1、- 1 - 一名詞( 一) 知識(shí)概要名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法，但就實(shí)際應(yīng)用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其應(yīng)用上來。我們不妨把它分為兩大類：專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義， 專有名詞 是指：個(gè)人、事物、機(jī)關(guān)等所專有的名稱， 如， the great wall ， america 它們是不能隨意變動(dòng)的。而普通名詞 中則包括個(gè)體名詞，如pen, worker它表示單一的個(gè)體人或事物； 集體名詞 ，如： family, class， team, 它表示的是由若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體；物質(zhì)名詞 ，如： water, paper 它表示的是一種物質(zhì)，原材

2、料；而后一種是抽象名詞 ，如 :work, time它表示著一種在實(shí)際生活中看不見、摸不到，但卻與實(shí)際生活緊密相關(guān)的某些動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。見下表。名詞一覽表種類專有名詞 london, john, the communist party of china 普通名詞 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集體名詞 class, family, army, police, team, people 物質(zhì)名詞 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand 抽象名詞 happiness, love, work, lif

3、e, courage, honest 功用主語 my family is now in new york. 表語 his father is a scientist. 賓語 we love our great motherland. 賓語補(bǔ)足語 he made london the base for his work. 定語 the girls are making paper flowesrs. 狀語 the car cost him 1000 dollars. 同位語 mr brown, a famous scientist, will come here. 名詞在使用中的難點(diǎn)在于名詞的數(shù)

4、，即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算，所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等，如：english,air,water,cotton,work可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計(jì)算的名- 2 - 詞，所以它具有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式兩種。可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)律是：1. 一般情況加 s, 如： penpens, doctordoctors,boyboys, 其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀s，在元音和濁輔音后讀z。如:mapmap ， boy boys. 2. 在以 s,sh,ch,x 結(jié)尾的名詞后面加es，如： busbuses,classclasses, 其讀音為

5、 iz 。3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge 結(jié)尾的名詞加s，其讀音為 iz 。4. 以輔音字母加y 結(jié)尾的名詞，要將y 變?yōu)?i 再加 es，讀作 z，如： factoryfactories,countrycountries, familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s，如 :boy boys,day days 。5. 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es，但如果 o 前面是元音字母或外來詞，縮寫詞以o 結(jié)尾的則只加s，如： tomato tomatoes,hero heroes;photo photos,radio radios,piano pi

6、anos 6. 以f 或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f 或fe 變?yōu)?v 再加 es，如：knife knives, leafleaves, 但有些例外的詞如roof 的復(fù)數(shù)形式是roofs 。7. 不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個(gè)記憶的，它沒有規(guī)律可循，如:manmen,woman women, childchildren, footfeet,toothteeth, mousemice 8. 單復(fù)同形的名詞有：fish, sheep,deer9. 單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people,police 等。名詞還有格的變化，其主格可作主語，賓格可作賓語。還有所有格，用來表示人或物的所有，以及

7、領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加 s 其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s ，如其結(jié)尾不是s 的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加s ，如：a students room, students rooms, childrens day.在表示時(shí)間、距離、世界、國(guó)家名詞的所有格要用s ，如： a twenty minutes walk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of 結(jié)構(gòu)，如： the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers - 3 - ( 二) 正誤辨析誤 please give me a paper. 正 please give me a piece of p

8、aper. 析不要認(rèn)為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞，這種原因是對(duì)英語中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能數(shù)相混淆了，所以造成了這樣的錯(cuò)誤，因paper 在英語中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類，是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達(dá)數(shù)量時(shí)，要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來表達(dá)，如： two pieces of paper. 誤 please give me two letter papers. 正 please give me two pieces of letter paper. 析 paper 作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞，而作為報(bào)紙、考卷、文章講時(shí)則是可數(shù)名詞，如：each student should write a p

9、aper on what he has learnt. 誤 my glasses is broken. 正 my glasses are broken. 誤 i want to buy two shoes. 正 i want to buy two pairs of shoes. 析英語中 glasses 眼鏡， shoes鞋， trousers褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應(yīng)用a pair of glasses 而這時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與量詞相一致。如：this pair of glasses is very good. 誤 may i borrow two radio

10、es? 正 may i borrow two radios? 析以 o 結(jié)尾的名詞大都是用加es 來表示其復(fù)數(shù)形式，但如果o 前面是一個(gè)元音字母或外來語時(shí)則只加s 就可以了。這樣的詞有zoo zoos,pianopianos. 誤 this is a marys dictionary. 正 this is marys dictionary. 析如名詞前有指示代詞this, that, these those,及其他修飾詞our,some, every, which, 或所有格時(shí)，則不要再加冠詞。誤 there are much people in the garden. 正 there are

11、 many people in the garden. - 4 - 析可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)用many, few, a few, a lot of 來修飾，而 people 是可數(shù)名詞，而且是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：the people are planting trees here. 誤 i want a few water. 正 i want a little water. 析不可數(shù)名詞前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some 來修飾，但不可用 many,few 來修飾。誤 thank you very much. your family is very kind to me.

