1、被動語態、主動語態與被動語態的概念：語態-說明主語和謂語之間的關系英語動詞的語態有兩種：主動語態：表示主語是動作的執行者被動語態：表示主語是動作的承受者（常常沒在有必要指出動作的執行者情況下使用）例：They speakEnglish.（主動語態）En glish is spoken by them.（被動語態）主語謂語介詞短語注：及物動詞有被動語態，不及物動詞必須帶有介詞才可以有被動語態。例： We listen to the teacher carefully in class.主 謂賓The teacher is listened toby uscarefully in class.主語

2、謂語介詞短語W e laughed at him .t He waslaughed at by us.二、被動語態的結構與應用情況：基本結構：肯定句式：be +do ne （及物動詞的過去分詞）I*如果是不及物動詞+相應的介詞或副詞否定句式： be +not +do ne疑問句式：be動詞（情態動詞）放句首被動語態中的be為助動詞，無意義。be可能是am , is , are也可能是 was ,were或原形be。注：被動語態的時態是由be的時態決定的，be是什么時態，全句就是什么時態，be后面的過去分詞不變。Eg：1、T he song is liked by young people. （

3、肯定句）2、T he song isn ' t likey young people（否定句）3、Is the song liked by young people ?（一般疑問句）4、Who is the song liked by ?=By whom is the so ng liked?（特殊疑問句）各種時態的構成（動詞以 do為例）：時態動詞的被動形式一般現在時 am/is /are done 一般過去時 was/were done 一般將來時 will /shall be doneIs/are going to 丁過去將來時 should/would be doneWas/w

4、ere are going to J 現在進行時 am/is/are being done 過去進行時 was/were being done 現在完成時 has/have been done 過去完成時 had been done 含有情態動詞的被動語態 其它幾種特殊句型： that 例句He is asked to do this.The story was told by her mother.The problem will be discussed tomorrow.He said the trees would be pla nted soon.The novel is being

5、 written.At that time the desk was being made. The house has bee n built.:情態動詞 +be+ done It is said that They said that their work had bee n fini shed.Your homework must be handed in today. It is well known that Itis reported例： History is made by the people.（ 一般現在時） The cars were made in Tianjin in

6、1995.（ 一般過去時） The tree will be cut down next year.（ 一般將來時） The room must be kept clean.（含有情態動詞的被動語態） The door is being opened.（現在進行時） The film has been seen by me.（現在完成時）注：不同時態的被動語態的差異主要體現在助動詞 與主語保持一致。be的變化上，同時助動詞be還要在人稱和數上（三）應用情況行為的執行者不明確或不必說出來。Eg: A stra nger was killedlast ni ght.用于強調動作的承受者而不是執行者

7、。Eg: The story is told everywhere in the city.、主動語態改被動語態的方法：方法分為三步：把原主動句中的賓語改成主語 （如果是人稱代詞同時應把賓格改為主格）謂語動詞改為被動形式 be done（時態不變，人稱和數必須和新主語一致）把原主動句的主語，如果需要的話放在介詞by后面，以指明做事的人或物，如果沒有必要則省去（by短語 是代詞，要用賓格形式）例: 1）The man killed a tiger.t A tiger was killed by the man .（改的過程中要注意時態和語態兩個方面）2）They are repairing th

8、e machine.t The mach ine is being repaired by them.3）The workers have done the job.t The job has bee n done by the workers.四、特殊句型的被動語態：含有使役動詞（ make /let /have ）或感官動詞（hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch, feel, notice, observe等）的句子，在主動語態中這些詞后常跟不帶to的動詞不定式，但是在改成被動語態時，則一定要把省去的to再加上去，另外help這一個詞在主動語

9、態中后面的動詞不定式可以帶to,也可不帶to,但在被動語態中也必須把to加上去。例: Mother often makes me do some housework.t i am often made to do some housework by mother. We saw him run into the classroom.t He was seen to run into the classroom by us.teach ,give ,pass ,show ,buy, tell等動詞常常帶有兩個賓語（雙賓語：直接賓語和間接賓語），改為被動語態時，兩個賓語可以選其中任一個作主語。如果

