1、美國法學會侵權法重述 ?第三次 ?責任分擔 （中英文對照參考譯本）王竹中國人民大學法學院Restatement of the Law, Third, Torts: Apportionment of Liability（Rule Sections ）Copyright ? 2000 by The American Law Institute譯者說明：本文系作者參與2006 年中國法學會部級法學研究課題“中國侵權責任法立法研究” （立項編號： CLS（ 2006）YB14 ）過程中，為學習和研究目的而進行的翻譯。本文件僅供個人學習、研究之用，僅供參考，請勿作他用，后果自負。本文件部分條文的翻譯參考

2、了許傳璽、石宏等譯侵權法重述綱要（法律出版社2006 年版） 1-4 、7 、8、10-12 、14-17、23 、26 條條文和相應條文的部分“ COMMENTS & ILLUSTRATIONS”、“REPORTERS NOTES ”的譯文，特此致謝。相關譯文具體細節請參見注釋。第一題 1 ：比較責任的基本規則Topic 1- Basic Rules of Comparative Responsibility第一條 本重述所涉及的問題與訴因本重述討論在兩位或多位責任人之間分配責任的問題。本重述適用于關于死亡、人身損害2 （包括精神損害或配偶權） ，或對有形財產的物理傷害的所有主張（包括法律訴

3、訟與和解），無論其責任基礎如何。1 Issues and Causes of Action Addressed by This RestatementThis Restatement addresses issues of apportioning liability among two or more persons. It applies to all claims3 （ including lawsuitsand settlements ） fordeath,personalinjury（ includingemotional distress orconsortium）, or phy

4、sical damage to tangible property, regardless of the basis of liability.第二條責任的合同性限制在合同法、訴訟請求的實體法規則和可適用的解釋規則允許的情況下，原告與他人之間免除該他人對未來傷害負責的合同，將阻礙原告從該他人處獲得對該傷害的賠償。與原告的過失不同，一項有效的合同性責任限制并不構成事實調查人向任何當事人或他人分配責任份額的理由。2 Contractual Limitations on LiabilityWhen permitted by contract law, substantive law governin

5、g the claim, and applicable rules of construction, a contract between the plaintiff and another person absolving the person from liability for future harm bars theplaintiff,s recovery 4 from that person for the harm. Unlike a plaintiff,s negligence, a valid contractual limitation on liability does n

6、ot provide an occasion for the factfinder to assign a percentage of responsibility to any party or other person.第三條定義原告過失的各種嚴格學說5 均已被廢止原告的過失應依據適用于被告過失的標準來定義。特別適用于定義原告過失的各種嚴格學說均已被廢止。3 Ameliorative Doctrines for Defining Plaintiff s Negligence AbolishedPlaintiff,s negligence is defined by the applicab

7、le standard for a defendant,s negligence. Special ameliorative doctrines for defining plaintiff,s negligence are abolished.第四條對原告過失和法律原因的證明被告負有證明原告過失的舉證責任，并可采用原告為證明被告過失可以采用的任何方法。除本重述第五題另有規定外，被告亦負有舉證責任證明原告過失如果原告存在任何過失構成原告所受損害的一項法律原因。4 Proof of Plaintiff s Negligence and Legal CausationThe defendant h

8、as the burden to prove plaintiff,s negligence, and may use any of the methods a plaintiff may use to prove defendant,s negligence. Except as otherwise provided in Topic 5, the defendant also has the burden to prove that the plaintiff,s negligence, if any, was a legal cause of the plaintiff,s damages

9、.第五條可歸責于原告的過失假設原告是被告的角色，他人的過失便可以歸責于他的話，那么該他人的過失可歸責于原告。除非該他人的過失不是僅僅因為原告對機動車享有的所有權，或對該他人使用該機動車的許可而歸責于原告。5 Negligence Imputed to a PlaintiffThe negligence of another person is imputed to a plaintiff whenever the negligence of the other person would have been imputed had the plaintiff been a defendant,

10、except the negligence of another person is not imputed to a plaintiff solely because of the plaintiff,s ownership of a motor vehicle or permission for its use by the other person.第六條當原告獲得的賠償派生于一項被告對第三人實施了侵權行為的主張和包含于基于遺存訴因法的主張時，過失可歸責于原告 6（ a ）當原告聲稱一項派生于被告對第三人實施侵權行為的主張時，在該項主張中該第三人的過失可歸責于原告。原告的賠償額同樣因為其