12、 正 thank you very much. your family are very kind to me. 誤 toms and marys family are waiting for us. 正 toms and marys families are waiting for us. 誤 im sorry. i have to go. toms families are waiting for me. 正 im sorry. i have to go. toms family are waiting for me. 析集合名詞如果指某個(gè)集合的整體，則應(yīng)視為單數(shù)，如指某個(gè)集合體中的個(gè)體則

13、應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù)。如:my family is a big family. when i came in, toms family were watching tv. 即湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的集合名詞有：family class, team 等。誤 dont eat too much meats. 正 dont eat too much meat. 誤 food in that restaurant is very good. 正 the food in that restaurant is very good. 析物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，在使用中不可以加s，即它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。也不可加不定冠詞。

14、但如果用于特指某一物質(zhì)時(shí)可以加定冠詞。如： i dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good. 誤 please give me two waters. 正 please give me two glasses of water. 正 please give me two coffees. 析物質(zhì)名詞如要加計(jì)量時(shí)，一定要加量詞，如： two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread, a piece of bread

15、,a box of sugar, a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange, a bag of earth 例： ill tell you a piece of good news. - 5 - 但只有 coffee 可以用 coffees 來取代 many cups of coffee. 誤 can you give me the newspaper of today? 正 can you give me todays newspaper? 析加 s 構(gòu)成所有格的名詞一般應(yīng)指有生命的人或物。如：marys hair ，但在英文的習(xí)慣用法中對(duì)時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格多

16、用s 來構(gòu)成而不用 of 結(jié)構(gòu)。如： a five minutes walk. 誤 please make a room for the lady in the school bus. 正 please make room for the lady in the school bus. 析英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的，如： room 為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)為“房間”，如：i live in room 5.而room 為抽象名詞時(shí)為空間上面一句話應(yīng)譯為“請(qǐng)給老婦人在校車上留個(gè)地方。”這樣的詞還有：glass 玻璃 glasses 眼鏡 stone 石頭 a stone 一塊石頭 time 時(shí)

17、間 two times 兩次 wood 木頭 woods 樹林誤 there is a flowers garden behind my house. 正 there is a flower garden behind my house. 析名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外，還可以用來修飾另一個(gè)名詞，這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式，如：shoe factory ( 鞋廠 ),post office(郵局 ),evening paper (晚報(bào) ),night school (夜校 ),head master (校長(zhǎng) ),a law school (法律學(xué)院 ) 。但也有例外，如:a go

18、ods train(貨車 ),sports meeting (運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) ) 。誤 my mother bought two fishes for supper this morning. 正 my mother bought two fish for supper this morning. 析英語中有些名詞單復(fù)同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, chinese (中國(guó)人 ), means (方法 ) 。所以應(yīng)講 one fish, two fish, one chinese, two chinese. 如果講 there are five fishes in the pool.應(yīng)譯

19、為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。誤 mary expressed her thank to her boy friend. 正 mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend. 析英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes 為衣服，而 cloth 則是布， sand 沙子，而 sands 是沙灘。誤 i offered my son my congratulation on his success. 正 i offered my son my congratulations o

20、n his success. - 6 - 析英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式，但一般要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如握手為 shake hands. 誤 we have five german in this meeting. 正 we have five germans in this meeting. 析英國(guó)人 englishman 的復(fù)數(shù)形式為 englishmen ，而 german 則要加 s，因?yàn)樗皇怯蓢?guó)名與man 的組合詞。誤 there are two as in this word. 正 there are two as in this word. 析在大寫字母縮寫形式的復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)法中應(yīng)加s

21、，但如字母是a、i 時(shí)，為了防止與as 和is 相混，則要用 s 即as ，is 誤 there are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number. 正 there are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number. 析在小寫字母與數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)形式表達(dá)法中要用s 誤 we have many woman teachers in our school. 正 we have many women teachers in our school. 析一般組合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)只將詞中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)如：half brot

