1、12：3Huzhou Import &Export Co.addressSales Contract s/c no.: date : The buyers : Address : The buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the following goods on terms and conditions as below:41)Commodity descriptionName of commodity,SpecificationsQualityUnit PriceTotal Value (Shipment Quan

2、tity % more or less allowed )2）Packing: in cases, in bales in boxes of a dozen each, 100 boxes to a wooden case5 3)Time of shipment: in OCT.12th w/t at Hongkong before the end of OCT. 4)Port of loading, port of destination: 5)Terms of Payment: by sight L/C , the L/C must reach the sellers before May

3、 1st. by D/P , by D/A 6)Insurance: to be covered by the sellers for 110% of the invoice value against all risks as per CIC dated January 1, 1981.6 7)Inspection : 8)Quantity/Quality Discrepancy: 9)Force majeure : 10)Arbitration: The sells- the buyers-7Tranlation of Business Contract 一、商務合同概述 二、商務合同的構

4、成部分 三、語言特色 四、商務合同與協議的翻譯 五、商務合同與協議翻譯實例8一、商務合同概述一、商務合同概述 A contract is an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned. 在由Steven H. Gifts編著的“Law Dictionary”中，contract被定義為 “a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some

5、 way recognize as a duty.” 合同是一種承諾，違反承諾可以得到法律救助，在某種意義上，法律將履行該承諾看作是一種補償。綜上可見，合同是平等主體之間設立的確定民事權利和義務的法律協議。9 合同英語屬于莊重文體（合同英語屬于莊重文體（the frozen the frozen stylestyle），是各種英語文體中正式程度最），是各種英語文體中正式程度最高的一種。總體來說，這種正式性體現高的一種。總體來說，這種正式性體現在內容的專業性、語言的嚴謹性和結構在內容的專業性、語言的嚴謹性和結構的完整性等方面。的完整性等方面。10合同種類 正式合同 Contract (P197)

6、 協議書 Agreement 確議書 Confirmation 備忘錄 Memorandum 訂單 Order 意向書 Letter of intent11根據當事人之間的權利和義務關系，主要可做如下分類：Contracts for International Sale of GoodsContracts for International Technology TransferContracts for Sino-foreign Joint VenturesContracts for Sino-foreign Contractual Joint VenturesContracts for I

7、nternational Engineering ProjectsContracts for Compensation Trade12Contracts for Sino-foreign Cooperation Development of Natural ResourcesContracts for Foreign Labor ServicesContracts for International Leasing AffairsContracts for Sino-foreign Credits and LoansContracts for International Build-Opera

8、te-Transfer13二、商務合同的構成部分二、商務合同的構成部分一.約首(the head)1.合同名稱 Title2. 前文（前言） Preamble 1) Date of signing 2) Signing parties 3) Each partys authority 當事人的合法依據 4）Place of signing 5) Recitals or WHEREAS clause 定約緣由14二. 本文（Body) 定義條款 （Definition clause) 基本條款（Basic conditions) 一般條款（General terms and conditions

9、)a.合同有效期限 （Duration)b.終止 (Termination)c.不可抗力 （Force Majeure)d.合同的讓與 （Assignment)e.仲裁 （Arbitration)f.適用法律 （governing law) g.訴訟管轄 （Jurisdiction)h.通知手續 （Notice)i.合同的修改 （Amendment)j.其他 （Others)15三.約尾（the tail) 結尾語包括合同的份數、使用的文字和效力等 （Concluding sentence) 簽名 （Signature) 蓋印 （Seal) 16三、語言特色1. Use many formal

10、 words and professional words 多使用正式或法律上的用詞1）At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.應乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技術員幫助乙方安裝設備(help)2）Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Beijing.甲方應將病人遣返中國，負責病人回到北京的旅費。 （send

11、back) 17三、語言特色3) The term “Effective date” means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto (至此,正式).“生效日”的意思是指本協議經訂約雙方簽字的日子。（signed）18 Compare the following two kinds of words and expressions Terminate, stop commence, begin be deemed to, be regarded as in lieu of, in pla

12、ce of prior to, before whatsoever, whatever19 More formal words in the contract : in accordance with otherwise provided that be deemed to In accordance with the date of shipment 20 Indemnity n. a promise to protect someone from money lost or goods damaged; 賠償的保證 repayment for this；賠償金 An insurance c

13、ontract that promises to pay for the replacement or repair of lost of damaged goods賠償物e.g. to arrange an against loss 辦理損失賠償 to demand an for the delayed payment 因延期付款要求賠償21Money demanded by a victorious nation at the end of a war as a condition of peace is an .戰爭結束時，戰勝國作為和平條件索取之款項稱為“賠款”。22 Infringe

14、ment: violation n. 違反；違背；侵犯；侵害copyright infringement版權侵犯版權侵犯patent infringement專利侵權專利侵權trade-mark infringement侵犯商標權侵犯商標權, 商標冒用商標冒用infringement of contract違反合同違反合同infringement of freedom侵犯自由侵犯自由23 Force majeure: an unexpected and unavoidable event that causes or allows a contract to be changed or can

15、celled if it has a force majeure clause. e.g. As a result of force majeure the transaction was not completed.基于不可抗力的因素，交易未能完成。24 Arbitration : the settling of a dispute by means of a neutral third party rather than by a court of law. 仲裁（通過中立的第三方不通過法庭解決糾紛）e.g. They decided to settle the dispute by .

