1、12006 版考研英語模擬考場 10 套第一套 1SectionIUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) foreach numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10poi nts)The fit ness moveme nt that bega n in the late 1960s andearly 1970s centeredaround aerobic exercise. Millions ofindiv

2、iduals became1 in a variety of aerobic activities, and2 thousa nds ofhealth spas3 aro und the country to capitalize on his4 in terest in fit ness,particularly aerobic dancing for females.A number of fitness spas existed5tothis aerobic fitnessmovement,even a national chain with spas in most majorciti

3、es. However, their6was not on aerobics,7 onweighttraining programs desig ned to develop muscular mass, 8 , and en duranee in their primarily male9 . These fit ness spas did not seem to benefit10from the aerobic fitn ess moveme nt to better health, since medicalopi nion suggested that weighttrai ning

4、programs11few, if12, health ben efits. In rece nt years, however, weighttraining has again become increasingly 13 for males and for females.Many 14 programs focus not only on develop ing muscular stre ngth and2en dura nee but on aerobic fitn ess as well.15, most physical fitness tests have usually i

5、ncluded measures ofmuscular stre ngth and en dura nee, not for health related reas ons, butprimarily 16such fitn ess comp onents have bee n related to 17in athletics.18, i n rece nt years, evide nee has show n that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular stre ngth and en dura nee mi

6、ghtalso offer somehealth19 as well. The AmericanCollegeof Sports Medicineno w20 that weight trai ning be part of a total fit ness program for healthyAmerica ns.1. A imposedB en gagedC confin edD illustrated2. A afflue ntlyB eligiblyC gorgeouslyD literally3. Aenhan cedBma nifestedC developed Destabli

7、shed4. A emerg in gB hoveri ngC in trigu in gD mi ngli ng5. A priorB en titledC liableD subjected6. A actio nB focusC ceme ntD snap7. A orB or elseC a ndD but rather8. A stre ngthB nutritio nC tolera nceD ambitio n9. A practiti on ersB en thusiastsC refereesD recipie nts10. Afinan ciallyB particular

8、lyC legitimatelyDexcessively311. Aprese ntedBofferedCin dicatedDdem on strated12. A somethi ngB someC a nythi ngD a ny13. A popularB vigorousC in telligibleD formidable14. A curre ntB primitiveC un eve nD in credible15. APracticallyBEve ntuallyCEsse ntiallyDHistorically16. A becauseB in on lyC altho

9、ughD now that17. A performa nceBharassme ntC ide ntificatio nDportrayal18. A MoreoverB Therefore HoweverD Any way19. A adva ntagesB ben efitsC in terestsD profits20. Arecomme ndsBreassuresC speculatesDmediatesSectionII Reading ComprehensionPart ADirecti ons: Readi ng the followi ng four texts. An sw

10、er thequesti ons below each text by choos ing A, B, C or D. Mark youran swers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 poi nts)Text1based drugs are two ways we could benefit from our grow ing mastery of gen eticscie nee. But there will be others as well. Here is one of theremarkable therapies on the cutt ing edge of

11、gen etic research thatcould make their way into main stream medic ine in the comingGene therapy and gene4years.While it s true that just about every cell in the body hasthe instructions to make a complete human, most of those in structi onsare in activated,and with good reas on: the lastthing you wa

12、nt for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid oryour nose to turn into a kid ney. The on ly time cells truly have the potential to tur n into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, whenso called stem cells haven t begun to specialize.Yet this untapped potential could be

13、 a terrific boon to medic ine.Most diseases invo Ive the death of healthy cellsbrain cells in Alzheimer s, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreaticcells in diabetes, to name a few; if doctors could isolate stem cells, the ndirect their growth, they might be able to fur nish patie nts with healthyr

14、eplaceme nt tissue.It was in credibly difficult, but last fall scie ntists at the Un iversity ofWisc onsin man aged to isolate stem cells and get them to grow intoneural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can t be con trolled,and may have un foresee n5limitati ons; but if efforts to un d

