1、welcome to our class句子結構句子結構 按句子的結構劃分，句子分為簡單句、按句子的結構劃分，句子分為簡單句、 并列句、復合句三種。并列句、復合句三種。一、簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）一、簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語），句子各個成和一個謂語（或并列謂語），句子各個成分都是由單詞或短語表示，這樣的句子稱分都是由單詞或短語表示，這樣的句子稱為簡單句。簡單一般分為以下五類：為簡單句。簡單一般分為以下五類： s+v：the sun rises in the east. s+v+o：my brother bought a new cellphone.so

2、me students are interested in music and others are fond of playing football.she not only dances well but also sings well.everyone likes a person with good manners, but no one likes a person with bad manners.i was about to leave when it began to rain.三、復合句：由一個主句和一個或多個從句構成三、復合句：由一個主句和一個或多個從句構成的句子叫復合句。

3、主句是復合句的主干部分，的句子叫復合句。主句是復合句的主干部分，從句在主句中可以充當主語、賓語、表語、同從句在主句中可以充當主語、賓語、表語、同位語、定語、狀語等。位語、定語、狀語等。what he did made his mother angry.parents shouldnt give their children whatever they want.this is because you are too careless.check all your answers before you turn in your papers.a doctor is a person who lo

4、oks after peoples health.定語從句定語從句定義：擔任定語功能的句子稱為定語從句。定義：擔任定語功能的句子稱為定語從句。 定語從句的作用相當于形容詞，又稱為形定語從句的作用相當于形容詞，又稱為形 容詞性從句。定語從句用來修飾名詞、代容詞性從句。定語從句用來修飾名詞、代 詞或整個主句。詞或整個主句。 he who doesnt reach the great wall is not true man. miss green is a strict but kind teacher who always cares for every student. football is

5、 played in over 80 countries, which makes it popular.they planted the trees which didnt need much water.the fish (which) we bought were not fresh.3 . 先行詞既可以指人也可以指物，關系代詞在定先行詞既可以指人也可以指物，關系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語時，用語從句中作主語、賓語或表語時，用that, 作賓作賓語是可省略。語是可省略。a plane is a machine that can fly.the girl (that) we saw

6、 yesterday is jims sister.hes changed. hes not the man that he was before.4 . whose 的意義相當于所有格，在定語從句中的意義相當于所有格，在定語從句中作定語，先行詞可以是人也可以是物。作定語，先行詞可以是人也可以是物。指物時可與指物時可與 of which 互換，互換，“名詞名詞+of which” .harry is the boy whose mother is our teacher.the house whose windows face east is mr. smiths.the house the

7、windows of which faces east is mr. smiths.關系副詞的選擇和作用關系副詞的選擇和作用1. 當先行詞是一個表示時間的名詞，且從當先行詞是一個表示時間的名詞，且從句中缺少時間狀語時，選擇關系副詞句中缺少時間狀語時，選擇關系副詞when。 i still remember the day when i first came to beijing.比較：比較：i still remember the day that/which we spent together.2. 當先行詞是一個表示地點的名詞，且從句當先行詞是一個表示地點的名詞，且從句中缺少地點狀語時，選

8、擇關系副詞中缺少地點狀語時，選擇關系副詞where。this is the house where we lived last year.比較：比較：this is the place that/which i once visited.3 . 當先行詞是當先行詞是the reason (s) ，且從句中缺從句中缺少原因狀語時，選擇關系副詞少原因狀語時，選擇關系副詞 why。this is the reason why he was killed.比較：比較：this reason that/which he gave us was unacceptable.介詞介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句關

9、系代詞引導的定語從句“介詞介詞+關系代詞關系代詞”也可以在從句中充當時間、地也可以在從句中充當時間、地點、原因等狀語。介詞選擇遵循三個原則：點、原因等狀語。介詞選擇遵循三個原則：1. 根據先行詞的搭配習慣根據先行詞的搭配習慣 the day on which i joined the army. i still remember the year in which i stayed here.2 . 根據從句中謂語動詞的搭配根據從句中謂語動詞的搭配 on which i spent 5 yuan. this is the book for which i paid 5 yuan. from w