16、他們決定通過仲裁解決爭議。25改錯 Contractor shall assure full responsibility for the entire project work until its acceptance. 在項目接收之前，承包方應對工程承擔全部責任。在項目接收之前，承包方應對工程承擔全部責任。 Full set clean on board marine Bill of Lading issued to the order of the shipper and blank endorsed. 承運人簽發的全套整潔、已裝船的海運提單，空白背書。承運人簽發的全套整潔、已裝船的海運

17、提單，空白背書。 The payment shall be made by confirmed, irrevocable and documentary LC. 付款方式為經確認的、不可撤銷的、書面信用證。付款方式為經確認的、不可撤銷的、書面信用證。26 在以上三句中，在以上三句中，acceptance、clean、to the order of、confirmed和和documentary的翻譯均未能完全真實表示合同意思，的翻譯均未能完全真實表示合同意思，這些詞的中文完整意思分別是這些詞的中文完整意思分別是“驗收驗收”、“清潔清潔”、“以以為抬頭為抬頭”、“保兌保兌的的”和和“跟單跟單”。由

18、以上各例可見，由由以上各例可見，由于對商務合同中專業詞匯的錯誤理解和于對商務合同中專業詞匯的錯誤理解和翻譯，從而傳達了一種錯誤信息從而可翻譯，從而傳達了一種錯誤信息從而可能引發法律糾紛。能引發法律糾紛。272.用語力求準確、明白、嚴密 Party A shall send technicians at Party Bs expense to train Party Bs personnel within 30 days after signing the Contract. 甲方應于簽約后三十天內派遣技術員培訓乙方的人員，有關費用由乙方承擔。 This Contract can only be

19、 altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties. 本合同的修改補充應按雙方授權代表簽名蓋章的文件，才能進行。28三、語言特色3. Use old EnglishTo make the compound words by adding after, by, in, of, on, to, under, upon, or with after here, there, or where Here

20、after: in this document and after this point 此后, 以后 Hereby: in this way or by this letter以此, 特此, 由此 Thereby: by that 按此, 借此, 從而, 由此 Therefrom: from that從那里29 Whereas Party A is willing to employ Party B and Party B agrees to do as Party As engineer in Beijing, it is hereby agrees as follows. 鑒于甲方愿聘請

21、乙方,乙方同意應聘為甲方在北京的工程師,雙方協議如下: In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreement herein contained, the parties agree as follows. 雙方考慮到在此提出的契約和協議, 同意如下條款.30三、語言特色4. Use the synonymous word with its relevant words多用成雙成對的同義詞 Terms and conditions 條件 null and void 無效 free and clear of 無 able and willin

22、g 能夠并愿意 any duties, obligations or liabilities所有責任 applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules 適用法律法規31 any and all 全部 charges, fees, costs and expenses 各種費用 covenants and agreements 合同，協議 customs and usages 慣例 import duty and tax 進口稅捐 keep secret and confidential保密 licenses and per

23、mits 許可 packing and wrapping expenses 包裝費 rights and interests 權益 settle claims and debts 清理債務 ships and vessels 船只 sign and issue 簽發 support and maintenance 維護 use and wont 習慣，慣例321）This Agreement made and entered into by and between ABC Co. and XYZ Co. ABC 公司和XYZ公司雙方簽訂本協議。2）All documents, letters,

24、 telegrams and telexes interchanged between both parties before the signing of the Contract shall become null and void automatically from the date on which the Contract comes into force. 雙方在簽約前交換的所有文件、書信、電報和電傳，應從本合同生效之日開始自動失效。335、注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等詞語的法律內涵 May、shall、should、wil

25、l、may not、shall not等詞的確很常見，但是在合同中這些詞具有特殊的意義，所以翻譯起來要極其謹慎，避免引起糾紛。 a.May：在表示合同上的權利（Right）、權限（Power）或特權（Privilege）的場合中使用。若表示某種權利在法律上具有強制性的時候，更多的是“be entitled”。 b.Shall：在合同中并不是單純的將來時，一般用它來表示法律上可以強制執行的義務（Obligation）。如未履行，即視為違約，并構成某種賠償責任。所以，shall在譯文里，通常表示“應該”或“必須”，當然，也有不翻譯的時候。例如： 34 The parties hereto shal