15、ersta nd and master stem developme ntprove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of in crediblepower.The same applies to clo ning, which is really just the othertrue cloning, as first shown with the sheepgen etically ide ntical to its pare nt.market value, biological carb on copies could

16、become rout ine within afew years. This past year scie ntists have done for mice and cows whatIan Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the clonedmen agerie in the coming year.Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible butlegally and emoti on ally more diffic

17、ult. Still, one day it will happe n. Theability to reset body cells to a pristi ne, un developed state could givedoctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: thepotential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to curedisease.That could prove to be a true “ miracle

18、 cure. ”21. The writer holds that the potentialto make healthycellside of the coin;Dolly twoyearsago, invoIves taking adeveloped cell andreactivatingthe genome withi n, resetti ngits developmentalin structionstoa pristinestate. Oncethathapprejuvenatedcellcan developinto afullfledged an imal,For agri

19、culture, in whichpurelyphysical characteristicslike milk production in a cowor lowfat in a hog have real6body tissues willA aggravate moral issues of huma n clo ning.B bring great ben efits to huma n bein gs.C help scie ntists decode body in structi ons.D invo Ive employi ng surgical in strume nts.2

20、2. The word “ rejuvenated ” (Para. 5) most probably mea nsA modified.B re-collected.C classified.D reactivated.23. The research at the Un iversity of Wisc onsinismen ti oned to showAthe isolation of stem cells.B the effects of gene therapies.C the adva ntages of huma n clonin g.D the limitatio nsof

21、tissue replaceme nts.24. Which of the followi ng is true accord ing to the text?A The pr in ciple of gene therapy is applicable to that of clo ning.BThe isolation ofstem cells istoo difficulttobefeasible.CIt is reas on ablefor all bodyin structi onstobeactivated.DCloned animals will eventually take

22、controlof theworld.25.Towards the genetic research, the author s attitude can bestbe said to be that of7AFrustratio n.BIn differe nce.CAmazeme nt.DOppositi on.Text 2What our society suffers from most today is the abse neeof consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensuscannot be

23、gained from society s present stage, or from fan tasies aboutwhat it ought to be. For that the prese nt is too close and too diversified,and the future too un certa in, to make believable claims about it. Aconsen sus in the prese nt hence can be achieved only through a sharedun dersta nding of the p

24、ast, as Homer s epics in formedthose wholivedcen turies later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and idealsthey were to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a Ian guageall their own, a com mon religio n, com mon an cestry.The m

25、yths by which they live are based on all of these. But theUn ited States is a country of immigra nts, coming from a great variety ofnations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissisticpersonality has become characteristic of America ns, and that it is thistype of pers on ality that

26、makes for the lack of well being, because it prevents us from achiev ing consen sus that would coun teract a tendency towithdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash8says that modern man, “tortured by selfconsciousness,turns to new therapies not to free himself of his p

27、ersonal worries but tofind meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for ” . There iswidespread distress because n ati onal morale has decli ned, and wehave lost an earlier sense of n ati onal visi on and purpose.Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found intotalitar

28、ia n societies, our culture is one of the great in dividual differe nces,at least in prin ciple and in theory; but this leads to dis uni ty, eve n chaos.America ns believe in the value of diversity, but just because our is asociety based on in dividualdiversity, it n eeds consen sus aboutsomedomin a

29、t ing ideas more tha n societies based on uniform origi n of theircitize ns. Hen ce, if we are to have consen sus, it must be based on amyth a visi on about a com mon experie nee, a conq uest that made usAmerica ns, as the myth about the conq uest of Troy formed the Greeks.On ly a com mon myth can o

30、ffer relief from the fear that life is withoutmeaning or purpose. Myths permit us to exam ine our place in the worldby compari ng it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fan tasies that formthe tie that binds the in dividual to other members of his group. Suchmyths help to ward off feeli ngs of isolat

