1、1revision ofnon-restrictive attributive clausesunit 5 grammar2underline the attributive clauses: dont forget the things that once you owned. treasure the things that you cant get. dont give up the things that belong to you and keep those lost things in memory. 曾經擁有的，不要忘記。不能得到的，曾經擁有的，不要忘記。不能得到的，更要珍惜。

2、屬于自己的，不要放棄。更要珍惜。屬于自己的，不要放棄。已經失去的，留作回憶。已經失去的，留作回憶。31. 定語從句：定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從修飾某一名詞或代詞的從 句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在 它所修飾的先行詞之后。它所修飾的先行詞之后。2. 先行詞：先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。3. 關系詞：關系詞：引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。 revision4 關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。 關系代詞有關系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as

3、；關系副詞有；關系副詞有when, where, why。 關系詞通常有下列三個作用：關系詞通常有下列三個作用： a. 引導定語從句引導定語從句 b. 代替先行詞代替先行詞 c. 在定語從句中擔當一個成分在定語從句中擔當一個成分 5限制性定語從句限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句 形形式式上上 不用逗號不用逗號“ ，”與主句隔開與主句隔開用逗號用逗號“ ，”與主與主句隔開句隔開 意意義義上上 是先行詞不可缺是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去除，主句則失去意義或意思表達意義或意思表達不完整不完整 只是對先行詞的補只是對先行詞的補充說明，如刪除，充說明，如刪除，

4、主句仍能表達完整主句仍能表達完整的意思。的意思。 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別6限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別限制性定語從限制性定語從句句 非限制性定語非限制性定語從句從句 譯法上譯法上 譯成先行詞的譯成先行詞的定語：定語：“的的 ” 通常譯成主句通常譯成主句的并列句的并列句 關系詞關系詞的使用的使用上上 1. 作賓語時可作賓語時可省略省略1. 不可省略不可省略 2. 可用可用that 2. 不用不用that 3. 可用可用who 代代替替whom 3. 不可用不可用who 代替代替whom 71.

5、his dog, which was now very old, became ill and died. 他的狗當時很老了他的狗當時很老了, 生病后就死了。生病后就死了。 (去掉從句去掉從句, 主句的意義仍然完整主句的意義仍然完整: 他的他的 狗生病死了。狗生病死了。) 2. yesterday i met li lei, who seemed to be very busy. 昨天我碰上李雷了昨天我碰上李雷了,他好象很忙。他好象很忙。 (去掉從句去掉從句, 意義仍然完整意義仍然完整: 昨天我碰上昨天我碰上 李雷了。李雷了。) a. this is the place where i liv

6、ed ten years ago. b. she is going to spend the winter holiday in macao, which returned to china in 1999.2. a. he is a man who i can ask for help. b. his father, who works in beijing, came back yesterday.限制性定語從句和先行詞關系密切，如果限制性定語從句和先行詞關系密切，如果去掉從句，剩余部分意義不完整；非限制去掉從句，剩余部分意義不完整；非限制性定語從句只是先行詞的附加說明，如果性定語從句只是

7、先行詞的附加說明，如果去掉從句，意義仍然完整。去掉從句，意義仍然完整。all the magazines here which have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.里面有漂亮圖畫的那些雜志是他寫的。里面有漂亮圖畫的那些雜志是他寫的。all the magazines here, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.所有的雜志都是他寫的所有的雜志都是他寫的, 里面都有漂亮的圖里面都有漂亮的圖畫。畫。有時同一個限制性從句變為非限制有時同一個限制性從句

8、變為非限制性從句會改變全句的意思。性從句會改變全句的意思。（雜志有帶圖畫和不帶圖畫兩類）（雜志有帶圖畫和不帶圖畫兩類）（雜志只有一種）（雜志只有一種）his father, who works in beijing, came back yesterday.當先行詞是地名人名、世界上獨一當先行詞是地名人名、世界上獨一無二的事物或家庭唯一成員時，通無二的事物或家庭唯一成員時，通常只用非限制性定語從句。常只用非限制性定語從句。shanghai, which is in east china, is developing rapidly.the town where i live is beauti