26、l, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed c

27、ontract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 雙方首先應通過友好協商，解決因合同而發生的或與合同有關的爭議。如果協商未果，合同中又無仲裁條款約定或爭議發生后未就仲裁達成協議的，可將爭議提交有管轄權的人民法院解決。35 The quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the ex-importers in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides. 貨物的質量

28、和價格必須使進出口雙方都能接受。 The formation of this contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the Peoples Republic of China. 本合同的訂立、效力、解釋、履行和爭議的解決均受中華人民共和國法律的管轄。shall沒有譯出。36c. Should：在合同中通常只用來表示語氣較弱的：在合同中通常只用來表示語氣較弱的假設，多翻譯成假設，多翻譯成“萬一萬一”或

29、或“如果如果”，極少譯，極少譯成成“應該應該”。 The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, convene and preside over the board meeting. 董事會會議應由董事長召集、主持；若董事長缺席，原則上應由副董事長召集、主持。37 d. Will：一般使用在沒有法律強制的情：一般使用在沒有法律強制的情況下，也用做表示承擔義務的聲

30、明，但況下，也用做表示承擔義務的聲明，但語氣和強制力比語氣和強制力比Shall弱。弱。 e. May not（或（或shall not）：用于禁止）：用于禁止性義務，即性義務，即“不得做什么不得做什么”。 38Sentence features Use a lot of complete and long sentences with attribute and adverbial modifier to form the simple sentences and compound sentences39The stylish featuresCorrect and precise Herei

31、nafter called以下稱為 Unless otherwise stipulated in除非在中另有規定 This shall prevail over則以為準40商務合同與協議的翻譯 一、準確嚴謹faithfulness & accuracy 商務合同的專業性和兼容性越來越強，為了避免產生歧義，涉外商務合同的翻譯必須把“準確嚴謹”作為首要標準。合同文本是合同雙方當事人真實意思表示的文字形式的記錄，因此合同文本的翻譯不同于文學翻譯，一般不講究文采韻味，而要求必須準確嚴謹反映當事人的意思表示。41 要做到譯文準確嚴謹，首先要做到用詞準確（accuracy）。 比如，accept在

32、一般情況下譯為“接受”、“認可”，但在商務合同中，該詞一般要翻譯成“承兌”，相應地，acceptor就要翻譯成“承兌人”。 Shipping advice和shipping instruction從表面上看意思相近，但在商務合同中，應該做出區分：前者是“裝運通知”（由賣方發給買方的通知，告之買方貨已裝運的具體事宜），后者是“裝運指示”（由買方向賣方在貨物運出前，發出的裝運指示，賣方完全按照買方的意圖做好裝運事宜）。 shipment date和delivery date，從字面翻譯來看，都可以翻譯成“裝貨日期”，但是前者指的是貨物裝船啟運（離港）日期，后者是指貨物的到貨（到港）日期。42Use

33、 the correct and precise words If Party A insisted on its original quotation, Party B will have to cover its requirements elsewhere. 如果甲方堅持原報價，乙方將只能從其它渠道購進所需之貨物。 Party B shall cover the goods with particular average. 乙方將對該貨物投保水漬險。 In order to cover our order, we have arranged with Dalian Branch, the

34、 Bank of China, a credit for USD 86 000. 為支付我方訂貨貨款，我方已委托中國銀行大連分行開立86 000美元的信用證。43 要保持譯文的完整（completeness）。商務合同的翻譯一定要保持譯文的完整性，決不能只保持原文與譯文在詞語表面上的對等。例如： Payment: By irrevocable L/C at sight to reach the Seller 30 days before the time of shipment. 支付：買方應當在裝船前30天將不可撤銷的即期信用證開到賣方。44二、規范通順expressiveness &

35、; smoothness 合同文本是一種法律文件，屬于莊嚴性文體。翻譯商務合同時還應該把規范通順視為另一大原則。所謂“規范”，是指譯文必須符合法律語言的特點，盡量體現出契約文體的特點。而所謂“通順”，是指譯文應當符合漢語的語法要求，使譯文清晰易懂。45 During the period from the date of effectiveness to the termination of the Contract, the two Parties shall hold a meeting very year to discuss problems arising form the exec

36、ution of the Contract. 原譯：在合同生效之日起到合同終止之日的期間內，雙方每年舉行一次會議，討論合同發行中出現的問題。 原文在理解上沒有什么特別困難的地方，譯文意思也算正確，但只對原文逐字逐句翻譯，顯得呆板，改譯為：本合同有效期間，雙方應每年正式會晤一次，以討論本合同履行期間存在的問題。46 The date of Bill of Lading shall be taken as the conclusive proof of the date of shipment, six (6) days grace shall be allowed for shipment earlier or later than the time agreed upon by the Parties. In the event of the goods for one order being shipped in more than one lot, each lot shall be deemed to be a separate sale on Contract. 原譯：提單的日期應為交貨日期的最后證明。雙方允許交貨比約定的時間早交或遲交六天。一次訂貨多于一批裝運，那么，每批貨應被當作是