31、io ns, guilt, an xiety, andpurposeless ness in short, they combat isolatio n and the breakdow nof social sta ndards and values.926n the eyes of the author, the greatest trouble with theUS society may lie inA the non existe nee of consen sus on the forms of the societyshould take.Bthe lack of diverge

32、 nee over the com mon orga ni zati ons ofsocial life.C the nonaccepta nee of a society based on in dividualdiversity.Dthe pervasive distress caused by national morale decli ne.27.The asocial pers on ality of America ns may stem fromA the abse nee of a com mon religio n and an cestry.B the multiracia

33、l con stitue nts of the US society.C the want of a shared myths they possess in life.D the coun terbala nee to n arcissistic pers on ality.28. Homer s epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order toA exemplify the con tributi ons made by an cie nt poets.B illustrate the role of shared fan tasies about

34、 society.C show an ideal stage of eter nal social progress.D make known myths of what a society ought to be.29. The author con cludes that only shared myths can helpAmerica nsA to bring about the un iformity of their culture.10Bto rega in theirconsen susabout a com monexperie nee.C to stay away from

35、 n egative feeli ngs in their life.D to coun teract the effects of consen sus about society.30t can be in ferred from Paragraph 2 that ChristopherLash is most probablyA a reform advocate.B a senior psychologist.C a reputed poet.D a social historia n.Text3The early retireme nt of experie need workers

36、 is seriouslyharm ing the U.S. economy, accord ing to a new report from theHuds on In stitute, a public policy researchorga ni zati on.iiCurrently, many older experieneed workers retire at an early age. According to the reee ntly issued statistics, 79 peree nt of qualified workers begin collect ing

37、retireme nt ben efits at age 62; if that trend con ti nu es, therewill be a labor shortage that will hin der the econo mic growth in the twenty-first cen tury.Older America ns con stitute an in creas ingproporti onofthe populati on, accord ing to the U. S. Cen sus Bureau, and thepopulationof those o

38、ver age 65 will grow by 60% between2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by on ly 4%. Keep ing older skilled workers employed, eve n parttime, would in crease U.S. econo mic output and strengthenthe taxbase; but withoutsignificantpolicy reforms, massive early r

39、etireme nt among baby boomers seemsmore likely.Retireme nt at age 62 is an econo mically rati onal decisi on today.Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject ourmost experieneed workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. SocialSecurity formulas en courage early retirem

40、e nt. Although in comesusually rise with additi onal years of work, any pay in creases after the35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in ben efits.Huds on In stitute researchers believe that federal tax and ben efit12policies are at fault and reforms are urge n

41、tly n eeded, but they disagreewith the popular proposal that much older America ns will have to workbecause Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers arenot sav ing eno ugh for retireme nt. Accord ing to the in crease in 401 (k)and Keogh retireme nt pla ns, the ongoing stock market

42、 on Wall Street,and the likelihood of large in herita nces, there is evide nee that babyboomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assetsthanprevious gen erati ons.The Hudson institute advocates reforminggovernmentpolicies that now discourage work and sav in gs, especially for olderworker. Amo

43、ng the report s recommendations: Tax half of all SocialSecurity ben efits, regardless of other in come; provide 8% larger benefitsfor each year bey ond 65; andpermit workers n eari ng retireme nt to n egotiate compe nsati onpackages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcareben efit

44、s.However, it may take real and fruitfulpla nning to find the right soluti on to the early retireme nt of olderexperieneedworkers; any measures taken must beallowed to prolong the serviceability of older experieneed workers.31. Accord ing to Huds on In stitute researchers, the effectof the early ret

45、irement of qualified workers in the U.S. economy isAcon structive.Bsig ni fica nt.Cincon clusive.D13detrime ntal.32. The older experieneed workers in America tend toretire early because their prolon ged service mayA do harm to youn ger gen eratio ns.B end up with fewor no ben efits.C give play to th

