1、 非謂語動詞是高考的重點和熱點，也是我們英語學習中所碰到的難點之一。非謂語動詞分為三種形式：不定式，V-ing分詞（又分為現在分詞和動名詞）和過去分詞。1.非謂語動詞的語法功能所能充當的成分主語表語賓語賓語（主語）補足語定語插入語（獨立成分）V-ing形式現在分詞動名詞不定式（to do）過去分詞（done）注：常見作獨立成分的非謂語動詞to tell you the truth(實話說)，needless to say(不用說)，to be honest/frank(老實說，坦白說)，to be more exact(更確切地說)，to make things worse (更糟的是)，no

2、t to mention(更不用說)，Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking (一般說來 / 坦白說 / 粗略地說)2.非謂語動詞的變化形式非謂語形式構成時態語態復合結構否定式主動被動不定式一般式to doto be donefor sb. to do sth. 或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加not或never進行式to have doneto have been done完成式to be doing/完成進行式to have been doing/動名詞一般式doingbeing donesb.或sbs doing作主語要用sbs d

3、oing在前加not特別注意復合結構的否定式： sbs not doingsbs not having done完成式having donehaving been done現在分詞與動名詞變化形式相同在前加not（一）辨別謂語與非謂語特別注意分析句子的結構才能辨別謂語與非謂語。The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A. being weighed B. weighs C. weighed D. wei

4、ghing【解析】容易誤選B或C，將其當成謂語看待。under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds用作children的定語。動詞weigh與名詞children是主動關系，所以選擇weighing。_ blood if you can and many lives will be saved. A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give【解析】如果不注意分析句子結構，會誤選A或C項。這是祈使句+and+陳述句的句型。答案B。（二）非謂語作主語、賓語的重點1.it充當動詞不定式的形式主語或形式賓語It is imp

5、ortant for us to learn English very well.對我們來說學好英語是非常重要的。 I think it important for us to learn English very well.我認為對我們來說學好英語是非常重要的。it作形式主語使用動名詞的句型It is no use/no good/useless+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is fun(a great pleasure, a waste of time)It is a waste of time trying to explain.設法解釋是

6、浪費時間。2.用不定式還是用動名詞作賓語有特殊規定I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be soundedC. sounding D. to have sounded【解析】want后要跟動詞不定式作賓語，sound是連系動詞不用被動式，與謂語動詞沒有時間的先后，故不可用它的完成式。答案A。類似的知識點要記牢。如：help, hope, ask, refuse, decide, promise, wish, pretend, expec

7、t, arrange, learn, plan, demand, dare, manage, agree, prepare, fail, determine, offer, choose, desire, elect, long等動詞后要用動詞不定式作賓語。It is difficult to imagine his _the decision without any consideration. A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. accepted 【解析】imagine要求用動名詞作賓語。答案B。3.用不定式還是用動名詞作賓語意義不同In some

8、 parts of London, missing a bus means _for another hour.A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting 【解析】此題意為“在英國的一些地方，如果錯過了公交車就意味著再等一個小時。”mean doing sth 意為“意味著什么”，mean to do sth 意為“試圖、打算做什么”。答案A。類似的知識點要記牢。動詞本身意義不變，跟不定式和動名詞意義不同remember to do sth. 記住要做remember doing sth.記得過去做過forget to do sth. 忘了已做

9、過的事forget doing sth. 忘記要做某事動詞本身意義改變，跟不定式和動名詞意義不同regret to do sth.對馬上要或不做的事表示遺憾regret doing sth.對已發生的事表示遺憾或后悔mean to do sth.打算，想要mean doing 意味著，意思是try to do sth. 努力做某事try doing sth. 嘗試做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁，忍不住cant help (to) do sth.不能幫忙做某事be considered to have done被認為已經做了considerto be認為是consider

10、 doing考慮做某事動詞本身意義不變，跟不定式被動式和動名詞意義相同want，need，require接動名詞表示被動意義，接不定式就要用被動式，這時主語與動名詞之間為動賓關系These young trees require looking after（=to be looked after）.The matter needs thinking over(=to be thought over).下列動詞跟動詞不定式做目的狀語，跟動名詞作賓語stop to do停下來，要做另一件事（不定式作目的狀語）stop doing停止做（動名詞作賓語）go on to do接著做另一件事（不定式作目

