1、定語從句（以高考考點(diǎn)脈絡(luò)）定義He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)語序 例句關(guān)系詞 代 Who Whom which that Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which) as 副（從句句子單獨(dú)成立）when where why（以上為初中簡(jiǎn)單回顧）分類 限制性修飾限定 非限制性補(bǔ)充說明，與主句用逗號(hào)分開He has two sons, who work in the same company. (he has only two sons.)識(shí)點(diǎn)歸

2、納（高考考點(diǎn)） 1.關(guān)系詞基本的使用2.whose 與 of which of whom不可以轉(zhuǎn)換的情況 (區(qū)別)of which of whom后的名詞如果有定冠詞修飾則可以轉(zhuǎn)換，否則只用whose 3.只用that 不用which ;which 不用that情況 4.that why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句; Who Whom Whose when where 引導(dǎo)限制性與非限制性定語從句是一樣的 5. which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句(試講的重點(diǎn)的一塊知識(shí))關(guān)系代詞which在非限制性定語從句中所指代和修飾的可以是主句中的名詞、形容詞、短語、其他從句或整個(gè)主句，在從句中作主語、動(dòng)詞賓語、

3、介詞賓語或表語。 which指代主句中的名詞，如：She is an artist，which I am not.她是一位藝術(shù)家，而我不是。Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.水是一種清澈的液體，有許多用途。 which指代主句中的形容詞。如：She is always careless，which we should not be. 她總是馬虎大意，我們可不應(yīng)該這樣。She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.她對(duì)孩子們很耐心，她丈夫卻很少這樣

4、。 which指代主句中的某個(gè)從句。如：He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.他說以前從沒見過她，這不是真的。 which指代整個(gè)主句。如：He won the game, which made me surprised.In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有點(diǎn)緊張，這是可以理解的。He may have acute appendicitis，in which case h

5、e will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲腸炎，如果是這樣，他就得動(dòng)手術(shù)。歷年高考題:(2009,全國(guó))My friend showed me round the town, _A_was very kind of him.A which B that C where D it 6.as限定與非限定在定語從句里，as既可以引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。 as在兩個(gè)里面都是作關(guān)系代詞。（1）as引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，多與the same/such/so搭配使用。 e.g. I have got into the same trouble as h

6、e has. （2）非限定性定語從句：用法同which（不能放句首），用來指代前面的句子（而非先行詞），多與know/expect/see搭配使用,在句中位置靈活（句首句中句尾）。e.g.As we know, smoking does harm to our health. 另：which和as的區(qū)別 A. which不能放句首（The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.) B. as如果在從句中作主語，后面的謂語動(dòng)詞必須是系動(dòng)詞。(It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me f

7、rom going to the park.這邊就不能用as來代替which，因?yàn)閜revent是行為動(dòng)詞） C. 從句中含否定含義的詞用which7.介詞和關(guān)系代詞（只能是which whom） 限制與非限制性為表述清楚有時(shí)也會(huì)有在介詞后引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。關(guān)系代詞which有時(shí)并不代表主句中某一確定的詞，而是概括整個(gè)主句的意思。介詞的選擇取決于它與先行詞的搭配或與從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的搭配。They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the yield would be halved

8、. 他們?nèi)贝钇咸鸭艿臈U兒，沒有它們產(chǎn)量會(huì)減少一半。They thanked Tom，without whose support they would not have succeeded.他們對(duì)湯姆表示了感謝，因?yàn)闆]有他的支持他們就不會(huì)成功。These new neighbors，to whom I was introduced yesterday，have come here from Beijing. 這些鄰居是北京來的，昨天我被介紹同他們認(rèn)識(shí)了。介詞加關(guān)系副詞的情況高考題舉例：8.“名詞/代詞+of+which / whom”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句It now has 20，000 he

9、ctares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation. 現(xiàn)在它擁有兩萬公頃土地，其中三分之二之多已經(jīng)耕種。Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometers per second.世界上光的速度是最快的，其速度是每秒三十萬公里。There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大廳里有三十把椅子，絕大部分是新的。The textile mi

10、ll has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are women. 這家紡織廠有8千多職工，女職工占百分之八十。9.定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別以下為定語從句的一些資料非限制性定語從句 (1) who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我們的向?qū)В粋€(gè)法裔加拿大人，擅長(zhǎng)于烹調(diào)。Then he met Mary，who invited him to a party.后來他遇到瑪麗，瑪麗邀請(qǐng)他去參加晚會(huì)。My gardener，w

11、ho is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的園丁非常悲觀，他說今年將不結(jié)蘋果。(2) whom引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句關(guān)系代詞whom用于指人，在句中作動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語，作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞可位于句末。如：Peter, whom you mey in London, is now back in Paris.彼得現(xiàn)在回巴黎了，你在倫敦見過他。Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科學(xué)家，我從他那

