long as導的條

34、件狀語從句，as/so long as意為"只要；如果“。如： As long as it doesn't rain,we can play. 只要不下雨我們就能玩。5. provided(that)/providing(that)導的條件狀語從句，provided(that)/providing(that)意為“如果； 只要” 。如： I will aree to go providing(that my expense are paid.) 假如為我負擔費用，我就同意去。8比較狀語從句1. asas引導的比較狀語從句asas表示同級比較，主句中用形容詞或副詞的原級形式，從

35、句常常為省略句。如： We were as fortunate as them(they were). 裁們和他們一樣幸運。I hope she will make as much progress as you (have done). 我望她將取得和你同樣的進步。2. not so/as.as引導的比較狀語從句not so/as.as表示同級比較，主句中用形容詞或副詞的原級形式，從句常常為省略句。如： That's not so/as simple as it sounds.那件事情不像聽起來那么簡單。9方式狀語從句1. as引導的方式狀語從句as在引導方式狀語從句時意為“以方式；

36、如同那樣”，從句有時是省略句。如：Do as I say.要照我說的做。I did just as you told me. 我正是照你說的辦的。Air is to man as water is to fish. 空氣之于人猶如水之于魚。2. as if/as thougl導的方式狀語從句as if 和 as though 的用法相同，都作“好像，仿佛” ；二者引導的狀語從句往往用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反。如： They looked at me as if as though I were mad. 他們瞧著我好像我發瘋了似的。They look as if/as though they

37、know each other. 他們看來好像互相認識。十讓步狀語從句1. although/though引導的讓步狀語從句although 和 though ，都作“雖然；盡管”解，通常可以換用.如： Although they have been talking.for a long time,he cannot make her believe him. 雖然和她談了半天，他還是不能讓她信任自己。2. even if導的讓步狀語從句even if “即使，縱然” ，從句表示的是尚未發生的動作或存在的情況。如： Even if I failed again,I will not give

38、up the experiment. 即使我再次失敗， 我也決不會放棄實 驗。3. even though導的讓步狀語從句even though “雖然，盡管”，通常可以和 although/though 換用。如： Even though I didnt understand a workept smiling. 即使我一個字也不懂， 我還是保持微笑。Even though you say sol do not believe it. 即使你這樣說，我也不信。4. while引導的讓步狀語從句，while "雖然，盡管”如： While I understand your poin

39、t of view do not share it. 我雖了解你的觀點，但不敢茍同。5. whatever/no matter what導的讓步狀語從句Whatever=no matter what 都作“無論什么”如： Whatever/No matter what he saysdon't go. 不管他說什么，你都不要走。We are determined to fulfill the task whatever happens. 不管發生什么了，我們決心完成任務。6. whichever/no matter whicI 導的讓步狀語從句 Whichever=no matter

40、which 都作“無論哪個”如： Whichever/No matter which you buy there is a six-month guarantee.不論你買哪個，都有六個月的保修期。No matter which of the two men had stolen her purse Barbara was determined to find them. 不管 這兩個人是誰偷了她的錢包，芭芭拉決心找到他們。7. whoever/no matter whl導的讓步狀語從句 Whoever=no matter wh 都作“無論誰”如： You can't come in

41、whoever you are. 不管你是誰，都不能進來。8. however/no matter houl導的讓步狀語從句 However=no matter how 者B作 “無論如何”如： However high it may beit ca't reach the sky. 它不論有多高，也高不到天上去。9. whenever/no matter whel導的讓步狀語從句 Whenever=no matter when 都作“無論何時”如：Whenever 'm unhappy,he cheers me up.每當我不高興時，他就給我鼓勁兒。10. as引導的讓步狀語

42、從句as 在引導讓步狀語從句時作“雖然；盡管”和“即使”解，但是它不位于句首，在它前面 的可以是形容詞、名詞、副詞等。如： Strongas you maybe,you cannot lift it. 雖然你可能很有力氣，你卻無法把它提起來。 Late as it was,they continued to study. 時間盡管不早了，他們仍繼續學習。 定語從句1 含義1 .定語從句：在主從復合句中， 充當主句的定語成分， 用于修飾某一名詞、 代詞或名詞短語的從句叫定語 從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的詞之后。2 .先行詞： 被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。3 .關系詞：引導定語從句的詞叫關系

43、詞。在定語從句中代替先行詞并充當一定的成分。 關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞有that， which ， who,whom,whose,ad 等，在從句中作主語、賓語、定語和表語；關系副詞有 when,where, why等，時間、地點、原因狀語。關系詞的選擇由先行詞的意思及先行詞在從句中充當的成分決定。定語從句的結構Justin Bieber is a famous sinEersinrr the wing Bib明先行詞 美系詞 定語從句關系代詞引導的定語從句1. who指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語(口語或非正式文體中，可省略)。如：That is the teacher who