11、自身的過失而被減少。（b ）根據遺存訴因法， 遺產被繼承人7 （生前）的過失在其生存時對其賠償額影響的同樣范圍內，影響遺產可獲得的賠償額。遺產受益人的過失不能僅僅因為受益人作為受益人的法律地位而歸責于財產。6 Negligence Imputed to a Plaintiff When the Plaintiff,s Recovery Derives from a Claim That the Defendant Committed a Tort Against a Third Person and in Claims Under Survival Statutes（ a ） When a p

12、laintiff asserts a claim that derives from the defendant,s tort against a third person, negligenceof the third person is imputed to the plaintiff with respect to that claim. The plaintiff,s recovery is also reduced by the plaintiff,s own negligence.（ b ） The negligence of an estate,s decedent affect

13、s the estate 8,s recovery under a survival statute to the same extent that it would have affected the decedent,s recovery had the decedent survived. The negligence of a beneficiary of the decedent,s estate is not imputed to the estate merely because of the beneficiary,s status as a beneficiary.第七條在原

14、告遭受不可分損害時原告過失9 的效力若原告的過失（或原告應為其過失負責的其他人的過失）構成原告遭受的不可分傷害的一項法律原因，則原告的所獲得的賠償額將依據事實調查人分配給原告（或原告應為其過失負責的該他人）的責任份額相應比例地減少。7 Effect of Plaintiff s Negligence When Plaintiff Suffers an Indivisible InjuryPlaintiff,s negligence（or the negligence of another person for whose negligence the plaintiff is responsi

15、bleis a legal cause of an indivisible injury to the plaintiff reduces the plaintiff,s recovery in proportion to the shareof responsibility the factfinder assigns to the plaintiff（or other person for whose negligence the plaintiff is） thatresponsible）.第八條分配責任份額時應考慮的因素向法律責任已被確定的各方分配責任百分比時應考慮的因素包括：（ a

16、）該方造成風險之行為的性質，包括任何對該行為所造成風險的認識或漠視，以及任何對該行為所造成傷害的意圖；及（ b ）該方造成風險之行為與該傷害之間因果關系的強度。8 Factors for Assigning Shares of ResponsibilityFactors for assigning percentages of responsibility to each person whose legal responsibility has been established include（ a ） the nature of the person,s risk-creating con

17、duct, including any awareness or indifference with respect tothe risks created by the conduct and any intent with respect to the harm created by the conduct； and（ b ） the strength of the causal connection between the person,s risk-creating conduct and the harm.第九條判決的抵銷如果同一訴訟中的雙方當事人都相互負有責任，那么各方都有權抵消對

18、方享有的任何（相應）賠償額；除非一方或雙方都有責任保險，那么抵消不會減少責任保險人應支付的金額，適用的法律規范或制定法另有規定的除外。9 Offsetting JudgmentsIf two parties are liable to each other in the same suit, each party is entitled to a setoff of any recovery owed by the other party, except that, in cases in which one or both of the parties has liability insur

19、ance, setoff does not reduce the payment of a liability insurer unless an applicable rule of law or statute 10 so provides.第二題：數個侵權行為人對不可分傷害的責任Topic 2- Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors for Indivisible Harm第十條連帶責任11 的效力當依據適用的法律，有多人對某一受害人承擔連帶責任時，該受害人可以起訴任一負連帶責任者并從該人處獲得可獲得的全部損害賠償12。10 Effect of Joint

20、and Several LiabilityWhen, under applicable law, some persons are jointly and severally liable to an injured person, the injured person may sue for and recover the full amount of recoverable damages from any jointly and severally liable person.第十一條單獨責任13 的效力當依據適用的法律，某人對受害人的不可分損害承擔單獨責任時，該受害人僅可以獲得該負單獨

21、責任者在該受害人應得賠償額中的比較責任份額。11 Effect of Several LiabilityWhen, under applicable law, a person is severally liable to an injured person for an indivisible injury, the injured person may recover only the severally liable person,s comparative-responsibility share of the injured person,s damages.第十二條故意侵權行為人每