10、hich i learnt a lot.3 . 根據所表達的意義根據所表達的意義the wall on which there is a map faces east.the wall in which there is a window faces east.as 和 which1. as 和和 which 都可以引導非限制性定語都可以引導非限制性定語從句，在定義從句中作主語或賓語，指從句，在定義從句中作主語或賓語，指代前面整個句子。代前面整個句子。區別：區別： as 引導的非限制性定語從句，可引導的非限制性定語從句，可放放 在主句之前、之后，也可以放在中間；在主句之前、之后，也可以放在中間

11、；which 引導的非限制性定語從句，只能引導的非限制性定語從句，只能放在主句之后。放在主句之后。 as 有正如，正像的有正如，正像的含義含義，而而 which 沒有沒有。 shakespeare is a famous playwright, as we know. as we know, shakespeare is a famous playwright. shakespeare, as we know, is a famous playwright. his mother is an engineer, which makes him proud.2 . 若先行詞被若先行詞被 such

12、 或或 the same所修飾所修飾，關系代詞用 as 。 he is such a kind man as we all like. this is the same watch as i lost. 只能用只能用 that 的情況的情況1. 當先行詞是當先行詞是 all, much, little, any, few, something, anything, everything, none, nothing, the one等不定代詞時等不定代詞時 is there anything that i can do for you?2. 當先行詞被當先行詞被 the only, the v

13、ery, the last修飾修飾時時 i was the only person in my office that was invited.3. 當先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數詞修飾時當先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數詞修飾時 this is the best book that i have read. the first lesson that i learned will never be forgotten. 4. 先行詞既有人又有物時先行詞既有人又有物時 they talked about the things and persons that they remembered. 5. 當

14、主句是以當主句是以 who 或或 which 開頭的特殊開頭的特殊疑問句時疑問句時 who is the boy that is standing over there?不能用不能用 that 的情況：的情況：1. 在非限制性定語從句中在非限制性定語從句中 dinner starts with a small dish, which is called a starter.2. 在定語從句中作介詞的賓語，且介在定語從句中作介詞的賓語，且介詞位于關系代詞前時：詞位于關系代詞前時： im looking for a container in which i can put all these pe

15、aches.定語從句中主謂一致問題定語從句中主謂一致問題1. 關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中謂語動詞的單復形式與先行詞保從句中謂語動詞的單復形式與先行詞保持一致。持一致。 mr. smith, who is now downstairs, is asking to see you. the smiths, who are now downstairs, are asking to see you.2. one of + 復數名詞復數名詞 + 關系代詞關系代詞 + 謂語動謂語動詞復數形式；詞復數形式；the (only) one of +復數名復數名詞

16、詞 + 關系代詞關系代詞 +謂語動詞單數形式謂語動詞單數形式 he is one of the students who work hard. he is the (only) one of the students who goes abroad. 在定語從句中，被關系詞代替的部分不可在定語從句中，被關系詞代替的部分不可在從句中重復出現在從句中重復出現。 this is the right book that you are looking for it.（） 當先行詞是當先行詞是 way 表示方式、方法時，關系表示方式、方法時，關系詞可用詞可用 in which、that 或省略。或省略。

17、 this is the way in which/(that) i study english. 當先行詞當先行詞 situation, point, degree等作先等作先行詞表示抽象的地點，其后常由行詞表示抽象的地點，其后常由 where 引引導定語從句，在定語從句中作地點狀語。導定語從句，在定語從句中作地點狀語。 can you think out a situation where this word can be used? her illness has developed to the point where nobody can cure her. is this scho

18、ol _ we visited? this school is the one that we visited. is this the school _ we visited? this is the school that we visited. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句1. 在句子功能方面，非限制性定語從句對先在句子功能方面，非限制性定語從句對先行詞僅僅起一種信息補充或解釋說明作用。行詞僅僅起一種信息補充或解釋說明作用。沒有定語從句主句的意思也非常清楚。而沒有定語從句主句的意思也非常清楚。而限制性定語從句則是主句不可缺少的，它限制性定語從句則是主句