9、ful.kenli, where i live, is beautiful.teachers who are kind are popular withthe students.mr wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.please compare:please compare:teachers who are kind are popular with the students.mr wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.分析兩種定語從句省略后的結果分析兩種定語從句省略后的結

10、果the town where i live is beautiful.kenli, where i live, is beautiful.限制性定語從句省略后主語所指就不明限制性定語從句省略后主語所指就不明確，所以不能省略。確，所以不能省略。非限制性定語從句和單句的比較非限制性定語從句和單句的比較1. he failed in the exam._ made his parents angry.2. he failed in the exam, _made his parents angry.3. he has two sons. both of _ are teachers. 4. he

11、has two sons, both of _ are teachers.thiswhichwhomthem that14一、一、 非限制性定語從句通常不能用非限制性定語從句通常不能用that引引 導。導。1. i like the book, which was bought yesterday. 我喜歡這本書，這是昨天買的。我喜歡這本書，這是昨天買的。 2. i like the book which / that was bought yesterday. 我喜歡昨天買的那本書。我喜歡昨天買的那本書。 非限制性定語從句應注意以下幾點：非限制性定語從句應注意以下幾點：15二、二、 在非限制

12、性定語從句中，指人的關系在非限制性定語從句中，指人的關系代詞作賓語時，只能用賓格代詞作賓語時，只能用賓格whom; 不能不能用用who替換，也不能省略。替換，也不能省略。1. do you know tom, whom we talked about? 你認識湯姆嗎你認識湯姆嗎? 我們談到過他。我們談到過他。 2. this book, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need. 這本書會給你提供所有你需要的資料，這本書會給你提供所有你需要的資料，它在任何一家書店都能買到。它在任何

13、一家書店都能買到。 (非限制性定語從句中引導詞在從句中作非限制性定語從句中引導詞在從句中作賓語，無論指人還是指物都不能省略。賓語，無論指人還是指物都不能省略。) 16二二.另外關系副詞另外關系副詞when(when(指時間指時間), where (), where (指地指地點點) )也可以引導非限制性定語從句也可以引導非限制性定語從句( (注意關系注意關系副詞副詞whywhy不能引導非限制性定語從句不能引導非限制性定語從句);why);why不不引導定語從句，常用引導定語從句，常用for whichfor which取代。取代。1. i had told them the reason, f

14、or which i didnt attend the meeting. 我已經把理由告訴了他們，為此我沒有我已經把理由告訴了他們，為此我沒有 去開會。去開會。 2. i had told them the reason why i didnt attend the meeting. 我告訴了他們我不去開會的理由。我告訴了他們我不去開會的理由。 (限制性定語從句限制性定語從句“the reason why.”是是常見搭配。常見搭配。) 17三三.非限制性定語從句置于句首時，不能用非限制性定語從句置于句首時，不能用which引導。關系代詞引導。關系代詞as引導非限制性定引導非限制性定語從句位置比

15、較靈活，可以放主句前，語從句位置比較靈活，可以放主句前，也可以放主句后。也可以放主句后。1. as i expected, he didnt believe me. 正如我所預料的，他不相信我。正如我所預料的，他不相信我。 2. she heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她聽到一個可怕的聲音，這讓她把心她聽到一個可怕的聲音，這讓她把心 都提到嗓子眼了。都提到嗓子眼了。 18as“正如正如” 常用結構：常用結構：as we all know 正如我們所知道的正如我們所知道的as you say 正如正如

16、 你所說的你所說的as i can see 正如我所能看到的正如我所能看到的 as we had expected 正如我們所料正如我們所料as you may have heard 正如你可能聽到過的那樣正如你可能聽到過的那樣as is often the case = as often happens情況往往如此情況往往如此/這是常有的事這是常有的事 as“正如正如” 常用結構：常用結構：as we all know 正如我們所知道的正如我們所知道的as you say 正如正如 你所說的你所說的as i can see 正如我所能看到的正如我所能看到的 as we had expecte

17、d 正如我們所料正如我們所料as you may have heard 正如你可能聽到過的那樣正如你可能聽到過的那樣as is often the case = as often happens情況往往如此情況往往如此/這是常有的事這是常有的事 19as“正如正如” 也常用于被動結構：也常用于被動結構：as is expected (正如所料）正如所料）as has been explained (正如所解釋的正如所解釋的)as is mentioned above (正如所提到的正如所提到的)as is known to all (眾所周知眾所周知)as is announced/repor