46、eir potentials.D shed light on social tren ds.33. The sec ond paragraph is writte n chiefly to show thatAthere will be an acute labor shortage in the near future.B baby-boomers con tribute much to the US econo micoutput.C governmentpolicies concerning older people areout-dated.D older workers are en

47、 thusiastic about collect ing socialben efits.34. Whe n men ti oning“ the ongoing stock market on WallStreet ” , the writerAis callingattentionto the privileges to whichbaby-boomers are en titled.B is call ing for the gover nment to take coun termeasuresaga inst labor shortage.C is refuting a notion

48、 about experieneed workers earlyretireme nt.14Dis justify ingthe in effective nessof federal tax andben efit policies.35.Towards the issue, what the writer is most concernedabout will beA to advocate radically reforming gover nment policies.B to take into acco unt the ben efits upon retireme nt.C to

49、 put in practice what Huds on researchers believe in.Dto pro longthe practicability of older experie needemployees.Text 4The history of resp on ses to the work of the artist San droBotticelli (14441510) suggests that widespread appreciati onby critics is a relatively rece nt phe nomenon. Writ ing in

50、 1550,Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli s work, admitting that theartist fitted awkwardly into his evoluti onary scheme of the history of art.Over the next two centuries, academic arthistoria ns defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Flore ntine, Michelangelo. Eve n whe n antiacademic a

51、rt historia ns of theearly nineteenthcenturyrejected many of the standardsofevaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli s work rema inedoutside of accepted taste, pleas ing n either amateur observers norconnoisseurs.(Many of his best paintings,15however, remainedhiddenaway in obscure church

52、es andprivate homes.)The primary reason for Botticelli s unpopularity is not difficult toun dersta nd:most observers, upun tilthemid-nin etee nth cen tury, did not con sider him to be no teworthy,because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers toexhibit the traditi onal characte

53、ristics of fifteenth-century Florentineart.For example, Botticelli rarelyemployed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michela ngelo, never used chiaroscuro.Another reason for Botticelli s unpopularity may have bee n thathis attitude toward the style of classical art was very differe nt f

54、rom that ofhis con temporaries.Although he wasthoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little in terest in borrow ingfrom the classical style. In deed, it is paradoxical that a pain ter oflarge-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similarto that of classical art.In a

55、ny case, whe n viewers bega n to exam ine more closely therelationship of Botticelli s work to the tradition of fifteenth centuryFlorentineart, his reputationbegan to grow.Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 bythe artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by th

56、e writer Pater16(although he, unfortun ately, basedhis assessme nt on an in correct an alysis of Botticelli s pers on ality),in spireda new appreciati onof Botticellithroughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli s work,especially the Sisti ne frescoes, did not gen erate worldwide atte nti on

57、 until it was fin ally subjected to a comprehe nsive and scrupulous an alysisby Home in 1908. Home rightlydem on stratedthat the frescoes shared importantfeatureswith paintingsbyotherfiftee nth-ce nturyFlore nti nes features suchasskillfulreprese ntati onofan atomicalproportions, and of the human fi

58、gure in motion.However,Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends inthemselves rather, that he emphasized clear depletio n of a story, aunique achieveme nt and one that made the traditionalFlorentinequalities less central. Because ofHome s emphasis crucial to any study of art,

59、 the twentiethcen tury has come to appreciate Botticelli36. Which of the followi ng would be the best title for thetext?A The Role of Stan dard Art An alyses and Appraisals.B Sandro Botticelli: From Rejectio n to Appreciati on.C The History of Critics Respo nses to Art Works.s achievements.17D Botti

60、celli and Flore ntine: A Comparative Study.37. We can learn from the text that art critics have a history ofA suppressing painters art initiatives.Bfavoring aBotticelli s best paintings.Creject ingtraditi onal art characteristics.Dundervaluing Botticelli s achievements.38. The views of Vasari and Ho