19、不可缺少的，它對先行詞起著限制、修飾作用。否則，指對先行詞起著限制、修飾作用。否則，指代不清。代不清。 a doctor is a person who looks after the patients. lijiang, where i was born, is very beautiful.2. 在非限制性定語從句中，先行詞可以是名在非限制性定語從句中，先行詞可以是名詞、代詞或者一個句子，而限制性定語從詞、代詞或者一個句子，而限制性定語從句中，先行詞一般是名詞或代詞。句中，先行詞一般是名詞或代詞。 the earth goes round the sun, which is true. s

20、he has found the necklace (that) she lost two weeks ago.3. 在語言形式上，非限制性定語從句的引導在語言形式上，非限制性定語從句的引導 詞前有逗號將其與主句分開；而限制性定詞前有逗號將其與主句分開；而限制性定語從句則沒有語從句則沒有。4. 在句子結構上，非限制性定語從句中作賓在句子結構上，非限制性定語從句中作賓語時，關系詞不可省略；而在限制性定語語時，關系詞不可省略；而在限制性定語從句中可以省略。從句中可以省略。 the novel (which) i have read three times is very moving. this

21、novel, which i have read three times, is very moving.5. 在關系詞上，非限制性定語從句中不用在關系詞上，非限制性定語從句中不用 that (指人時用指人時用 who /whom, 指物用指物用 which),關系副詞則用關系副詞則用 when, where, for which6. 非限制性定語從句一般翻譯成并列句或狀非限制性定語從句一般翻譯成并列句或狀語從句，而限制性定語從句則翻譯為定語。語從句，而限制性定語從句則翻譯為定語。1. all the neighbors admire this family， _the parents are

22、 treating their child like a friend . a. why b. where c. which d. that2. the news _ our athletes won another gold medal was reported in yesterdays newspaper. a. which b. whether c. what d. that 3. the road conditions there turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. a. it b. what c.

23、 which d. that bdc4. the companies are working together to create _ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. a. which b. that c. what d. who5. the science museum, _we visited during a recent trip to britain, is one of londons tourist attractions. a. which b. what c. that d.

24、 where 6. look out! dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair. a. whose b. which c. of which d. thatcaa7. do you have anything to say for yourselves? yes, theres one point _we must insist on. a. why b. where c. how d. 8. if a shop has chairs _women can park their men, women will spend m

25、ore time in the shop. a. that b. which c. when d. where9. i was given three books on cooking, the first _ i really enjoyed. a. of that b. of which c. that d. which10. jim passed the driving test, _surprised everybody in the office. a. which b. that c. this d. itddba11. _ is reported in the newspaper

26、s, talks between the two countries are making progress. a. it b. as c. that d. what12.he was educated at a local grammar school, _he went on to cambridge. a. from which b. after that c. after which d. from this13. her sister has become a lawyer, _she wanted to be. a. who b. that c. what d. whichbcd

27、單句改錯單句改錯:1.i also enjoy the evening when we spent together. _2.i live in beijing, where is the capital of china. _3.this is one of the best books that has been published so far. _4.she is the only one of the students who were praised. _5.i will give your sister a model plane which she will like to p

28、lay. _ 6.it is the most exciting football match which i have seen. _ 7.which we know, heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed unless air holds them back. _ 8.he doesnt have such a mind that is necessary to a scientist. _ 9.the radio which i bought it last week has gone wrong. _ 10.on

29、the wall hung a picture, which color is blue. _14. what surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it. a. the way b. in the way that c. in the way d. the way which15. why does she always ask you for help? there is no one else _ , is there? a. who to turn to b. she can turn to c. for whom turn d

30、. for her to turn16. by using your eyes you can tell the direction _ light comes. a. in which b. from which c. with which d. on whichaba17. can you tell me the name of the shop _ you paid a visit last week? a. what b. which c. to which d. to that18. i, who _ your friend, will try my best to help you

31、. a. be b. am c. are d. is19. the last question _ can be used by you. a. which he asked b. that he was asked it c. he asked d. he asked itcbc20. have you ever asked him the reason _ may explain his absence? a. why b. when c. that d. what21. the box, _ color is red and white, is for putting old books

32、. a. which b. whose c. its d. that22. _ she could do was to go back home. a. all what b. all that c. all this d. all whichcbb 形容詞性從句（定語從句）形容詞性從句（定語從句） 主語從句主語從句 表語從句表語從句 復合句復合句 名詞性從句名詞性從句 賓語從句賓語從句 同位語從句同位語從句 副詞性從句（狀語從句）副詞性從句（狀語從句）主語從句主語從句 主語從句在復合句中做主句的主語。引導主主語從句在復合句中做主句的主語。引導主語從句的詞有語從句的詞有： 連詞連詞：that

