1、草坪養(yǎng)護(hù)管理孫凌霞孫凌霞 本章內(nèi)容本章內(nèi)容草坪修剪(mowing)枯草層防治(thatch management)Topdressing草坪施肥(fertilization)草坪澆水（irrigation)歷史(history)剪草機(jī)類(lèi)型(types of mower)草坪草對(duì)修剪的反應(yīng)(response to mowing)Managing turf in shade草坪修剪（草坪修剪（Mowing）Before the modern ear of mechanical Before the modern ear of mechanical mowing in early 20 centur

2、y, grassed areas mowing in early 20 century, grassed areas were generally maintained by grazing were generally maintained by grazing animals, especially sheepanimals, especially sheep草坪修剪（草坪修剪（Mowing）歷史）歷史A picture of what is jokingly referred to as a “A picture of what is jokingly referred to as a

3、“flock mowerflock mower” ” maintaining the central campus at Iowa state universitymaintaining the central campus at Iowa state university A man with a hay-rake (cutting tool) is followed by A man with a hay-rake (cutting tool) is followed by a man with a nine-foot besom (a broom made of a man with a

4、 nine-foot besom (a broom made of twigs), who is followed by a woman or boy with a twigs), who is followed by a woman or boy with a four-foot besom, who is followed by a man with a four-foot besom, who is followed by a man with a grass cart and a boy with boards and another short grass cart and a bo

5、y with boards and another short besom for scooping and brushing up the cuttings besom for scooping and brushing up the cuttings that have been left in neat piles by the first three that have been left in neat piles by the first three laborslabors from Katharine S. whites book Onward and Upward in he

6、 Garden (White, 1979)Early handheld cutting tools called “Scythes” Mr. Buddings machine: invented by an English Mr. Buddings machine: invented by an English engineer named Edwin Budding. engineer named Edwin Budding. Reel mower : A stationary steel plate, and a curved Reel mower : A stationary steel

7、 plate, and a curved blades that produced a cutting action with the bed-blades that produced a cutting action with the bed-knife. knife. Heavy, usually operated by three personsHeavy, usually operated by three personsThe first mechanical mowerA stationary A stationary steel plate(bed-knife), and a c

8、urved blades steel plate(bed-knife), and a curved blades that produced a cutting action with the bed-that produced a cutting action with the bed-knife knife l high cost, finer cut on closely mown turf , high cost, finer cut on closely mown turf , mainly used on golf coursemainly used on golf course現(xiàn)

9、代化剪草機(jī)類(lèi)型現(xiàn)代化剪草機(jī)類(lèi)型旋刀式旋刀式滾刀式滾刀式：cuts the grass with a sharpened horizontal blade that operates at a high rate of speed Low cost and relative ease of maintenance Restricted to higher-mown turf 現(xiàn)代化剪草機(jī)類(lèi)型現(xiàn)代化剪草機(jī)類(lèi)型旋刀式旋刀式滾刀式滾刀式 Grasses do not thrive on mowing-they tolerate it. Grasses do not thrive on mowing-t

10、hey tolerate it. Mowing is always a stress. Mowing is always a stress. Easy to allow fungal organisms to enter Easy to allow fungal organisms to enter Reduce photosynthesis rate Reduce photosynthesis rate The response to mowingThe response to mowing Subapical meristems and the existence of buds that

11、 Subapical meristems and the existence of buds that can can reproduce new plants from the crown and nodes reproduce new plants from the crown and nodes of lateral stems of lateral stems Grass have the unique ability to compensate for the Grass have the unique ability to compensate for the loss of ti

12、ssue that occurs from mowing by loss of tissue that occurs from mowing by increasing increasing their density below the mowing heighttheir density below the mowing heightThe response to mowingThe response to mowing The greater the density, the more green tissue The greater the density, the more gree

13、n tissue there is there is to produce the food materials that the plant needsto produce the food materials that the plant needs The carbohydrates that are channeled into the The carbohydrates that are channeled into the formation of a higher shoot density are not available formation of a higher shoo

14、t density are not available for root growth, which results in for root growth, which results in less root mass and a less root mass and a shorter depth of rootingshorter depth of rootingThe response to mowingThe response to mowingRooting decreases as mowing height is loweredRooting decreases as mowi