22、herhalf brothers(同父異母或同母異父的兄弟)daughter in law daughtersin law,( 兒媳 ) 但要注意的是： man driver men drivers(男司機(jī) ) woman doctor women doctors( 女大夫 )grown up grown ups( 成年人 ) 但是 boy student則變?yōu)?boy students 誤 physics are very difficult to learn. 正 physics is very difficult to learn. 析雖以 s 結(jié)尾但只能用作單數(shù)名詞有：科學(xué)，學(xué)科名字：

23、physics. mathematics politics 游戲名稱： bowls 專有名稱： niagara falls(尼亞加拉瀑布 ) 其他名詞： news(消息，新聞 ) 誤 there is a people in the room. 正 there is a person in the room. 正 there is a man in the room. 析 people 是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，不可用作單數(shù)，如要用來講一個(gè)人時(shí)應(yīng)用a person, a man, a woman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個(gè)警察時(shí)則要用a policeman, a policewoman。誤 where

24、 is my shoe? 正 where are my shoes? - 7 - 析常常只用作復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞有trousers, pants, shorts(短褲 )，socks( 襪子 ),shoes, gloves(手套 ) 。但如果只找其中的一個(gè)則要指明，這時(shí)還是應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：wheres my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?) 誤 i paid five pennies for the sweet. 正 i paid five pence for the sweet. 析英語中便士有兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式pence 用來表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies 是指一個(gè)個(gè)的硬幣，如：i

25、want to change this note for pennies. 我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。( 即一便士一個(gè)的硬幣) 。誤 there are many fruit in the shop. 正 there are many fruits in the shop. 析物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但是用來表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞，這里應(yīng)譯為各種各樣的水果。誤 there is a new car. it is jones and marys. 正 there is a new car. it is jone and marys. 析有生命名詞的所有格，如果是單數(shù)名詞則加s 如： marys

26、car. 如果是以 s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s 后面加如： teachers offices. 如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s 結(jié)尾，則只加s，如： childrens palace 組合名詞的所有格是在最后一個(gè)詞尾加s 如： girl friend girl friends someone else someone elses a week or threea week or threes 如名詞后有同位語時(shí)，則應(yīng)加在同位語的詞尾上，如：it is my girl friend, marys car.要注意的是當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí)，如表示歸兩人共同所有，則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加s ，如果表示分別所有則在

27、兩個(gè)名詞后分別加s ，如： this is mary and jones home.即mary 與jone 是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而these are marys and jones homes.則應(yīng)譯為這里是 mary 的家與 jone 的家。誤 it is really beautiful. it is a work of nature. 正 it is really beautiful. it is a natures work. 析無生命名詞的所有格應(yīng)用of 結(jié)構(gòu)。但是 s 形式的所有格可用于以下無生命的名詞：表示時(shí)間的詞：todays newspaper, a twenty m

28、inutes walk, an hours, rest 表示長(zhǎng)度的詞：three metres distance, a boats length， twenty miles journey 表示重量的名詞：two pounds weight 價(jià)格名詞： two dollarsworth 擬人化的名詞：natures work, - 8 - natures lesson(大自然的教訓(xùn) ) 及國(guó)家、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、城市等機(jī)構(gòu)性名詞： the universitys library 誤 he is an old friend of my father. 正 he is an old friend of

29、my fathers. 析這是英語中的一種習(xí)慣用法而不要根據(jù)語法去推理。如：this pen is toms. 誤 my father is a good cooker. 正 my father is a good cook. 析一般動(dòng)詞加上er 后則轉(zhuǎn)意為執(zhí)行該動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如:teach(教) teacher(老師 ),think(想) thinker(思想家 ),drive(開車 ) driver(司機(jī)),sell(賣 ) seller(賣物者 ) 但不能總是以此類推，比如cook 是動(dòng)詞“做飯”。而cook 也可作為名詞“廚師”講，而cooker 則為廚具，餐具，即鍋、碗、勺等做飯用具

30、。誤 the young is dancing there. 正 the young are dancing there. 析英文中用定冠詞加上形容詞表示一類人時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：the rich 富人， the poor(窮人 ),the wise 聰明人，但如果用定冠詞加形容詞來表示事物則要用作單數(shù)名詞，如：the beautiful is still here.美麗的風(fēng)景依舊。誤 the stories of the book was written many years ago. 正 the stories of the book were written many years ago