33、whether; 連接代詞連接代詞：who what which; 連接副詞連接副詞：when where how why等 that he will come to the party excited us. whether you can succeed depends on yourself. who won the game is now known. what he said is right. when we shall meet again is unknown. that 一般置于句首，引導的是一個完整一般置于句首，引導的是一個完整 的陳述句的陳述句 that 在從句中無任何意

34、義，不作成分，在從句中無任何意義，不作成分，只起連接作用，但不可以省略只起連接作用，但不可以省略 有時，為了平衡句子結構或為了表示強調，有時，為了平衡句子結構或為了表示強調，常用常用 it 作形式主語，把作形式主語，把 that 引導的主語從引導的主語從句放到后面。句放到后面。 常用的句式主要有常用的句式主要有：u it + be + 形容詞形容詞 + that從句從句 常用的形容詞有常用的形容詞有:likely, right , wrong, certain, necessary, important, natural, strange, obvious, clear等等 it is nec

35、essary that we (should) buy a chinese-english dictionary. it is likely that there will be a snowstorm tomorrow.在在“it is necessary /important/strange/natural +that從句從句”結構中，從句謂語動詞常用結構中，從句謂語動詞常用“should +動詞原形動詞原形”，should 也可省略。也可省略。uit + be + 名詞名詞 + that 從句從句 常用的名詞有：常用的名詞有：a pity, a shame, a fact, an hon

36、or, a wonder, no wonder, good news等等 it is a pity that you didnt attend the lecture. it is no wonder that you have achieved so much success.uit + be +動詞動詞-ed + that 從句從句 常用的動詞常用的動詞-ed 形式：形式：said, believed, hoped, reported, told, thought, advised, decided, suggested, ordered等等 it is said that the fam

37、ous writer will visit our school next week. it was suggested that each student (should) sing a song in english.在在“it is advised/decided/suggested/ordered + that從句從句”結構中，從句謂語動詞常用結構中，從句謂語動詞常用 “should +動詞原形動詞原形”，should 也可省略。也可省略。uit +特殊動詞特殊動詞+ that 從句從句 常用的動詞有常用的動詞有: happen, (doesnt) matter, occur, mak

38、e difference 等等 it happened that i knew how to deal with it. it doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not.表語從句表語從句 表語從句在復合句中作主句的表語，放在系表語從句在復合句中作主句的表語，放在系動詞之后。引導表語從句的詞有動詞之后。引導表語從句的詞有： 連詞：連詞：that whether; 連接代詞：連接代詞：who what which; 連接副詞：連接副詞：when where how why 另外，另外，because, as if/though也可引導表語也可引導表語從句。從

39、句。 the reason why he was late was that he didnt get up on time. the question is whether he will come or not. changsha is not what it used to be. this is how we got out of trouble then. it looks as if it is going to rain. that在從句中無任何意義，不作成分，只在從句中無任何意義，不作成分，只起連接作用，但不可以省略起連接作用，但不可以省略 當主語為當主語為advice, de

40、cision, demand, suggestion, order等表示要求、主張、建議、等表示要求、主張、建議、命令的詞時，從句謂語動詞為命令的詞時，從句謂語動詞為“should +動動詞原形詞原形”，should 可以省略?？梢允÷?。 my advice is that you (should) stop smoking. 同位語從句同位語從句 同位語從句在句子中起同位語的作用。它一同位語從句在句子中起同位語的作用。它一般跟在某些名詞（般跟在某些名詞（ fact, idea, news, promise 等）的后面等）的后面，用以說明或解釋前面用以說明或解釋前面的名詞。引導同位語從句的有連

41、詞的名詞。引導同位語從句的有連詞that,少數少數情況也用情況也用whether, how, when, where, why等。等。 the news that they won the match is true. the student asked me the question whether the book was worth reading. that在從句中無任何意義，不作成分，只在從句中無任何意義，不作成分，只起連接作用，但不可以省略起連接作用，但不可以省略. 同位語從句與定語從句的區別：同位語從句與定語從句的區別： the news that they won the ga