22、個實施以故意為要件的侵權行為的人，均應對該侵權行為作為法律原因造成的任何不可分損害承擔連帶責任。12 Intentional TortfeasorsEach person who commits a tort that requires intent is jointly and severally liable for any indivisible injury legallycaused by the tortious conduct.第十三條替代責任14無論對導致不可分損害的獨立侵權行為人適用的規則是連帶責任或者單獨責任，基于他人侵權性的行為而承擔責任的人，對分配給該他人的整個比較責任

23、份額承擔責任。13 Vicarious LiabilityA personwhoseliabilityis imputedbasedonthetortiousactsofanotheris liablefortheentireshareofcomparative responsibility assigned to the other, regardless of whether joint and several liability or severalliability is the governing rule for independent tortfeasors who cause

24、an indivisible injury.第十四條因未就某一故意侵權行為的具體風險對原告提供保護而承擔責任的侵權行為人因未就某一故意侵權行為的具體風險對他人提供保護而承擔責任的一方，應在分配給他的比較責任份額之外，對分配給故意侵權行為人的比較責任份額承擔連帶責任。14 Tortfeasors Liable for Failure to Protect the Plaintiff from the Specific Risk of an Intentional TortA person who is liable to another based on a failure to protect

25、 the other from the specific risk of an intentionaltortis jointlyandseverallyliablefortheshareofcomparativeresponsibilityassignedtotheintentionaltortfeasor in addition to the share of comparative responsibility assigned to the person.第十五條共同 15行為人當多人因共同行為而承擔責任時，所有各方應對分配給參與該共同行為的每一方的比較責任份額承擔連帶責任。15 Pe

26、rsons Acting in ConcertWhen persons are liable because they acted in concert, all persons are jointly and severally liable for the share of comparative responsibility assigned to each person engaged in concerted activity.第十六條對連帶責任人之責任所做部分和解的效力原告可從一負連帶責任的侵權行為人處獲得的賠償應減去應分配給另一已和解，否則將對負連帶責任的其他未和解被告承擔分攤責

27、任的侵權行為人的比較賠償份額。該已和解侵權行為人的比較賠償份額是分配給該已和解侵權行為人的比較責任份額與原告賠償總額的乘積。16 Effect of Partial Settlement on Jointly and Severally Liable Tortfeasors LiabilityThe plaintiff,s recoverable damages from a jointly and severally liable tortfeasor are reduced by the comparativeshare of damages attributable to a settl

28、ing tortfeasor who otherwise would have been liable for contribution tojointly and severally liable defendants who do not settle. The settling tortfeasor,s comparative share of damagesis thepercentageofcomparativeresponsibilityassignedtothesettlingtortfeasormultipliedbythedamages of the plaintiff.to

29、tal第十七條獨立侵權行為人的連帶責任或單獨責任如有兩人或多人的獨立侵權行為構成某一不可分損害的法律原因，將由該案司法管轄區的法律確定這些侵權人應否承擔連帶責任、單獨責任或連帶責任與單獨責任的某種混合責任形態16。17 Joint and Several or Several Liability for Independent TortfeasorsIf the independent tortious conduct of two or more persons is a legal cause of an indivisible injury, the law of the applica

30、ble jurisdiction determines whether those persons are jointly and severally liable, severally liable, or liable under some hybrid of joint and several and several liability.路徑 A ：連帶責任Track A - Joint and Several LiabilityA 路徑第 18 條 數個侵權行為人對不可分傷害的責任如果兩個或兩個以上的共同侵權行為構成一不可分損害的法律原因，那么每個人均對該侵權行為造成的可獲得損害賠償承

31、擔連帶責任。A18 Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors for Indivisible HarmIf the independent tortious conduct of two or more persons is a legal cause of an indivisible injury, each person is jointly and severally liable for the recoverable damages caused by the tortious conduct.A 路徑第 19 條 責任分配：負連帶責任的被告如果一個被告和

32、至少另一方當事人或者和解侵權行為人可能被事實調查人確認曾經參與了作為一不可分損害法律原因的侵權行為，上述每一方與和解侵權行為人都需遵從于由事實調查人分配的比較責任份額。A19 Assignment of Responsibility: Jointly and Severally Liable DefendantsIf one defendant and at least one other party or settling tortfeasor may be found by the factfinder to haveengaged in tortious conduct that was

33、 a legal cause of an indivisible injury, each such party and settling tortfeasor is submitted to the factfinder for assignment of a percentage of comparative responsibility.A 路徑第 20 條 無此條可適用于該路徑A20 Not Applicable to This Track.A 路徑第 21 條 無此條可適用于該路徑A21 Not Applicable to This Track.路徑 B ：單獨責任Track B -