12、兒學(xué)了許多東西。(3) whose引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句whose是關(guān)系代詞who的所有格形式，在從句中作定語。whose通常指人，也可指動(dòng)物或無生命的事物。如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩學(xué)習(xí)很努力，他的父親是位工程師。Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在樹林的高處是山，其壯麗的景色完全映照在河面上。The play，whose styl

13、e is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.這劇本是那個(gè)時(shí)期的典型作品，風(fēng)格拘謹(jǐn)刻板。(4) which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句關(guān)系代詞which在非限制性定語從句中所指代和修飾的可以是主句中的名詞、形容詞、短語、其他從句或整個(gè)主句，在從句中作主語、動(dòng)詞賓語、介詞賓語或表語。 which指代主句中的名詞，被指代的名詞包括表示物、嬰兒或動(dòng)物的名詞、表示單數(shù)意義的集體名詞以及表示職業(yè)、品格等的名詞。如：These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.這些

14、蘋果樹是我三年前栽的，還沒有結(jié)過果實(shí)。She is an artist，which I am not.她是一位藝術(shù)家，而我不是。Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.水是一種清澈的液體，有許多用途。The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were.那兩個(gè)警察完全受到信任，事實(shí)上，也真是如此。 which指代主句中的形容詞。如：She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was

15、.她對(duì)孩子們很耐心，她丈夫卻很少這樣。She is always careless，which we should not be. 她總是馬虎大意，我們可不應(yīng)該這樣。 which指代主句中的某個(gè)從句。如：He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.他說以前從沒見過她，這不是真的。 which指代整個(gè)主句。如：In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有點(diǎn)緊張，這是可以理解的。He ma

16、y have acute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲腸炎，如果是這樣，他就得動(dòng)手術(shù)。When deeply absorbed in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating and sleeping. 他經(jīng)常聚精會(huì)神地工作，這時(shí)他會(huì)廢寢忘食。(5) when引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句關(guān)系副詞when在非限制性定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，指代主句中表示時(shí)間的詞語。如：He will put off the picnic until

17、 May 1st, when he will be free.他將把郊游推遲到5月1號(hào)，那時(shí)他將有空。(6) where引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句關(guān)系副詞where在非限制性定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，指代主句中表示地點(diǎn)的詞語。如：They went to London，where they lived for six months.他們?nèi)チ藗惗兀谀莾捍袅肆鶄€(gè)月的時(shí)間。They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.他們昨天抵達(dá)那里, 有一個(gè)關(guān)于銷售的談判在那兒舉行。(7) as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句as引出

18、非限定性定語從句時(shí)，代替整個(gè)主句，對(duì)其進(jìn)行說明。但通常用于像as we allaknow, as it is know, as is know to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定語從句中作主語、表語或賓語，且引出的從句位置比較靈活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中間。通常均由逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開。as有“正如， 就像”之意。 如：As it know

19、n to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美國(guó)人都知道，馬克?吐溫是一位偉大的美國(guó)作家。（as在從句中作主語）He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case. 他忘了帶筆，這是常事。（as在從句中作主語）He is absorbed in work, as he often was. 他正在全神貫注地工作，他過去經(jīng)常這樣。（as在從句中作表語）Boy as he was， he was chosen king. 他雖是孩子，卻被選為國(guó)王。（as

20、在從句中作表語）as we all know, the earth is round.眾所周知，地球是圓的。 （as在從句中作賓語）The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.兩兄弟對(duì)此決定都滿意，這項(xiàng)決定在事前都已得到他們的同意。(as在從句中作主語)Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China.你知道，臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)不可分割的一部分。(as在從句中作賓語)(8)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句(9)“名詞/代詞+of+whi

21、ch / whom”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation. 現(xiàn)在它擁有兩萬公頃土地，其中三分之二之多已經(jīng)耕種。Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometers per second.世界上光的速度是最快的，其速度是每秒三十萬公里。There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which

22、 are new.大廳里有三十把椅子，絕大部分是新的。The textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are women. 這家紡織廠有8千多職工，女職工占百分之八十。定語從句（簡(jiǎn)練 ）用來說明主句中某一名詞或代詞（有時(shí)也可說明整個(gè)主句或主句中一部分）而起定語作用的句子叫作定語從句。 一詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1. 關(guān)系代詞用來指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞 句子成分 用于限制從句或非限制性從句 只用于限制性從句 代替人 代替物 代替人或物主語 Who which that賓語 Whom which t

23、hat定語 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which) 例1：This is the detective who came from London. 例2：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. 例3：The desk whose leg is broken is very old. 例4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.2關(guān)系代詞的用法 (1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, ev