31、. 析這句話的真正主語應(yīng)是stories，所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。誤 this is one of the english chinese dictionary. 正 this is one of the english chinese dictionaries. 析 one of 意為“之一”，of 后面的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。誤 lets go to uncle wang for supper. 正 lets go to uncle wangs for supper. 析 uncle wangs 意為“王叔叔家”，doctors 意為“醫(yī)院或私人診所”。誤 i think we will mak

32、e a friend with each other. 正 i think we will make friends with each other. 析 make friends 為習(xí)慣用法，即交朋友。- 9 - 誤 i want to tell you much pieces of good news. 正 i want to tell you many pieces of good news. 析 news 為不可數(shù)名詞，但加了量詞之后則要用many 來修飾量詞，因量詞是可數(shù)名詞，或可以說i want to tell you some good news. 因some 即可用在可數(shù)名詞前

33、，也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞，如： i want to tell you some pieces of good news. 誤 the teacher with five students are coming here. 正 the teacher with five students is coming here. 析要注意由with 引出的介詞短語不是本句的主語，這與連詞and 有很大的區(qū)別，如：the teacher and five students are coming here. 這里由介詞引出的短語僅僅是teacher 的修飾語。誤 there are a lot of i

34、nformation here, but we dont need them. 正 there is a lot of information here, but we dont need it. 析 information 為不可數(shù)名詞，而用作代替它的詞要用it 而不能用them. 誤 many a student make the same mistake in the exam. 正 many a student makes the same mistake in the exam. 析 many a 加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，作主語時(shí)其謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，但其意為許多學(xué)生。誤 the chil

35、dren wear very good cloth to go to school today. 正 the children wear very good clothes to go to school today. 析英文中 cloth,clothes,clothing 是易混之詞：cloth 是物質(zhì)名詞，意為“布”，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，而clothing 是指衣物的總稱，也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。 clothes 是指衣服，但沒有單數(shù)形式，如：this clothing is needed in warm countries. her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中

36、的dress 則指較正規(guī)的服裝，如：a school dress 校服， an evening dress 晚禮服。誤 i like to study the english. 正 i like to study english. 析作為一種學(xué)科名詞前不要用冠詞，而作為某一特指學(xué)科則要加冠詞，如： i like to study history. i like to study the history of america. 誤 the browns is going to visit china. 正 the browns are going to visit china. - 10 - 析

37、定冠詞加姓加s，則意為“ brown 先生一家人”。所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。此句應(yīng)譯為：brown 先生一家將要訪問中國(guó)。( 三) 例題解析1. lucy and lily in the same class. a. am b. is c. are d. be 答案 c. 析由 and 連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞來搭配謂語動(dòng)詞。2. which is the to the bus stop， please? a road b way c street d address 答案 b. 析這是考察同意詞辨析，road 是指較寬闊的大道，意為“鄉(xiāng)間公路”，而 street 意為道路兩邊的建筑

38、物較高，可視為街道之意，而way 則多為要到達(dá)某地所要經(jīng)過的途徑，還可引深為方式、方法。而address 則為“地址”。如：there is a car running along the country road. i live at 105 park street. can you show me the way to the national museum? 3. hurry up!there is time left. a little b a little c few d a few 答案 a. 析因 time 作為時(shí)間講為不可數(shù)名詞，所以不可用few，a few 來修飾。另外，英文

39、的表達(dá)法與中文不同，中文講，快點(diǎn)，時(shí)間不多了，而英文要講，快點(diǎn)，沒時(shí)間了。因此，要用little 而不用 a little. 4. how many can you see in the picture? a tomatos b tomatoes c tomato d the tomato 答案 b. 析用 how many 提問時(shí)，其名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，而tomato 的復(fù)數(shù)要加 es. 5. is the meat. please? ten yuan a kilo. a how much b how many c how old d how long 答案 a. 析由對(duì)話的答語可看出其問句問

40、的是價(jià)格。錢數(shù)作為整體、價(jià)- 11 - 格講時(shí)，不論其值是多少都是不可數(shù)名詞，要用how much 提問。6 the boys name is james allen green. so his given name is . a james allen b allen green c james green d mr. green 答案 a. 析英文的習(xí)慣與中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文則是姓在最后，其第一個(gè)名字是由父母所起的，中間的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可稱作given name, 而姓在英文中是family name. 7 shanghai is one of the