11、的狀語）go on doing繼續做同一件事（動名詞作賓語）（三） 非謂語作賓語補足語的重點1.理解下表中所列的關系非謂語與賓語的邏輯關系與謂語動作的時間關系不定式主動關系在謂語動詞后發生不帶to的不定式表示動作的全過程現在分詞主動關系同時進行過去分詞被動關系動作已經完成或表示狀態When I came in, I saw her dancing happily. （主動進行）I saw him go to the cinema.（主動，全過程）We heard her singing next door.（主動進行）We heard the song sung by her next doo

12、r. （被動完成）We heard the song being sung next door. （被動進行）2.下列動詞和短語必須以用不定式作賓語補足語wish, want, ask, require/request, order, warn, allow/permit, forbid, expect, remind, encourage, inspire, call on, depend on注意：advise/allow/permit/forbid +賓語+不定式作賓語補足語advise/allow/permit/forbid +動名詞作賓語時What did the librarian

13、 _ out of the library?  A. permit to take B. forbid to be taken C. allow to take D. insist being takenI dont allow _ in my office and I dont allow my family _ at all. A. to smokesmoking B. smokingto smoke C. to smoketo smoke D. smokingsmoking答案：B3. 在think, consider, find等動詞后常用to be +adj. 結構作賓語補

14、足語，有時to be省略。We all discover him (to be) kind and honest.4.幾個特別的結構have+賓語+do/doing/done “ have + 賓語+ do sth ”意為“讓/叫/使某人做某事”。此結構中的 have 是使役動詞，賓語后的 do sth 是不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.老板經常要他們一天工作14 個小時。“have +賓語+ doing”意為“叫/讓/使某人做某事或讓某種情況發生”。賓語后面用現在分詞作賓語補足語，表示賓語與現在

15、分詞表示的動作之間為主動關系，且動作正在進行。Dont have the dog barking much, Lilin. 李林，別讓狗狂吠不停。“ have + 賓語+done”意為“讓/叫/使/請別人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了，此時，主語是無意中的受害者，而不是動作的執行者”的意思。賓語后面用過去分詞作賓語補足語，說明賓語與過去分詞表示的動作之間是被動關系。We had the machine mended just now.我們剛才請人把機器修好了。He had his leg injured while playing football.他在踢足球時腿受了傷。get+賓語+to do

16、/doing/done 三種結構的意義請參看上述“have+賓語+do/doing/done”的意義解釋。 He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。 Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能讓那輛舊鐘再走起來嗎？ Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多麗絲在醫院把壞牙拔了。 make + oneself + done oneself 與其后的過去分詞存在著動賓關系，或者說是被動關系He rai

17、sed his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓門為了使別人聽清他的講話。（四）非謂語作定語的重點1.理解下表中所列的關系分類形式與被修飾詞的邏輯關系與謂語動作的時間關系不定式to do動賓關系在謂語動作后發生“the last/next/first.” 后常接不定式作定語，表示主謂關系在謂語動作前或者后發生to be done被動關系在謂語動作后發生現在分詞doing主動關系與謂語動作同時進行being done被動關系與謂語動作同時進行過去分詞done被動關系在謂語動作之前發生存在的狀態或情況It is a good chance to

18、 practice your spoken English.這是練習你的口語的好機會。He was the last one to leave the office. 他是最后一個離開辦公室的。The woman standing over there is our English teacher.站在那邊的那個婦女是我們的英語老師。The house to be built (=which will be built/which is to be built) next year will be our new library.（將要建的）The house being built (=wh

19、ich is being built) now will be our new library.（正在建的） The house built (=which was built) last year is our new library now.（已經建成的） I like reading books written by Lu Xun.我喜歡讀魯迅寫的小說。2.動詞不定式尾后的介詞不能丟When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _. A. to send B. for sending it C.

