1、11. 動詞的時態 11.1 一般現在時的用法1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。 時間狀語： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。 注意：此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在

2、時。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般現在時，用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的

3、now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現在時。 11.1 一般現在時的用法 1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。 時間狀語： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。 注意：此用法如果

4、出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般現在時，用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the

5、current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現在時。11.2 一般過去時的用法 1）在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。 時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now?2）表示在過去一段時間內，經常性或習慣性的動作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns

6、 went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth 到時間了 該了 It is time sb. did sth. 時間已遲了 早該了 It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。 It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示寧愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow.4) wish, wonder, think

7、, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。比較：一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去，現已不復存在。Christine was an invalid all her life. (含義：她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含義：她現在還活著)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentuck

8、y for seven years.( 含義：現在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去) 注意： 用過去時表示現在，表示委婉語氣。1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2）情態動詞 could, would.Could you lend me your bike? 11.3 used to / be used to used to + do：過去常常表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so

9、forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. (過去常常散步)be used to + doing： 對已感到習慣，或習慣于，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動名詞。He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現在習慣于散步)典型例題- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442. A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語，但從語意上看 出，在聽的時候沒有聽

10、懂這個動作發生在過去，因此應用過去時。11.4 一般將來時 1)shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭求意見時常用于第二人稱。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to +不定式，表示將來。 a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計劃，安排要發生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c.

11、有跡象要發生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。 11.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時， be going to表將來 wi

12、ll表意愿If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 11.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (

13、客觀安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排) 11.8 用現在進行時表示將來 意為：意圖、打算、安排、常用于人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 Im leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week? 11.9 現在完成時 現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態，其結果的確和現在有聯系。動作或狀態發生在過去但它的影響現在還存在；也可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。其構成： have (has) +過去分詞。

14、11.10 比較過去時與現在完成時 1）過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。 2）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。一般過去時的時間狀語:yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語共同的時間狀語:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately現在完成時的時間狀語for,

15、since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不確定的時間狀語 3）現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，動詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例： I saw this film yesterday.（強調看的動作發生過了。） I have seen this fi

16、lm. （強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。） Why did you get up so early?（強調起床的動作已發生過了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper?（強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。） She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來了。 He has been in the League for three years.(在團內的狀態可延續) He has been a League member for three years.(是團員的狀態可持續)

17、 He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been sent for. 句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。 （錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對）Tom wrote a lette

18、r to his parents last night. 11.11 用于現在完成時的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that結構中的從句部分，用現在完成時。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that結構，that 從句要用現在完成時. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。 This i

19、s the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。典型例題(1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應為現在完成時，故選B。(2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, c

20、ome B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時。 注意：非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。（錯）I have received his letter for a month.（對）I havent received

21、his letter for almost a month. 11.12 比較since和for Since 用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續時間長度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little

22、girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現在已不在這里工作。) I have worked here for many years. (現在我仍在這里工作。)小竅門：當現在完成時+一段時間，這一結構中，我們用下面的公式轉化，很容易就能排除非延續動詞在完成時中的誤使。1)(對) To

23、m has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(錯) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然，第二句不對，它應改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been mar

24、ried for six years. 11.13 since的四種用法 1) since +過去一個時間點(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段時間+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +從句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been

25、 here. 4) It is +一段時間+ since從句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 11.14 延續動詞與瞬間動詞 1) 用于完成時的區別延續動詞表示經驗、經歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結 果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。 He has completed the work.他已完成了那項工作。 (表結果) Ive known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷)2)用于till / until從句的差異 延續動詞用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬間動詞用于否定句，表示到，才 He didn

26、t come back until ten oclock. 他到10 點才回來。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10點。典型例題1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times.A. had metB. have met C. metD. meet 答案B. 首先本題后句強調對現在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復發生的動作，因此用現在完成時。2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I _ here

27、 only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. wasD. will be 答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續到現在，應用現在完成時。 11.15 過去完成時 1） 概念：表示過去的過去-|-|-|-其構成是had +過去分詞構成。那時以前 那時現在 2） 用法a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.b. 狀語從句 在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中，發生在先，用過去完成時；發生在后，用一般過去時。 When

28、the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3)過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was

29、twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例題 The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, leftB，were writing, has left C. had written, had leftD. were writ

30、ing, had left 答案D. 把書忘在辦公室發生在去取書這一過去的動作之前，因此忘了書這一動作發生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在同學們正忙于這一背景下，when所引導的動作發生。因此前一句應用過去進行時。注意：had no when還沒等 就had no sooner than剛 就 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 11.16 用一般過去時代替完成時 1)兩個動作如按順序發生，又不強調先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。 When she saw the mo

31、use，she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.2 ) 兩個動作相繼發生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。 When I heard the news, I was very excited.3)敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 11.17 將來完成時 1) 構成will / be going to do sth.2) 概念 a. 狀態完成：表示某事繼續到將來某一時為

32、止一直有的狀態。b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前，已經完成的動作或一獲得的經驗。They will have been married for 20 years by then.You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 11.18 現在進行時 現在進行時的基本用法：a. 表示現在( 指說話人說話時) 正在發生的事情。 We are waiting for you.b. 習慣進行：表示長期的或重復性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel.(說話時并

33、未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.c. 表示漸變的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer.d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。 You are always changing your mind.典型例題 My dictionary _, I have loo

34、ked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續的狀態，應用進行時，由于沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應用完成時，瞬間動詞用于否定式時可用于完成時。 11.19 不用進行時的動詞 1) 事實狀態的動詞have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh,

35、measure, continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.2) 心理狀態的動詞Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.He loves her very much.3 ) 瞬間動詞 accept, receive, complete, finish,

36、give, allow, decide, refuse.I accept your advice.4) 系動詞seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou seem a little tired. 11.20 過去進行時 1） 概念：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。2） 過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景；一個長動作發生的時候，另一個短動作發生。3) 常用的時間狀語this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine t

37、o ten last evening, when, while My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.典型例題1) Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割傷手指是

38、已發生的事情，應用過去時。同時，when表時間的同時性，瑪麗在做衣服時提供事情發生的背景，因此用過去進行時。2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. read； was fallingB. was reading； fellC. was reading； was fallingD. read；fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為當之時。描述一件事發生的背景時，用過去進行；一個長動作發生的時候，另一個短動作發生。句意為 在她看報紙時，奶奶睡著了。句中的 fell (fall的過去時)，是系動詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall si

39、ck。11.21 將來進行時 1) 概念：表示將來某時進行的狀態或動作，或按預測將來會發生的事情。Shell be coming soon.Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.注意：將來進行時不用于表示意志，不能說 Ill be having a talk with her.2）常用的時間狀語Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying

40、on the beach. 11.22 一般現在時代替將來時 時間狀語從句，條件句中，從句用一般現在時代替將來時When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediatelyHe is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，

41、就去看他姨媽。典型例題(1）He said he_me a present unless I_ in doing the experiment.A. had not given; had not succeededB. would not give; succeedC. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed. 答案B. 在時間，條件或讓步主語從句中一般不用將來時。本題有He said，故為過去式。主句用將來時，故選B. 此處用一般過去式代替了過去將來時。(2) 表示現在已安排好的未來事項，行程等活動。 The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物館明天10點開門。(實際上每天如此。) 11.23 一般現在時代替過去時 1 )書上說，報紙上說等。 The newspaper says that i