41、biggest in our country. a city b citys c citys d cities 答案 d. 析復(fù)音字母以y 結(jié)尾的單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要把y 變成 i 再加 es。one of 加名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。8 would you please pass me ? a two paper b two papers c two pieces of paper d two pieces of papers 答案 c. 析 paper 是不可數(shù)名詞，如講一張、兩張紙時(shí)，要用量詞piece. 9 september 10th is day. a teacher b teach

42、ers c teachers d teachers 答案 d. 10 i only have bread for lunch today. a a bit b a bit of c little d few 答案 b. 11 “what would you like, ann? ”“ id like two . ”a glass of milk b glasses of milk c glass of milks d glasses of milks 答案 b. 12 there isnt paper in the box. will you go and get for me? a any,

43、 some b any, any c some, some d some, any 答案 a. 析 any 用于否定句與疑問句，但如果要表達(dá)說話者真心實(shí)意希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，問句中要用some 而不要按一般語法規(guī)律用any. - 12 - 13 june 1st is . a childrens day b childrens day c childrens day d childrens day 答案 c. 14 these foreign friends are . a german b germen c germany d germans 答案 d. 15 all the student

44、s are busy, so of them will go to the cinema. a many b little c a few d few 答案 d. 析 student 是可數(shù)名詞，而few 用于可數(shù)名詞，意為：幾乎沒有學(xué)生去電影院。16 there are three and seven in the picture. a deers, sheeps b deers, sheep c deer, sheep ddeer, sheeps 答案 c. 析 deer 與sheep 均是單復(fù)同形的名詞。 17 whose room is this? its . a my b kikes

45、 and johns c our d kike and johns 答案 d. 析因?yàn)?room 為單數(shù)，所以不可能是kike 的一間與 john 的一間，應(yīng)為二者共用的一間房子。- 13 - 二、冠詞( 一) 知識(shí)概要冠詞在英語中只有3 個(gè)詞，分為兩類：不定冠詞a 與an，定冠詞 the 。a 用在以輔音開始的單數(shù)名詞前，an 用于以元音開始的單詞前。不定冠詞用來表示一類事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠詞則用于特指的某一個(gè)或某些事物，可用于不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前。( 二) 正誤辨析誤 this building is an university. 正 this building

46、 is a university. 析 a 用于以輔音音素開始的單詞前，而an 用于以元音音素開始的單詞前，而不是元音字母開頭的單詞前。university 的第一個(gè)音素是 j ，所以用 a 而不要用 an。又如： there is a “n” in the word. 是錯(cuò)句，應(yīng)為：there is an “n”in the word.因字母 n 的發(fā)音的第一個(gè)音素是元音。要注意的還有hour 因其第一個(gè)字母h 不發(fā)音，所以應(yīng)該用 an hour 。例如：i need an hour to finish the work. it is a useful dictionary. it is a

47、 european country. i bought a used car. 誤 i need a umbrella because it looks like raining. 正 i need an umbrella because it looks like raining. 析因 umbrella 的第一個(gè)音素是元音，所以應(yīng)用an. 常用的情況有：an old man, an english teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy 。誤“ can you help me” “sorry, im in hurr

48、y.”正“ can you help me” “sorry. im in a hurry.”析不定冠詞的主要用法如下：- 14 - 1. 用來表示一類人或事物，如：she is a teacher. 2. 指某一類人或事物中的一個(gè)，如：an elephant is bigger than a horse. 3. 泛指某一人或事物，如：a man is waiting for you at the school gate. 4. 相當(dāng)于“ one”的概念，如：i just bought a new dictionary. 5. 其主要的難點(diǎn)是用在固定詞組中：如： have a walk/a re

49、st /a look 又如： in a hurry 匆匆忙忙make a face 作鬼臉do somebody a favour 幫某人忙a number of =many 又如： have a good time (玩得好 ) have a cold (感冒 ) have a headache (頭痛 ) have a break=have a rest 誤 i bought the dictionary yesterday. a dictionary is very good. 正 i bought a dictionary yesterday. the dictionary is ve

50、ry good. 析在文章中第一次提到某物時(shí)用不定冠詞，而第二次提到時(shí)用定冠詞。誤 please turn off lights before you leave. 正 please turn off the lights before you leave. 析雖然是第一次提到某物但說話雙方均知其所指，也應(yīng)用定冠詞。誤 there are nine planets around a sun. 正 there are nine planets around the sun. 析世上獨(dú)一無二的天體等名詞前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky,