15、ng height is lowered The lower the mowing height, the greater the stress. The lower the mowing height, the greater the stress. Grass on the golf green is under considerable stress Grass on the golf green is under considerable stress due to the constant tissue removal , and they are due to the consta

16、nt tissue removal , and they are more susceptible to the diseases more susceptible to the diseases that attack turf, that attack turf, therefore the greens therefore receive the therefore the greens therefore receive the greatest greatest amounts of fungicidesamounts of fungicides Also not competiti

17、ve with weeds Also not competitive with weeds With shallow roots With shallow roots Mowing heightMowing height The lower the mowing height, the greater the stress. The lower the mowing height, the greater the stress. Grass on the golf green is under considerable stress Grass on the golf green is und

18、er considerable stress due to the constant tissue removal , and they are due to the constant tissue removal , and they are more more susceptible to the diseases susceptible to the diseases that attack turf, therefore that attack turf, therefore the greens therefore receive the the greens therefore r

19、eceive the greatest amounts of greatest amounts of fungicidesfungicides Also not competitive with weeds Also not competitive with weeds With shallow roots With shallow roots Mowing heightMowing height LoweringLowering the mowing height too quickly can also result the mowing height too quickly can al

20、so result in a condition called in a condition called scalping. scalping. ScalpingScalping is the term used to describe the brown, is the term used to describe the brown, stemmy, appearance of the turfgrass canopy when too stemmy, appearance of the turfgrass canopy when too much of the leaf blade is

21、 removed during any single much of the leaf blade is removed during any single mowing. mowing. equipment malfunction, dull mower blades, blades not equipment malfunction, dull mower blades, blades not turning properly, or waiting too long between successive turning properly, or waiting too long betw

22、een successive mowings. mowings. The response to mowingThe response to mowing The The more upright and erect the leaves, more upright and erect the leaves, the less likely the less likely the grass is tolerate low mowing heights, such as the grass is tolerate low mowing heights, such as Kentucky blu

23、egrass, Tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, Tall fescue, mowing height mowing height 3.6cm3.6cm The The stoloniferous grasses, stoloniferous grasses, such as creeping bentgrass such as creeping bentgrass and bermudagrass, can tolerate the lowest mowing and bermudagrass, can tolerate the lowest mowing h

24、eights, heights, mowing height 0.25cmmowing height 0.25cm不同草種對(duì)修剪高度的要求不同草種對(duì)修剪高度的要求 The lower the mowing height, the more frequently the The lower the mowing height, the more frequently the area must be mowed. area must be mowed. Mowing about once a week for a lawn at 5cmMowing about once a week for a

25、 lawn at 5cm The higher the mowing height, the less frequently it The higher the mowing height, the less frequently it needs to be mowed needs to be mowed Mowing every day for a golf green maintained at 0.3cmMowing every day for a golf green maintained at 0.3cmMowing frequency Mowing frequency Alway

26、s alternating mowing direction Always alternating mowing direction Such as change more direction each day on golf greens Such as change more direction each day on golf greens Mowing consistently in the same direction can result Mowing consistently in the same direction can result in a condition call

27、ed “grain” (in a condition called “grain” (隆起）隆起）Mowing directionMowing direction臨時(shí)性圖案：不同的修剪方向臨時(shí)性圖案：不同的修剪方向永久性圖案：不同草種永久性圖案：不同草種草屑的處理（草屑的處理（clipping removalclipping removal)Managing turf in shadeManaging turf in shade Shade leads to reduction of photosynthesis , which caused Shade leads to reduction

28、of photosynthesis , which caused to produced insufficient carbohydrates . to produced insufficient carbohydrates . Shade also affects humidity Shade also affects humidity Shall roots of many tree species compete with the grass for Shall roots of many tree species compete with the grass for moisture

29、and nutrients moisture and nutrients Managing turf in shadeManaging turf in shade Increase light penetration by trimming lower tree brush Increase light penetration by trimming lower tree brush Use shade-tolerant species or cultivars Use shade-tolerant species or cultivars Rough blue grass is suited

30、 for wet, shade area Rough blue grass is suited for wet, shade area Fine fescues (creeping red fescue, hard fescue, sheep Fine fescues (creeping red fescue, hard fescue, sheep fescue) are best adapted to dryer upland shaded areas.fescue) are best adapted to dryer upland shaded areas. Raising the mow