10、直接賓語被提前作主語，那么間接賓語（一般是人）前要加相應的介詞to/for。例: S he gave me a pen.= She gave a pen to me.t i was given a pen by her.t a pen was give n to me by her. My father bought me a new bike.= My father bought a new bike for me.t i was bought a new bike by my father.t a new bike was bought for me by my father.由不及物動詞

11、（vi） +介詞/副詞+賓語的句子改成被動語態時，介詞或副詞不能丟掉。（前面已舉過兩例）常見的這類短語動詞有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up 等。例: W e should speak to old people politely.t Old people should be spoken to politely （ by us）. He took away the box.t The box was taken away by him.含有賓語補足語的句子改為變動語態。（賓補放在原來位置不變）例：

12、We call him Xiao Ma.廠謂眉賓補e is called Xiao Ma by us. He found the book very in teresti ng.t The book was found very intere sting by him.（5）主動表示被動Want, need, require表 需要”寸有兩種被動語態形式。The room requires cleaning.requires to be clea ned.Worth doing表示被動。The book is well worth readi ng.五、沒有被動語態的動詞1. 表示狀態或特征的

13、及物動詞如：sell, study, grow, begin, read, cost, fit, have, suit等沒有被動形式，2. 不及物動詞或動詞短語女口: appear, die ,disappear, end （vi.結束）,fail, last, lie, remain, sit, spread（傳播）,stand, come true, fall asleep, rise,.result from（緣于）,belong to, consist ofhappen = take place, break out（爆發）,break down（壞了 ）3. 大多數系動詞：be ,f

14、eel （摸起來）,sound（聽起來）,look（看起來）,smell（聞起來）taste （嘗起來）,prove（證 明）,turn, become, remain, stay等詞無被動語態，它們的主動形式表示被動意義。例：The skirt feels very soft.這件裙子摸起來很柔軟。Many cha nges have happe ned in our hometow n.The film lasted for 3 hours.The book sells well.The kind of cloth cleans/washes easily.被動語態考點歸納主動語態改為被動

15、語態時，被動語態應和主動語態的時態保持一致。We speak En glish .（改為被動語態）En glishby us.分析此句主動語態為一般現在時態，被動語態也應用一般現在時態,因此，答案應是is spoken。注意被動語態的謂語結構：一般現在時是：am / is / are + p.p ;一般過去時是： was / were + p.p ；現在完成時是：have / has / been + p.p ;現在進行時是：am / is / are / + being + p.p ;含有情態動詞的是：情態動詞+ be + p.p。（注：p.p過去分詞）。We must take good

16、care of our eyes. （改為被動語態）Our eyes mustgood care of.分析此句中含有情態動詞must，那么，我們根據 情態動詞+ be+p.p.的公式可知，答案應是be take n。3. 注意句中主謂語的一致關系。Tea （grow） in southeast of China and India.分析此句中主語tea是不可數名詞，作主語時謂語動詞應用單數形式。而此句說明的又是一自 然現象，因此就應用一般現在時態。所以，答案應是is grow n。4. 注意復合賓語的變化They couldn ' t make the cow go改為被動語態）分析

17、the cow go在句中作make的復合賓語。一般情況下，變為被動語態后，賓語補足語的結構形式、所處位置原圭寸不動地保存下來，但make / have / let / see / watch / hear等后原可省的to要還原回來。顯然，此句中，the cow go中省去的to應還原回來，因此答案應是 The cow couldn ' t be made to go.5. 注意雙賓語的變化。Mr Smith showed the stude nts two pictures yesterday .（改為被動語態）Two picturesthe stude nts by Mr Smith.分析變為被動語態時，雙賓語中的任何一個皆可變為主語，一般變直接賓語，但間接賓語前必須加上介詞to或for。此句中顯然是把