51、the sea. 誤 i live on a second floor of this building. 正 i live on the second floor of this building. 析在序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級(jí)前要用定冠詞。如：he is the oldest in the family. 誤 i want to learn the second language this term. 正 i want to learn a second language this term. - 15 - 析在序數(shù)詞的含意不是順序中的第一第二，而其意在于再學(xué)一個(gè)，再來一個(gè)時(shí)，應(yīng)用a，本句的意

52、思應(yīng)為：這學(xué)期我要學(xué)一門第二外語。誤 mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world. 正 the mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world. 析在河流名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the yellow river(黃河 ) 。誤 look, there are alp. 誤 look, there are the alp. 正 look, there are the alps. 析具體的某一座山不加定冠詞，如：mountain tai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后，其山名要加s，來

53、表示山脈。the alps 即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如 :the alps are in the center of europe. 誤 times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world. 正 the times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world. 析報(bào)刊名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞。誤 rich are not always happy. 正 the rich are not always happy. 析在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人，而在姓的前面加定冠詞，姓后加 s 表示某一家，如：the turne

54、rs are going to move to new york. 誤 i like to eat bread for breakfast. bread sells in this shop is very good. 正 i like to eat bread for breakfast. the bread sells in this shop is very good. 析物質(zhì)名詞特指時(shí)也應(yīng)加定冠詞。誤 the sun rises in east. 正 the sun rises in the east. 析在方向、方位前應(yīng)用定冠詞，如：in the east, in the west,

55、 in the north, in the south, in the direction 及in the past, in the future 誤 do you know who invented telephone 正 do you know who invented the telephone 析在特定和專有事物或名稱前要加定冠詞，如： the english channel 英吉利海峽the panama canal 巴拿馬運(yùn)河- 16 - the suez canal 蘇伊士運(yùn)河誤 would you please buy some food for the supper 正 wo

56、uld you please buy some food for supper 析泛指一日三餐前無定冠詞。誤 i like to climb the mountain in the autumn. 正 i like to climb the mountain in autumn. 析一年四季前不用定冠詞，如：spring is the best season in a year. 誤 sometimes my parents come to school to see me. 正 sometimes my parents come to the school to see me. 析有些名詞被

57、用作其本身原來所含目的時(shí)不加冠詞，如：go to school 上學(xué)， leave school(輟學(xué) ) ，after school(放學(xué) ) ，但如果當(dāng)建筑物講時(shí)應(yīng)加冠詞，如例句中其父母來校不是上學(xué)，而是看望孩子，則要加定冠詞。又如，he was in hospital for two days.(他在醫(yī)院住院兩天了。 )而： he went to the hospital to see his mother.他去醫(yī)院看望他的母親。誤 i bought a same dictionary as she bought. 正 i bought the same dictionary as sh

58、e bought. 析在慣用法the same, the only, the very 前的定冠詞不可換為不定冠詞。誤 the police caught the thief by his arm. 正 the police caught the thief by the arm. 析這是英文表達(dá)法與中文的明顯不同之處，也是初學(xué)者極易忽視之處。在英語中的某些動(dòng)詞，如：catch( 抓) ，take( 拿) ，strike ( 打),pat(拍 ) ，hit(擊) ， hold( 握 ) ，pull(拉) 動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)加人，再加介詞on, by, in, with之后要加定冠詞，再加人體的某一部位。

59、這時(shí)的定冠詞千萬不要換作his, her, their, 等詞。誤 he was paid by hour. 正 he was paid by the hour. 析 by 和計(jì)量單位之間要有定冠詞。這句話應(yīng)譯為：他的工資是按小時(shí)計(jì)算的。誤 i went to new york by his car. 正 i went to new york by car. 正 i went to new york in his car. - 17 - 析 by 僅僅與交通工具相連表示應(yīng)用某種工具，而加了別的修飾詞后其前面的介詞也應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換。如：by car (坐小汽車 )by taxi ( 坐出租車 )

60、by bike (騎自行車 )by water (乘船 )by air (乘飛機(jī) )by sea ( 乘船 ) 誤 mary began to learn how to play piano when she was three. 正 mary began to learn how to play the piano when she was three. 析在樂器前要加定冠詞，而在球類游戲之前則不要加冠詞，如：they like to play bridge when they are free. (他們空閑時(shí)愛打橋牌) 誤 the little boy wanted to go to ci