24、erything, little, none等不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are present burst into tears. (2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級(jí)以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等詞修飾，關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如： (3) 非限制性定語從句中，不能用關(guān)系代詞that,作賓語用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。例如： There are about seven million people taking pa

25、rt in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4) which還有一種特殊用法，它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語，也可以作賓語或表語，多數(shù)情況下意思是與and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物，在從句中作表語，（指人作主語時(shí)多用who）僅用于限制性定語從句中。 (6) which可作表語，既可指人，以

26、可指物。指人時(shí)，一般指從事某種職業(yè)或是有種特征品性或才能的人。Which引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。 (7) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體，關(guān)系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個(gè)成員，則用who。 (8) 先行詞有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用that。例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (9) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 who 或whom，不用

27、which。例如： Is there anyone here who will go with you?3“介詞關(guān)系代詞“是一個(gè)普遍使用的結(jié)構(gòu) (1) “介詞關(guān)系代詞“可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。“介詞關(guān)系代詞“結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，關(guān)系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。 (2) from where為“介詞關(guān)系副詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，但也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we c

28、an see the town. (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語動(dòng)詞，在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動(dòng)詞分開。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of.二關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1關(guān)系副詞也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句 關(guān)系副詞在從句中分別表示時(shí)間地點(diǎn)或原因。關(guān)系副詞when在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語，where 充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語，why充當(dāng)原因狀語。 2. that可引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時(shí)間地點(diǎn)或原因 That有時(shí)可以代替關(guān)系副詞 when, where 或

29、者why引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時(shí)間地點(diǎn)或原因，在 that引導(dǎo)的這種定語從句中，that也可以省去。三限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句 1二者差異比較 限制定語從句緊跟先行詞，同先行詞這間一般不加逗號(hào)，僅修飾先行詞，可以由關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞或that來引導(dǎo)。非限制性定語從句僅作補(bǔ)充或說明，用逗號(hào)與主句隔開，既可修飾先行詞，又可修飾整個(gè)主句，不可用that引導(dǎo)。 2關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇依據(jù) (1) 弄清代替先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么成分,作狀語的應(yīng)選用關(guān)系副詞，作主語賓語或表語的可選用關(guān)系代詞。 3. 先行詞與定語從句隔離 定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后，但定語從句與先行詞之間有時(shí)也會(huì)插入別的成分，

30、構(gòu)成先行詞與定語從句的隔離。例如： 1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about. 2) He was the only person in this country who was invited四As在定語從句中的用法 1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句 （1）as多與such 或the same連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。 （2）as 也可單獨(dú)使用，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，作用相當(dāng)于which。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody

31、can see. 3）the same that與 the same as在意思上是不同的。 2As引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句的位置 as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面中間或后面，一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開，但which所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如： (1) As is expected, the England team won the football match. (2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.眾所周知, 定語從句可以分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。下面結(jié)合考例談?wù)剬W(xué)

32、習(xí)運(yùn)用非限制性定語從句時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題： 一、that不能用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。如： 【考例一】She heard the terrible noise, _brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 【解析】選B。后半句為非限制性定語從句，盡管先行詞noise屬于事物，也不能用that而要用which來引導(dǎo)。which指代noise，在從句中作主語。 二、除which外，還可用when，where，whose，whom等引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，且各自的用法及差異與它們用在限制性定語從句時(shí)相同。如： Ne

33、xt month, when youll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching. 下個(gè)月即將來臨，屆時(shí)你們將在家鄉(xiāng)度暑假。(關(guān)系副詞when指代表示時(shí)間的名詞next month，并作從句的狀語。) She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends. 她要到澳門去居住，在那里她有幾個(gè)密友。 (關(guān)系副詞where指代表示地點(diǎn)的名詞Macao，并在從句中作狀語。) 【考例二】Recently I bought an ancient Chin

34、ese vase, _was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose 【解析】選B。whose在從句中作表示所屬關(guān)系的定語，既可指代人，也可指代物。指物時(shí)，常可轉(zhuǎn)換為of which；指人時(shí)常可轉(zhuǎn)換為of whom。 【考例三】 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm,_many people have gone home. A. whose time B. that C. on

35、 which D. by which time 【解析】 先行詞5:30 pm與time之間是一種同位關(guān)系，可用which來作定語替代。從句中的完成狀態(tài)，常與by短語連用。故選D。 三、在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。如： He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved as his own mother. 他迫切地想到醫(yī)院去看望他的繼母，他把繼母當(dāng)自己的親媽媽一樣愛戴。 四、非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞which，既可以指代前面的先行詞，也可以指代前面整句的含義。如： 【考例四】 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, of co