31、ing height Raising the mowing height Reduce the use of nitrogen fertilization Reduce the use of nitrogen fertilization Reduce irrigation Reduce irrigation 本章內(nèi)容本章內(nèi)容草坪修剪(mowing)枯草層防治(thatch management)表施土壤（Topdressing)草坪施肥(fertilization)草坪澆水（irrigation)Soil compactionlTurfgrass areas are usually estab

32、lished for uses that result in heavy traffic ,such as school yard, sports field, golf course, lawn. lSoil compaction: the biggest problem resulting from traffic on fine-textured soils fom lThe pore space in soil are critical to the function of roots Soil compactionlPoor space and oxygen levels resul

33、t in weakened grass plants and a thinning of the turf lSurface compaction can also result in excessively hard playing surfaceslCompacted soils can reduce root enlongationThatchlThatch: an Thatch: an organic layer organic layer above the above the soil and below the green soil and below the green lCo

34、mposed of a combination of Composed of a combination of dead dead organic debris and the living roots, organic debris and the living roots, crowns, ad stems of the grasscrowns, ad stems of the grassCauses of thatchCauses of thatchThatch accumulates when new tissue is Thatch accumulates when new tiss

35、ue is produced faster than microbial activity can break produced faster than microbial activity can break it down it down Excessive nitrogen fertilizationExcessive nitrogen fertilizationExcessive watering: low-oxygen Excessive watering: low-oxygen Chemical imbalance (below pH 6, high pH 8) Chemical

36、imbalance (below pH 6, high pH 8) Reduced macroorganism caused by insecticidesReduced macroorganism caused by insecticidesFunigicides reduce fungi that feed on dead Funigicides reduce fungi that feed on dead organic material organic material Benefits of thatch(1/2 inch) Benefits of thatch(1/2 inch)

37、Good medium for beneficial macro and Good medium for beneficial macro and microorganisms microorganisms Provides cushioning to the surface, which may Provides cushioning to the surface, which may be beneficial on play areas and game fields be beneficial on play areas and game fields Serves as a natu

38、ral filter to reduce the Serves as a natural filter to reduce the movement of pesticides into groundwater movement of pesticides into groundwater Problems caused by thatchProblems caused by thatchRoot remain in the thatch, and rooting into the Root remain in the thatch, and rooting into the underlyi

39、ng soil may be limited underlying soil may be limited Nutrient deficiencies Nutrient deficiencies Good medium for turf pathogens and the insects Good medium for turf pathogens and the insects that attack turf that attack turf May cause the turf to dry out ahead of May cause the turf to dry out ahead

40、 of surrounding areas because water will not soak surrounding areas because water will not soak into the soil into the soil What is the difference?Thatch-freeWith thatchControlling thatchControlling thatchMake soil pH neutral Make soil pH neutral Reduce N application Reduce N application Adjust the

41、irrigation system Adjust the irrigation system Use pesticides carefully Use pesticides carefully Using the core aeration equipmentUsing the core aeration equipmentCultivation in the turf industry refers to a Cultivation in the turf industry refers to a variety of variety of mechanical processes mech

42、anical processes Benefits Benefits loosen the soil and reduce soil compaction, loosen the soil and reduce soil compaction, increase the air space in the soilincrease the air space in the soil Enhance rooting Enhance rooting Reduce thatchReduce thatch Enhance penetration of fertilizer and lime Enhanc

43、e penetration of fertilizer and lime Cultivation(aerification) Cultivation(aerification) Types of core aeratorsTypes of core aeratorsHollow tines Hollow tines Solid tines Solid tines Deep tines (hollow and solid)Deep tines (hollow and solid)Water injection cultivation (WIC)Water injection cultivatio

44、n (WIC)Vertical mowing and power raking Vertical mowing and power raking Spikers Spikers Hollow tines Hollow tines the process of the process of mechanically removing small mechanically removing small plugs plugs of thatch and soil from the lawn to improve of thatch and soil from the lawn to improve

45、 natural soil aeration.natural soil aeration.Hollow metal tines or open spoons Hollow metal tines or open spoons are generally are generally operated in a vertical manner, or they are operated in a vertical manner, or they are mounted on a rolling drum.mounted on a rolling drum.Benefits Benefits The