44、teaches us physics.2. whom指人，在定語從句中做賓語，可省略。如：Li Ming is just the boy (whom)I want to see.3. which指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時常可省略。如：Football is a game which is liked by most boys.4. that指人時，相當于who或whom;指物時，相當于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語, 作賓語時常可省略。如: He is the man that/who lives next door.Where is the man (that/whom)

45、I saw this moming?The season that/which comes after spring is summer.The dress (that/which)Ann bought doebnfit her very well.5. whose指人、物皆可，在定語從句中做定語，表“某某的”如：I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.常用以下結構來代替：The house whose windows are broken is empty.The house the windows of

46、which are broken is empty.We went to see our teacher whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.=We went to see our teacher,the husband of whom lost his life in the earthquake.6. 限制性定語從句中，當先行詞被such,the same修飾時，關系代詞用 as,譯作“像一樣的人或物”。如： He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.I've never hearh

47、uch stories as he tells.注意：the sarmeras和the same.that結構的句意不一樣。如： This is the same book as I read last week.This is the same book that I read last week.4特殊用法1. “介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句關系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語時， 可以把介詞放在從句中有關動詞的后面， 使關系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞，也可以跟介詞一起放在從句與主句之間，此時，指物只能用 which ，指人只能用 whom ，關系代詞是所有格時用 whose。如： The scho

48、ol(which/that)he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.This is the boy (whom/who/that)I played tennis with yesterday.=This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。如： look for,look after,take care of 等。 介詞的選擇 與從句中謂語動

49、詞的搭配相關如： This is the book on which I spent 10 yuan.This is the book for which I paid 10 yuan. 與先行詞的搭配相關如： I will never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 與所表達的意義相關The colorless gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.“介詞 + 關系代詞”前還可有 some,any,none,all,both,ne

50、ither,many,most,each, few 等代詞或 者數詞，表示先行詞的部分或整體。如： He loves his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him.2. that和which在指物時一般可以互換，但在下列情況中，一般用 that而不用which 先行詞本身為 everything,nothing,something,anything,little,few,much,all,none,some all,theone 等不定代詞時如： Everything that he said was true. 先行詞被 all,e

51、very,any,no,some,few,little,much,the very( 恰恰，正好) ,the only 等修飾時如： This is the very grammar book(that)I want to buy. 先行詞是序數詞、形容詞最高級或被序數詞、形容詞最高級修飾時如： This is the first bodehat)he has read.This is the best that has been used against pollution. 先行詞被 the only,the very,the last 修飾時如： This is the very boo

52、k that belongs to him. 先行詞既有人，又有物時如： He mentioned the people and things that he saw in his trip. 先行詞前面有who,which 等疑問代詞如： Which is the T-shirt that fits me nfostWho is the girl that you spoke to just now?主句是there be結構，修飾其主語的定語從句用that (先行詞為物)如： There is a book on the desk that belongs to my sister. 先行

53、詞在定語從句中做表語，而關系代詞在從句中也做表語時。如：She is no longer the sweet girl（that）she used to be.3. that和who在指人時一般可以互換，但當先行詞是he,she等人稱代詞，以及 one,ones,anybody,anyone,all,none,those 等不定代詞時，一般用who,不用 that。如： Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.5關系副詞引導的定語從句1. when在定語從句中作時間狀語（=in

54、/at/on/during+which）如：I'll never forget the day when/on which I first met you.Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live.2. where在定語從句中作地點狀語（ =in/at/on+which）。situation （情景），case （實例），point （階段），Internet, stage （階段）等表抽象“地點”的名詞作先行詞時，關系副詞選擇 whereo如： The school where/in whi

55、ch my son studies is near a park.The Internet,where we can search for a large amount of information,has become an indispensable part of many people's life.3. why在定語從句中作原因狀語（ =for+which ）。如： There are many reasons why/for which people like traveling.6限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句形式上不用退號不在句隔開用逗號

56、和王句隔開意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語,不能 刪除是對先行詞的補充說明F刪除后意 忠仍完整諾法上翻逢成先行詞的定語S的”通常翻謂成主句的并列句關系詞的 使用上上做賓語時可省略&可用th始 C,可用0代替whomA.不可tfB.不用thatC.不用wh口代替what如：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.China is a country which has a long history.His mother,who loves him very much,is strict w

57、ith him.I have been to Hangzhou,which is a very beautiful city.1,非限制性定語從句引導詞的選擇（不能用that） 先行詞指人，在從句中作主語，用 who如: His mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him. 先行詞指人，在句中作賓語，用 whom如： His wife,whom you met at my horme,was a teacher. 先行詞指物，在句中作主語或賓語，用 which如： Her house,which was built a hundred years ago,stood still in the earthquake. 先行詞指人或物，在句中作定語，用 whose如： The book,whose cover