1、傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔 ，希望對(duì)您有幫助，可雙擊去除！1. An abstract serves an important function in a research report. It communicates the scope of your paper and the topics discussed to your reader. In doing so, it facilitates research. Abstracts help scientists to locate materials that are relevant to their research from a

2、mong published papers, and many times scientists will only read a papers abstract in order to determine whether the paper will be relevant to them. Considering your audience and their needs will help you to determine what should be included in your abstract.(P30-2.1.3) 摘要在一份研究報(bào)告中起到重要的作用。它把你的研究范圍和你讀者

3、討論的題目聯(lián)系在一起。這樣做時(shí)，幫助了研究。摘要可以幫助科學(xué)家從眾多出版物中查找與他們研究有關(guān)的材料，很多時(shí)候科學(xué)家只閱讀文章的摘要去判定這篇文章是否對(duì)他們有用。考慮到你的讀者以及他們的需求會(huì)幫助你決定你的摘要應(yīng)該包括哪些內(nèi)容。2. An informative abstract acts as a report in miniature, encapsulating the whole paper. It summarizes the key information from every major section in the body of the report, and provide

4、s the key facts and conclusions from the body of the report. A good way to develop an informative abstract is to devote a sentence or two to each of the major parts of the report. If space permits, you can provide contextual information such as background of the problem and the significance of the r

5、esearch, but you can also omit contextual information because the abstract is not supposed to serve as an introduction to the subject matter of the reportyour introduction will serve that role. You should, however, include key numerical facts to make the informative abstract brief and readers will n

6、ot be surprised to see key data in an informative abstract.(P34-2.3.1)一段信息性摘要起到濃縮整片文章使之成為微型報(bào)告的作用。他概述了報(bào)告主體部分每個(gè)主要段落的關(guān)鍵信息，還提供了關(guān)鍵事實(shí)和結(jié)論。開發(fā)一段信息性摘要有一個(gè)好方法就是從報(bào)告的每個(gè)主要段落提煉一到兩句話。如果空間允許的話，你可以提供上下文的信息，如問(wèn)題的背景和研究的意義，但是你也可以忽略上下文信息，因?yàn)檎粦?yīng)該像介紹那樣闡述報(bào)告的主題，而你的介紹才是這樣的角色。然而，你必須包括關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)使信息性摘要簡(jiǎn)短，并且讀者在信息性摘要中看到關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)不會(huì)驚訝。3. An indi

7、cative abstracts (sometimes called descriptive abstracts) merely includes information about the purpose, scope and methods used to arrive at the findings contained in the original document. The function of indicative abstracts is to help readers understand the general nature and scope of the researc

8、h article. An indicative abstract indicates the subject and the main findings of the paper but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the process involved. It is brief and concise, from which readers can decide if they should continue to read the entire paper. This type of abstract i

9、s often used in writing theoretical papers, commentary articles, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings.(P35-2.3.2) 一篇指示性摘要（有時(shí)候會(huì)稱之為描述性摘要）僅僅包括原始文檔中目的、范圍以及用來(lái)得到研究結(jié)果的方法的信息。指示性摘要的作用是幫助讀者理解科研文章的一般性質(zhì)和范圍。指示性摘要顯示文章的主題和主要發(fā)現(xiàn)，但并不一步一步詳細(xì)的介紹過(guò)程。它言簡(jiǎn)意賅，讀者可以因此決定是否需要閱讀整篇文章。這種類型的摘要通常在理論論文，評(píng)論文章，以及某些情況下的會(huì)議論文集中被

10、使用。4.Put simply, abstracts and summaries are similar-they both represent abbreviated forms of longer works and occasionally the terms are used interchangeably-but they are not identical. Abstracts which frequently accompany journal articles and technical reports condense the document to give readers

11、 essential information about research purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations. Most abstracts are a single paragraph, and seldom more than one page. By contrast, summaries are thorough usually longer than abstracts. They are less concerned with condensing the document than with em

12、phasizing results, conclusions and recommendations. Independent or executive summaries precede document, concluding summaries end a document.(P40-2.5最后一段，多為中翻英) 簡(jiǎn)而言之，摘要和概要是相似的，他們都是長(zhǎng)篇作品的縮略形式，偶爾是可以互換的，但它們又是不同的。摘要通常是伴隨期刊論文和科技報(bào)告一起的，通過(guò)壓縮文檔告訴讀者研究目的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論和建議的主要信息。大部分摘要只有一個(gè)段落，很少會(huì)超過(guò)一頁(yè)。相比之下，概要通常比摘要篇幅長(zhǎng)。它們注重

13、于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，結(jié)論和建議而不是壓縮文檔。獨(dú)立概要或執(zhí)行綱要在文檔的前面，結(jié)束概要在文檔的結(jié)尾。5.An abstracts must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It cant assume (or attempt to provoke) the reader into flipping through looking for an explanation of what is meant by some vague statement. It must make sense all by itself

14、. Some points to consider include: Meet the word count limitation. If your abstract runs too long, either it will be rejected or someone will take a chainsaw to it to get it down to size. Your purposes will be better served by doing the difficult task of cutting yourself, rather than leaving it to s