46、 removal of the core helps loosen the soil in the The removal of the core helps loosen the soil in the vicinity of the core and improves root growth.vicinity of the core and improves root growth. Core holes have filled with roots in the weeks following Core holes have filled with roots in the weeks

47、following aerificationaerification To open the thatch layer and allow moisture and To open the thatch layer and allow moisture and oxygen in, which increases the oxygen in, which increases the microbial activity microbial activity that is that is responsible for thatch breakdown. responsible for tha

48、tch breakdown. Enhancement of fertilizer and lime penetrationEnhancement of fertilizer and lime penetrationSide effects Side effects Very disruptive to the turf surface. Very disruptive to the turf surface. Bring weed seed the surfaceBring weed seed the surface Timing that encourages weed establishm

49、ent should be Timing that encourages weed establishment should be avoided avoided Avoid high-temperature periods of midsummer (cool Avoid high-temperature periods of midsummer (cool season)season) Sufficient time should also be allowed to go into winter Sufficient time should also be allowed to go i

50、nto winter dormancy (warm-season)dormancy (warm-season)Types of core aeratorsTypes of core aeratorsHollow tines Hollow tines Solid tines Solid tines Deep tines (hollow and solid)Deep tines (hollow and solid)Water injection cultivation (WIC)Water injection cultivation (WIC)Vertical mowing and power r

51、aking Vertical mowing and power raking Spikers Spikers Solid tines Solid tines The solid tine penetrates the soil and opens a The solid tine penetrates the soil and opens a hole, but no soil plug is removed. hole, but no soil plug is removed. Less disruptive to the turf surface, and recovery is Less

52、 disruptive to the turf surface, and recovery is faster. faster. Standard aerification tines are 0.25 to 1.0 inch in Standard aerification tines are 0.25 to 1.0 inch in diameter, and they usually penetrate to about the diameter, and they usually penetrate to about the 3-inch depth. 3-inch depth. Typ

53、es of core aeratorsTypes of core aeratorsHollow tines Hollow tines Solid tines Solid tines Deep tines (hollow and solid)Deep tines (hollow and solid)Water injection cultivation (WIC)Water injection cultivation (WIC)Vertical mowing and power raking Vertical mowing and power raking Spikers Spikers Dee

54、p tinesDeep tines Alleviate the problem of subsurface compaction Alleviate the problem of subsurface compaction and to penetrate the layers that have developed and to penetrate the layers that have developed from changes in topdressing programsfrom changes in topdressing programs Designed to penetra

55、te 10 inch or more Designed to penetrate 10 inch or more Types of core aeratorsTypes of core aeratorsHollow tines Hollow tines Solid tines Solid tines Deep tines (hollow and solid)Deep tines (hollow and solid)Water injection cultivation (WIC)Water injection cultivation (WIC)Vertical mowing and power

56、 raking Vertical mowing and power raking Spikers Spikers Water injection cultivation Water injection cultivation (WIC)(WIC) High-pressure streams of water released through High-pressure streams of water released through small-diameter nozzles are used to loosen the small-diameter nozzles are used to

57、 loosen the soil and to improve water infiltration and root soil and to improve water infiltration and root growth. growth. Vertical mowing and power raking Vertical mowing and power raking Vertical mowing and power raking are terms used Vertical mowing and power raking are terms used to describe eq

58、uipment with rapidly spinning to describe equipment with rapidly spinning vertical blades. vertical blades. The blades can be set to brush the surface of the The blades can be set to brush the surface of the turf , or they can be set deeper to pull up the turf , or they can be set deeper to pull up

59、the thatch. thatch. Types of core aeratorsTypes of core aeratorsHollow tines Hollow tines Solid tines Solid tines Deep tines (hollow and solid)Deep tines (hollow and solid)Water injection cultivation (WIC)Vertical mowing and power raking Vertical mowing and power raking Spikers Spikers Spikers Spike

60、rs Spikers are similar to vertical mowers, although Spikers are similar to vertical mowers, although the blades are pointed rather than broad and flat. the blades are pointed rather than broad and flat. Spiker blades turn at the same speed as the Spiker blades turn at the same speed as the wheels an