20、to send it to D. for sending it to 【解析】該題中須用不定式短語作后置定語，排除B 和D；答案A中，沒有to就意味著是把George 這個人打發走。本句意思是將該報告送給這個人George, it 指這個報告，因此to不能少。答案C。（五） 非謂語作狀語的重點1.理解下表中所列的關系非謂語與邏輯主語（即句子的主語）的關系與謂語動作的時間關系doing（一般式）作狀語主動關系（幾乎）與謂語動作同時進行having done（完成式）作狀語主動關系先于謂語動作發生having been done（完成被動式）作狀語被動關系先于謂語動作發生done（過去分詞）作狀語

21、被動關系已經在過去發生或是不十分強調時間概念Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine.Having (=Because we have) made full preparations, we are sure to be successful.Having been shown around(=After we had been shown) the library, we were then taken to see the laboratory.Seen (=When the t

22、own is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.Locked (=When he was locked) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.2.tooto, enough to do, only to等結構表示結果 The boy is too young to join the navy.這男孩太小參不了海軍。The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people. 這廳大得足以容納一千人。They l

23、ift a rock only to drop it on their own feet他們搬起石頭結果卻砸了自己的腳。注意：動詞作結果作狀語表示未曾預料的結果，而現在分詞作結果狀語表示自然而然或必然的結果。Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. 3.分詞（短語）作狀語的附著規則使用分詞（短語）作句子狀語時，有一條規則必須遵守：即分詞（短語）的邏輯主語應當與句子的主語一致，否則句子就是錯句。_from t

24、he top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see【解析】此處是非謂語動詞做狀語，邏輯主語是句子的主語，非謂語動詞與邏輯主語是被動關系，用過去分詞。答案A。對比：Seeing from the top of the tower, we can find the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.主要：已經成為固定用法的非謂語動詞（短語）不需要遵守這條附著規則常見的的有：

25、considering(鑒于/考慮到)，judging by/from(從來看，依據來判斷)，supposing that(假定)，providing that (假定)，according to(依據)，including(包括)，owing to(由于)，talking/speaking of(談及) given(考慮到), provided that(如果)4.獨立主格結構和with復合結構邏輯主語+不定式/現在分詞/過去分詞I send you 100 dollars today, the rest to follow in a year. 今天我先給你寄100美元。其余的錢一年內陸續

26、寄過去。Weather permitting, Ill go to the park with my parents on Sunday. 如果天氣允許，星期天我將和爸媽去公園。All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考慮到所有的情況，原來計劃好的旅行不得不取消。with(without)+賓語+不定式/現在分詞/過去分詞With a lot of difficult problems to settle ,the newly elected president is having a hard t

27、ime.有很多難題要解決新任總統日子可不好過！Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 由于沒有東西吃，他餓死了。The Yangtze river is very busy with so many boats and ships coming and going every day.每天長江上各種船只來來往往顯得格外忙碌。 Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks. 如果不另給我們時間的話，我們三星期之內完成不了任務。With ever

28、ything well arranged, he left the office.一切都安排妥善之后，他離開了辦公室。（六）非謂語動詞的邏輯主語一般說來非謂語動詞的邏輯主語要么就是句子的主語或賓語，要么就是被它所修飾的中心詞。但是有時需要明確非謂語動詞所表示動作的執行者或承受者，這時就要標明它的邏輯主語。當動名詞短語作主語、賓語或表語時，具有名詞特性，其邏輯主語由“名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞”表示，放在動名詞短語之前。當動名詞短語不在句首時，也可由“名詞普通格或代詞賓格”表示。Helens/Her being absent made the teacher very angry. 海倫/她沒

29、來上課，讓老師很生氣。They insisted on my/me speaking at the meeting. 他們堅持要我在會上發言。Please do me a favor _ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight.A. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited 【解析】答案為C。該題目把祈使句，非謂語動詞以及破折號的作用綜合到一起來進行考察查。句意：請幫我個忙邀請我的朋友史密斯先生今晚7點半到青年劇院。破折號后是一個祈使句。1.作賓語時的區別I cant stand _

30、with Jane in the same office. She just refuses_ talking while she works. A. working , stopping B. to work, stopping C. working, to stopD. to work , to stop 【解析】答案為C。stand在這里表示“忍受”，后面要求用動名詞作賓語，而“refuse”要用不定式作賓語。Isn't it time you got down to_ the papers?A. mark   B. be markedC. being mar