18、ted (據宣布據宣布/報道報道) as has been mentioned above（正如前面被提到的那樣）（正如前面被提到的那樣）as has been pointed out （正如所指出的那樣）（正如所指出的那樣） 20四、四、 非限制性定語從句由非限制性定語從句由“介詞介詞+關系代詞關系代詞”引導時，其中的關系代詞不能用引導時，其中的關系代詞不能用as。1. he bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his father was angry. 他花兩萬多美元買了這輛車，他父親對他花兩萬多美元買了這輛車，他父親對 此很生

19、氣。此很生氣。 2. i finished my work ahead of time, after which i sat some time reading the newspaper. 我提前干完了我的活，隨后我坐著看了我提前干完了我的活，隨后我坐著看了 會兒報紙。會兒報紙。 21“介詞介詞+關系代詞關系代詞”前還可以有代詞、數詞、前還可以有代詞、數詞、the +最高級最高級/比較級等比較級等常見的代詞如下：常見的代詞如下：some,much, many, most, little, few, all, any, several, both, neither, either,none,

20、half, one, each, half.常見的數詞有：常見的數詞有：基數詞、序數詞、分數和百分數基數詞、序數詞、分數和百分數221. i am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.2. many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diets.3. there are 54 students in my class, three of whom come from the us.23五、五、whi

21、ch可指前面整個句子。可指前面整個句子。the sun sends out light and heat, whichmakes it possible for living things to existon the earth.太陽發出光和熱，這使得生物能夠在地球太陽發出光和熱，這使得生物能夠在地球上生存。上生存。his father is an engineer, _ makes him very proud. a. for what b. which c. that d. what241. yesterday mr. li finally bought his own house, _

22、 is a hospital. a. in where b. to the east of which c. to the east of it d. in the east of that 2. my brothers purse, _ he put ￥1,000, was missing on the bus. a. there b. which c. in which d. that 課堂練兵課堂練兵253. his glasses, _ he could see nothing, was taken away by a naughty boy. a. which b. without

23、which c. with which d. without those 4. the computer, _ he paid ￥3,000, was once owned by his uncle. a. which b. for which c. that d. to that 265. in the past we lost many chances, _ we paid little attention. a. which b. that c. in which d. to which 6. the pen, _ i had been writing for ten years, wa

24、s broken. a. with which b. with that c. as d. with it 277. mary has two brothers, _ are doctors. a. both of they b. both of whom c. both of them d. whom of both8. on the way home i met my friend john, from _ home the thief had stolen a computer. a. whom b. which c. that d. whose289. paul, _ everyone

25、 suspected, turned out to be innocent. a. that b. when c. which d. whom10. when deeply absorbed in work, _ he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping. a. what b. as c. that d. who2911. she showed her teacher a reason, _ she was late for school the day before yesterday. a. that b. whi

26、ch c. for which d. why12. the 10:00 train, _ is usually very punctual, was late this morning. a. as b. when c. that d. which301. i walked in our garden, _ tom and jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. (2005 遼寧卷遼寧卷) a. which b. when c. where d. that 312. the beatles, _ many of you are old

27、enough to remember, came from liverpool. (2006 天津天津卷卷) a. what b. that c. how d. as3. she was educated at beijing university, _ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. (2006 陜西陜西卷卷) a. after which b. from which c. from that d. after that4. last week, only two people came to look at the house，

28、_ wanted to buy it. (2007 安徽安徽卷卷) a. none of them b. both of them c. none of whom d. neither of whom5. it is reported that two schools, _ are being built in my hometown, will open next year. (2007 四川四川卷卷) a. they both b. which both c. both of them d. both of which 336. the growing speed of a plant i

29、s influenced by a number of factors, _ are beyond our control. (2008 湖南卷湖南卷) a. most of them b. most of which c. most of what d. most of that 7. they will fly to washington, _ they plan to stay for two or three days. (2008重慶卷重慶卷) a. where b. there c. which d. when348. many children, _ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village (2009 安徽卷安徽卷) a. t