34、 Several LiabilityB 路徑第 18 條 數個侵權行為人對不可分傷害的責任如果兩個或兩個以上人的獨立侵權行為均構成一不可分損害的法律原因，每個人均對事實調查人分配給該人的原告損害賠償的比較責任份額承擔單獨責任，適用本重述第12 條例外規定的除外。B18 Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors for Indivisible HarmIf two or more persons, independent tortious conduct is the legal cause of an indivisible injury, each defendan

35、t,subject to the exception stated in12, is severally liable for the comparative share of the plaintiff,s damagesassigned to that defendant by the factfinder.B 路徑第 19 條 責任分配：負單獨責任的被告如果一名或者多名被告可能對一不可分損害承擔單獨責任，并且至少一位被告和一位另一方當事人、和解侵權行為人，或者特定人 17 可能被事實調查人確定曾參與了作為受害人損害法律原因侵權行為，上述當事人、 和解侵權行為人和特定人都遵從事實調查人對比

36、較責任份額的分配。B19 Assignment of Responsibility: Severally Liable DefendantsIf one or more defendants may be held severally liable for an indivisible injury, and at least one defendant andone other party, settling tortfeasor, or identified person may be found by the factfinder to have engaged intortious c

37、onduct that was a legal cause of the plaintiff,s injury, each such party, settling tortfeasoridentified person is submitted to the factfinder for an assignment of a percentage of comparative responsibility., and otherB 路徑第20 條 無此條可適用于該路徑B20 Not Applicable to This Track.B 路徑第21 條 無此條可適用于該路徑B21 Not Ap

38、plicable to This Track.路徑 C：結合再分配的連帶責任Track C - Joint and Several Liability with ReallocationC 路徑第18 條 數個侵權行為人對不可分傷害的責任如果兩個或兩個以上的共同侵權行為構成一不可分損害的法律原因，那么根據本重述C 路徑第 21條規定的再分配條款，每個人均對該侵權行為造成的可獲得損害賠償承擔連帶責任。C18 Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors for Indivisible HarmIf the independent tortious conduct of tw

39、o or more persons is a legal cause of an indivisible injury, each personis jointlyandseverallyliablefortherecoverabledamagescausedbythetortiousconduct,subjecttothereallocation provision ofC21. C 路徑第19 條 責任分配：負連帶責任的被告如果存在一個被告和至少一個另一方、和解侵權行為人或如本重述C 路徑第20條（ a）所描述的，其比較責任在法律上與原告不可分損害的責任分配有關的雇主，可能被事調查人發現參

40、與了作為原告損害的一個法律原因的請求行為的每一方、每個和解侵權行為人和每個由本重述C 路徑第 20 條（ a）許可的雇主，均需遵從事實調查人對比較責任份額的分配。C19 Assignment of Responsibility: Jointly and Severally Liable DefendantsIf one defendant and at least one other party, settling tortfeasor, or employer described inC20 （a ）comparative responsibility is legally relevant

41、 to apportioning liability for the plaintiff,s indivisible injury exist,each party, each settling tortfeasor, and, as permitted by C20 （a ）, each employer who may be found by thefactfinder to have engaged in tortious conduct that was a legal cause of the plaintiff,s injury is submitted to thewhosefa

42、ct-finder for assignment of a percentage of comparative responsibility.C 路徑第 20 條 分配給免責雇主的責任的效力如果一方宣稱原告的雇主對原告的損害負有一定的責任（，那么）：（ a ）如果該司法轄區適用的法律允許基于雇主的比較責任對可獲得損害賠償的減少，否則免于被作為原告的雇員起訴，或者允許被告對雇主的分攤主張，雇主可能被分配一定份額的比較責任，并且：（i ）對可獲得損害賠償的減少為適用的法律所允許；或（ ii ）分攤的裁定為適用法律和雇主的比較責任所允許。（ b ）如果該司法轄區適用的法律不允許基于雇主的比較責任減少

43、可獲得損害賠償，或（不允許）對雇主提出分攤主張，則不能向雇主分配比較責任份額。C20 Effect of Responsibility Assigned to Immune EmployerIf a party alleges that the plaintiff,s employer bears some responsibility for the plaintiff,s injury:（ a ）Iftheapplicablelawofthejurisdictionpermitsa reductionofrecoverabledamagesbasedonthecomparative res