31、ked D. marking 【解析】答案為D。 “got down to”中的“to”是介詞因而要用動名詞作賓語，而動名詞“marking”與其邏輯主語“you”是主動關系。There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need _.A. that, to be improved B. which , to be improvedC. where, improving D. when, improving【解析】答案為A。因為“公路狀況需要改善”，“need”后接“imp

32、roving”或“to be improved”都可以。后面的從句應是“problem”的同位語，應用“that”引導。Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She triedalone, but she didnt like it and moved back home.A. livingB. to liveC. to be living D. having lived【解析】答案為A。try doing sth.意為“試著做某事”；try to do sth. 意為“盡力去做某事”。句意：蘇姍不想依賴父母。她試著一個人生活，但不喜歡這

33、樣，又搬回家去了。All the staff in our company are considering_ to the city centre for the fashion show.A. to go B. going C. to have gone D. having gone【解析】答案為B。consider doing意為“考慮做某事”。2.作表語時的區別Tom sounds very much _ in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it. A. interested B. interesting C. intere

34、stingly D. interestedly【解析】答案為A。“sound”是連系動詞，應使用形容詞化的分詞作表語。C、D 備選項都是副詞，應排除。“interest”的現在分詞表示主語所具有的特征，意思是“令人感興趣的”；過去分詞表示主語所處的狀態，意思是“感興趣的”。Please remain;the winner of the prize will be announced soon.A. seatingB. seated C. to seat D. to be seated【解析】答案為B。“seat”是及物動詞，“be seated=sit down”。此處“seated=sitt

35、ing”。“remain seated”保持坐著的狀態。句意為：請各位在座位上坐著；獲獎者很快就會宣布的。3.作賓語（主語）補足語時的區別The teacher asked us _so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make【解析】答案為D。在動詞“ask”后面用不定式作賓語補足語，其否定形式是“not to do”。Excuse me sir, where is Room 301? Just a minute. Ill have Bob _you to your room. A. show B. s

36、hows C. to show D. showingA cook will be immediately fired if he was found _in kitchen. A. smoke B. smokingC. to smoke D. smoked【解析】答案為B。“find”后接現在分詞作主語補足語。此句中“smoking” 是主語“he”的補足語, 所以稱為主語補足語。表示主動的正在發生的事。根據“immediately”可判斷出“廚師當場被發現在廚房吸煙會被立即開除”。To learn English well, we should find opportunities to h

37、ear Englishas much as we can.A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak【解析】答案為C。此處考查“hear+賓語+do/doing/done”的結構。因為“English”是“被說”，故用過去分詞（spoken）作賓補，表示被動。4.作后置定語時的區別If there is a lot of work _, Im happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing【解析】答案為A。“work”和“do”雖然

38、存在邏輯上的動賓關系，但主語“I”和“do”存在邏輯上的主謂關系，此時用“to do”做后置定語。When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _.A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to 【解析】答案為C。該題中須用不定式短語作后置定語，排除B 和D選項；答案A項意為“送喬治這個人走”，顯然不符合題意。而應該是將報告送給“喬治這個人”才符合題意。“it”指這個報告。后面的介詞“to”不能少。The last o

39、ne _ pays the meal.Agreed! A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving 【解析】答案為C。“the last/next/first.” 后常接不定式作定語。The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _in Beijing in 2008. A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held 【解析】答案為D。非謂語動詞作后置定語的三種情況：the meeting to be held意為“即將召開的會議”；the meeting hel

40、d意為“已經召開的會議”；the meeting being held是“正在召開的會議”的意思。很顯然當時（2006年）“the 29th Olympic Games”還沒有召開，故選D項。Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed【解析】答案為C。根據本題提供的語境，“看書時有畫面在大腦中形成。”而句

41、中有謂語“there are ”，所以本應填非謂語動詞，可排除B項。又因為“看書的同時就會形成”，排除A、D選項，故選C項作定語。At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom.A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to open and close【解析】答案為C。參看上面的例。The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the mo

