1、lesson 16 more issues for debatingtourism & other issuesthe following tips are oriented towards making preparations for greater effectivenesshow to construct effective arguments?there are many techniques that each speaker can use in their speech but there are three main areas that you will be ma

2、rked on. they are language, content and delivery.1) languagelanguage is important since contestants must be understood. judges look for accurate pronunciation, enunciation and articulation as well as the ability to vary the pace and pitch of the voice when speaking. vocabulary use must be appropriat

3、e, correct and interesting. try to avoid being too informal but dont go overboard the other way. 2) contentcontent is what you say, it is the substance of your speech. you should divide your content into arguments and supporting materials. an argument is a statement “the topic is true/false because

4、of x”, where the argument fills in for the x. for example in the topic論點 “that the zoos should be closed” an argument論據 may be: “the zoos should be closed because they confine the animals in an unnatural environment”. 3) deliveryto bring the topic alive, you can use the following tips: cue cards: us

5、e them the same way you would use a prompt in a play. they are there for reference if you lose your spot. eye contact: if you look at the audience you will hold their attention. when youve got them by the eyeballs their hearts and minds will follow.voice: you must project your voice so as to be hear

6、d clearly. adjust your volume, pitch and rate of speaking to emphasize and catch the audiences attention.body language: your body is a tool for you to use.how to refute arguments? refutation駁斥 is the process of proving that an argument or a series of arguments, or the conclusions drawn from that arg

7、ument or arguments, is false, erroneous, or at least doubtful. in a debate, effective refutations are key to success. refutations should be handled systematically. here are guidelines that you can follow: anticipate what your opponent will say. take careful notes of what your opponent says and note

8、your reactions to what is said. find your opponents fallacies謬誤、謬論 in arguments and attack on that basis. organize your arguments effectively.debate topic 1: do you think “golden week” should be cancelled?chinas “golden week” has begun to lose its glitter due to the pressure it imposes on public tra

9、nsportation and scenic spots. the possibility of canceling the seven-day labor day and national day holidays, usually called “golden week” has become a widely discussed topic.arguments 1) golden week has been very effective in introducing the idea of vacation travel to chinese from the very beginnin

10、g. after seven years of golden weeks, the number of chinese travelers has increased to a point that little room for further growth remains. on the 1st of the golden week in oct. 1999, 40 million people went traveling around the country. by 2004 the number had increased 2.5 times to 101 million, acco

11、rding to statistics from the national holidays coordinating office.2) golden week has the potential to promote the development of airlines and travel agencies, since it was a period when the average expense of travel increased by up to 30% compared to the rest of the year.3) golden week provides an

12、opportunity for a family to go on vacation together at the same time. counter-arguments due to the growth trend in domestic tourism, scenic spots and transportation system are placed under growing pressure from golden week.1)its definitely challenging for smaller stations to receive four or five tim

13、es the usual number of passengers during the week-long holidays, far more than any other time in the year excepting only chinese lunar new year. the railway authorities have to add temporary trains during golden weeks for the wave of travelers heading out of the major scenic spots throughout the cou

14、ntry. and the authorities noted that resources are wasted during the period because most of the trains carrying passengers only one way, “trains coming back from scenic spots are empty (at the beginning of the golden week).”2)as for the scenic spots themselves, the sudden rush of visitors swarming i

15、nto them at the same time causes damage and environmental stress. according to one professor, “each place has a certain capacity for tourists, so scenic spots hope to see a regular flow of visitors every day, not just on holidays.”judge: “golden week” does have so many benefits, but it is also true

16、it brings problems, because people are becoming unwilling to travel during holidays. i think there are possible alternatives: one is called “small golden week”, shortening weekends to one day and postponing the other four days off to the end of every month, thus providing more opportunities for vaca

17、tions and removing some of the golden week pressure. the other is to introduce paid leave in all the workplaces in china. debate topic 2: should we develop tourism?ever since the reform and opening to the outside world, tourism has developed very quickly in china. we have seen a large inflow of fore

18、ign tourists. so is it a good thing to develop tourism?a: we are now living in an age which encourages communication. from this point of view, i strongly believe that it is necessary to develop the tourist trade, for it contributes a lot to increasing understanding between nations. as the saying goe

19、s, “seeing is believing.” only a trip to an unfamiliar land can help us understand the people and culture there. since tourism helps increase understanding between people, it will finally wipe out prejudice against other nations, and make the world a more peaceful one. b: we would not accept that. o

20、n the contrary, we find that tourism cannot increase understanding between nations because tourists are often trapped in big hotels and chances are that they only gaze at the natives from a distance. thus, tourist business prevents people from making foreign friends. foreign tourists cannot have a f

21、ull view of the local culture because they simply dont have time to mix with the local people. speaking of prejudice, we find that tourism does not help wipe out prejudice,; on the contrary,it may lead to the persistence of national stereotypes because when traveling, people are likely to notice onl

22、y characteristics which confirm their preconceptions. a: we certainly do not expect tourists to see everything. the amount of knowledge you gain about the country you visit vary from person to person. but you can not deny that tourists can gain some knowledge about the place they visit if we do not

23、care how much they do. for example, once upon a time some americans believed that the chinese still wore plaids. a trip in china would completely change the image of the chinese in their eye even though they might only gaze through the windows of the hotels. besides, tourism contributes significantl

24、y to the countries gnp. the economy of some regions is based on the tourist industry. for instance, tourism helps develop a regions commerce because tourists are most likely to buy souvenirs wherever they go. tourism also provides jobs for many people and helps solve or ease the social problem of un

25、employment. tourism helps improve the transportation system of a region. tourism helps accelerate a citys construction and its embellishment. china is a developing country. but we have very good tourist resources. if we can put them to very good use, they will add a great deal to the national revenu

26、es. b: thats a good point, but tourism makes some parts of the country and the world as well too crowded a place to live in . we can find that tourism creates pollution and has destroyed many beautiful scenic spots. a: thats true. its always the case. when you introduce good things into a county, th

27、e bad things also follow along. but we should not throw out the baby together with the bathing water. what we should do is to take preventive measures. the tourist resorts are the common wealth of the mankind. the tourist business gives people a chance to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the world and

28、 the wonders of mankind. b: you must admit that tourists, sometimes, cannot have a full enjoyment of the beautiful scenery because the places they visit are restricted by organizers. a: thats why we should develop tourism. if tourism is well developed, the services will be better, there will be more

29、 places to see and life will become more interesting. contact with tourists from afar widens the horizon of the local people, and travel widens tourists horizon and make them more open-minded in the meanwhile. b: however, it is not always the case. as the saying goes, “travel makes a wise man better

30、, but a fool worse.” and we find that contact with and assimilation of other cultures will reduce the uniqueness of ones own culture and make the world less colorful than before. a: there is no danger of that. it is natural for different nations to learn from each other. but tourists only make a very small proportion of the population in the country. we certainly do not expect t