44、ponsibility of an employer otherwise immune from suit by the plaintiff-employee or permits acontributionclaimbya defendantagainsttheemployer, theemployermaybeassignedapercentageofcomparative responsibility and:（i ） the recoverable damages are reduced as permitted by the applicable lawor（ ii ）contrib

45、utionisawardedaspermittedbytheapplicablelawandtheemployer,scomparative；responsibility.（ b ） If the applicable law of the jurisdiction does not permit either a reduction of recoverable damages basedon the comparative responsibility of an employer or a contribution claim against the employer may not b

46、e assigned a percentage of comparative responsibility., the employerC 路徑第21 條 基于裁決不可執行的賠償再分配（ a ）除非如本條（ b ）款所規定，如果一個被告確認有關其分攤請求權的判決不可能從另一個被告那里完全受償，法院將按照包括原告在內的其他各方被分配的比較責任份額，向他們重新分配賠償金中不能受償的部分。（ b ）按照本條（ a）款進行的重新分配，不適用于任何依據本重述第十二條（故意侵權行為人）或者第十五條（共同行為人）承擔連帶責任的被告。任何依據本重述第十三條（替代責任）或者第十四條（因未就某一故意侵權行為的具體

47、風險對原告提供保護而承擔責任的侵權行為人）而對分配給他人的比較過錯份額承擔法律責任的被告，不應接受的基于上述條款18 的責任的重新分配。C21 Reallocation of Damages Based on Unenforceability of Judgment（a ）Except as provided in Subsection （b ）, if a defendant establishes that a judgment for contribution cannot be collected fully from another defendant, the court real

48、locates the uncollectible portion of the damages to allother parties, including the plaintiff, in proportion to the percentages of comparative responsibility assigned to the other parties.（b ）Reallocation under Subsection（a）is not available to any defendant subject to joint and several liabilitypurs

49、uant to12（intentional tortfeasors） or15（ persons acting in concert）. Any defendant legally liablefor the share of comparative fault assigned to another person pursuant to13（vicarious liability） or14（tortfeasorswhofailtoprotecttheplaintifffromthespecificriskofanintentionaltort） maynotobtainreallocati

50、on of the liability imposed by those Sections.路徑 D ：基于比較責任份額界限的混合責任Track D - Hybrid Liability Based on Threshold Percentage of Comparative ResponsibilityD 路徑第 18 條 數個侵權行為人對不可分傷害的責任如果兩個或兩個以上的共同侵權行為構成一不可分損害的法律原因，每個被分配等于或者超過法律規定界限比例比較責任的被告負連帶責任，每個被分配少于法律規定界限比例比較責任的被告負單獨責任，適用本重述第十二條（故意侵權行為人）規定的除外。D18 Li

51、ability of Multiple Tortfeasors for Indivisible HarmIf the independent tortious conduct of two or more persons is a legal cause of an indivisible injury, each defendant who is assigned a percentage of comparative responsibility equal to or in excess of the legal thresholdis jointly and severally lia

52、ble, and each defendant who is assigned a percentage of comparative responsibilitybelow the legal threshold is, subject to the exception in12（intentional tortfeasors）, severally liable.D 路徑第 19 條 責任分配：負連帶責任的被告與負單獨責任的被告（ a ）如果一名或者多名被告可能對一不可分損害承擔單獨責任，并且至少一位被告和一位另一方當事人、和解侵權行為人，或者特定人可能被事實調查人確定曾參與了作為受害人損

53、害法律原因侵權行為，上述當事人、和解侵權行為人和特定人都遵從事實調查人對比較責任份額的分配。（ b ）如果對所有被告均只能對一不可分損害適用連帶責任， 可能被事實調查人發現參與了作為原告損害的法律原因的侵權行為的每一方和每一和解侵權行為人都需遵從事實調查人對比較責任份額的分配。D19 Assignment of Responsibility: Both Jointly and Severally Liable and Severally Liable Defendants（ a ）If one or more defendants may be held severally liable fo

54、r an indivisible injury, and at least one defendantand one other party, settling tortfeasor , or identified person may be found by the factfinder to have engaged in tortious conduct that was a legal cause of the plaintiff,s injury, each such party, settling tortfeasor, and otheridentified person is submitted to the factfinder for an assignment of a percentage