42、st distinguished building at that time. A. to be completed B. having been completed C. completed D. being completed【解析】答案為C。參看上面例的簡析。Can thoseat the back of the classroom hear me?No problem.A. seat B. sitC. seated D. sat 【解析】答案為C。“sit”為不及物動詞，可用“sitting”作定語；“seat”為及物動詞，常與反身代詞連用或用“be seated”形式。這里“seat

43、”與“those”構成邏輯上的被動關系，故用其過去分詞作定語=those who are seated。5.作狀語時的區別He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets has been sold out. A. to be told B. to tell C. told D. telling【解析】答案為A。“only”后接不定式表示出人意料的結果。 Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _ a record US $57.65

44、 a barrel on April 4. A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching【解析】答案為B。從句意來分析, 主句部分表示油價上漲了百分之三十二，逗號后面的內容為油價上漲后的必然結果“達到記錄” 。 The storm left ,_ a lot of damage to this area .A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused【解析】答案為D。因“The storm”與“cause”存在邏輯上的主動關系，故排除選項A；不定式作狀語，前

45、面通常不用逗號，排除B、C選項；因暴風雨給這個地區“造成損失”是在“結束”之前, 所以用完成式。“You cant catch me!” Janet shouted, _ away.A. run B. running C. to run D. ran【解析】答案為B。“running away”在此作“shouted”的伴隨狀語, 由珍妮特發出這一動作, 故用現在分詞。 to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.A. Fail B. FailedC. To fail D. Having failed 【解析】答案為D。非謂語動詞與

46、主語構成主謂關系。且“沒有打動電話”在“發電子郵件” 前已經發生。用現在分詞主動式的完成式作時間狀語。 around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.A. Having shownB. To be shownC. Having been shown D. To show【解析】答案為C。“show”與“take”之間有明顯的時間先后關系，且句子的主語與“show”構成邏輯上的動賓關系，故該空格處用完成式的被動形式。_ in a white uniform, h

47、e looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed【解析】答案為A。“dress”是及物動詞，其用法為“dress sb./oneself（表動作）、be dressed in（表狀態）”。“dress”與“he”之間存在邏輯上的被動關系, 故用過去分詞。_ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdow

48、ns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put【解析】答案為A。句子的主語是“the hotline”與“投入使用”存在著邏輯上的被動關系，而且表示過去的事情, 所以排除D項。Faced with a bill for $10,000, _.A. an extra job has been given to John  B. the boss has given John an extra jobC. an extra job has been taken   D. John has taken an extra

49、job【解析】答案為A。根據“分詞作狀語其邏輯主語應與句子主語一致”的原則，只有A項才對。_, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. A. General speaking B. Speaking generalC. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally【解析】答案為C。分詞短語獨立成分。現在分詞短語作為習語不遵守分詞的附著規則。_ _ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at

50、 all. A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared【解析】答案為D。分詞的邏輯主語為“the biggest ocean”，它不能發出“compare”動作。從“compare A with B”的結構我們可以推斷，它們之間存在邏輯上的被動關系，應用過去分詞。如選B或C項，則就是“垂懸分詞”。1.不定式的復合結構和否定結構It was foolish _you to give up what you rightly owned.A. for  B. of  C. ab

51、out  D. from 【解析】答案為B。本句可以改成：You were foolish to give up。形容詞與非謂語動詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關系。To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule_.A. to never break B. never to be brokenC. never to have brokenD. never to be breaking 【解析】答案為B。動詞不定式的否定式是在“to”前加“not”或“never”。“規則被打破”要用被動式。The patient was

52、 warned _oily food after the operation.A. to eat not  B. eating not  C. not to eat  D. not eating【解析】答案為C。動詞不定式的否定式是在“to”前加“not”或“never”。2.動詞不定式的省略結構Whats the matter with Della?Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, bu

53、t she still _ _.A. hopes to B. hopes so C. hopes not D. hopes for【解析】答案為A。在不定式作簡略回答時，常常將不定式“to”之后的內容省略。Would you like to join me for a quick lunch before class? , but I promised Nancy to go out with her.A. Id like to B.I like it C.I dont D.I will【解析】答案為A。簡略答語中省略動詞，只保留動詞不定式符號。In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easie