42、me is true. the news （that ）you told us is true. a.從意義上講，前者對名詞加以解釋說明，從意義上講，前者對名詞加以解釋說明，后者對名詞進行修飾后者對名詞進行修飾、限定。限定。 b.從結構上講，前者由連詞從結構上講，前者由連詞that引導，不作引導，不作成分，不可省略，后者由關系詞引導，代替成分，不可省略，后者由關系詞引導，代替先行詞在從句中作某個成分，作賓語時可省先行詞在從句中作某個成分，作賓語時可省略。略。 填入適當的引導詞填入適當的引導詞 1._ he wants is a book 2._ he wants to go there is

43、obvious.3.is _ he told us true ?4.it has been proved _ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illness in later life. 5._ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. 6._ matters most in learning english is enough practice.7. it is none of your business _ other

44、 people think about you. believe yourself. 8._parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. 9._ he will come here on wednesday is not certain.10._ he came here is not known.11._he will go or not is not clear.12._ will take part in the physics contest will be announced this afternoon.1

45、.(08北京卷北京卷) the companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. a. which b. that c. what d. who2.(08上海春卷上海春卷) the news _ our athletes won another gold medal was reported in yesterdays newspaper a. which b. whether c. what d. that 3.(08上海春卷上

46、海春卷) _ we are sure about is the need to prevent children from being spoiled a. what b. which c. whether d. that 4.(08上海卷上海卷) as his best friend, i can make accurate guesses about _ he will do or think. a. what b. which c. whom d. that5.(08上海卷上海卷) it has been proved _ eating vegetables in childhood h

47、elps to protect you against serious illness in later life. a. if b. because c. when d. that 6.(08天津卷天津卷)the last time we had great fun was _ we were visiting the water park. a. where b. how c. when d. why 7.(08重慶卷重慶卷)people in chongqing are proud of_ they have achieved in the past ten years. a. that

48、 b. which c. what d. how8.(08安徽卷安徽卷) students are always interested in finding out _they can go with a new teacher. a. how far b. how soon c. how often d. how long9.(08浙江卷浙江卷) _wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way. a.anyone b.the one c.whoever d. who10.(08浙江卷浙江卷) some children want to c

49、hallenge themselves by learning a language different from _ their parents speak at home. a. what b. that c. which d. one11.(08湖南卷湖南卷)when asked _ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved. a. what b. why c. whom d. which12.(08陜西卷陜西卷) tomorrow is toms birthday. have you

50、got any idea the party is to be held? a. what b. which c. that d. where13.(08福建卷福建卷) _ is known to us all is that the 2008 olympic games will take place in beijing. a. it b. what c. as d. which14.(08山東卷山東卷) _ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. a. it b. this c. what d. as1._ matt

51、ers most in learning english is enough practice. 2007 全國卷全國卷iia. what b. why c. where d. which 2. _ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. 2007 上海卷上海卷 a. that b. whatc. whether d. where3. the traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.

52、 2007 上海卷上海卷 a. when b. whyc. whether d. that4. could i speak to is in charge of international sales ,please? 2007 山東卷山東卷 aanyone bsomeone cwhoever dno matter who 5. you can only be sure of_ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. 2007 安徽卷安徽卷 a. that; what

53、 b. what; / c. which; that d. /; that6. wheres that report? i brought it to you _you were in mr. blacks office yesterday. 2007 北京卷北京卷 a. if b. when c. because d. before7. it is none of your business other people think about you. believe yourself. 2007 福建卷福建卷 a. how b. what c. which d. when8. having

54、checked the doors were closed , and _ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom. 2007 湖南卷湖南卷 a. why b. that c. when d. where 9. choosing the right dictionary depends on _ you want to use it for. 2007 江江蘇卷蘇卷 a. what b. whyc. how d. whether10. parents say and do has a life-long e

55、ffect on their children. 2007 陜西卷陜西卷 a.that b.which c.what d.as11. by improving reading skills, you can read faster and understand more of you read2007 上海春上海春athatbwhat cwhich d. whether1. (安徽安徽06) great changes have taken place in that school. it is no longer _ it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped. a. what; when