15、omeone else who might be more interested in meeting size restrictions than in representing your efforts in the best possible manner.(P43-2.6.6) 一篇摘要必須是完全獨(dú)立的，是整篇文章簡(jiǎn)要的描述。摘要不應(yīng)該因?yàn)樽x者在翻閱查找某個(gè)解釋時(shí)遇到模糊不清的語(yǔ)句而使讀者厭惡（或試圖激怒）。摘要必須依靠它本身就可以解釋清楚。以下幾點(diǎn)需要考慮到：滿足字?jǐn)?shù)限制。如果你的摘要過(guò)長(zhǎng)，要么它會(huì)被拒絕要么會(huì)被別人舍棄一部分使得篇幅變小。通過(guò)你自己來(lái)縮減摘要可以更好的達(dá)到你的目的，

16、而不是讓其他人完成，他們可能更關(guān)注的是使文章滿足字?jǐn)?shù)限制而不是將你的努力用最好的方式表達(dá)。(P47-3.1中間段)6.Of the various types of documents, scientists and engineers take greatest pride in writing research papers for publication in journals, which keep scientists and engineers up to date on what is going on in their professions. The writer has i

17、nformation the reader needs: what was found, how it was found, what the findings mean. Good scientists and engineers are interested in the quality of their writing as they are in order aspects of their work. They know that technical effort counts for little if the written reports of that work do not

18、 convey information adequately. 在不同類型的文檔中，最讓科學(xué)家和工程師倍感自豪的是為期刊出版社撰寫科研論文，這使得他們了解他們所在領(lǐng)域的最新消息。作者有讀者所需要的信息：什么被發(fā)現(xiàn)，如何被發(fā)現(xiàn)的，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著什么。優(yōu)秀的科學(xué)家、工程師對(duì)他們文章質(zhì)量和工作的的其他方面一樣感興趣。他們知道如果他們工作的書面報(bào)告沒有充分表達(dá)信息那么他們?cè)诩夹g(shù)上的努力就會(huì)不被放在眼里。7.The key to an effective research paper is integrating the research into the body of the paper. This

19、 is also the most difficult part of writing the paper. The research should support and lend credence to your conclusions, but it should not dominate the paper. Much of the writing should be your own ideas that are supported by research. Transitional words and phrases should be used to connect your t

20、houghts to the references. If thats not done, the writing will be stilted and contrived; the paper will be choppy, and coherence will be lost. Remember that the research paper is like all other formal essays, and all of the rules of good writing apply. The paper should have an introduction, a body a

21、nd a conclusion. It should be focused and fully developed.(P51中間段，重點(diǎn)！) 一篇實(shí)在的科研論文的關(guān)鍵在于整合研究的主體。這也是論文寫作最困難的部分。研究應(yīng)該支持和驗(yàn)證了你的結(jié)論，但不應(yīng)該占文章的主體。應(yīng)該大量寫依賴于研究而產(chǎn)生的你自己的想法。應(yīng)該使用過(guò)渡詞和短語(yǔ)來(lái)連接你的想法和引文。如果不這樣做，文章將顯得生硬而做作；并且波浪起伏失去連貫性。記住一點(diǎn)，科研論文就像其他所有正式的論文一樣，所有規(guī)則都適用于一篇好的寫作。論文必須包括介紹，主體和結(jié)論，必須受到關(guān)注和充分發(fā)展。8.It is widely recognized that

22、 writing introductions is slow, difficult, and troublesome for both native speakers as well as nonnative speakers. A very long time ago, the Greek philosopher Plato remarked, “the beginning is half of the whole.” Indeed, eventually producing a good introduction section always seems like a battle har

23、d won.(P53-3.2第一小段)寫介紹是緩慢的、困難的、麻煩的，這是被廣泛公認(rèn)的，無(wú)論作者是不是母語(yǔ)者。在很久以前，希臘的哲學(xué)家柏拉圖就評(píng)論道，“開始就是成功的一半”。確實(shí)，最終完成好的介紹章節(jié)就像戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中來(lái)之不易的勝利。9.The introduction section normally leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular field of research. It should guild the reader to current research in the field by discussi

24、ng the results and conclusions of previously published studies, so as to help explain why the current study is of scientific interest. (P53-3.2第二小段)介紹章節(jié)一般是將讀者從一個(gè)泛泛的主題牽引到研究的特定領(lǐng)域。通過(guò)討論之前發(fā)表作品的結(jié)果和結(jié)論，它要把讀者引導(dǎo)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的最新研究，以便幫助解釋最新研究具有科學(xué)意義的原因。10.In contrast to other types of introduction, research paper introdu

25、ctions aimed at specialists include technical details and a short review of previous work on the topic. Articles aimed at specialists may begin with an introduction based on either a long-form or a short-form problem statement. The problem or research question is normally the topic or one aspect of

26、a research which cant be possible without the previous research work and giants contribution. Therefore, citations of their research are necessary. (P59-3.3.2，多為英譯漢，重點(diǎn)！)相較其他類型的介紹，科研論文的介紹是針對(duì)專家,包括技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)和對(duì)主題相關(guān)的先前工作的回顧。針對(duì)專家的文章一般是以介紹開頭，介紹是基于詳細(xì)格式或簡(jiǎn)易格式問(wèn)題的陳述。通常作為主題或者研究的一個(gè)方面的難題或研究問(wèn)題，若沒有先前的研究工作和偉人的貢獻(xiàn)是不可能解答的。所以引

27、用他們的研究是有必要的。11.Summaries of the statistical analyses may appear either in the text (usually parenthetically) or in the relevant Table or Figures (in the legend or as footnotes to the Table or Figure). The Results section should be organized around a series of Tables and/or Figures sequenced to prese

28、nt your key findings in a logical order. The text of the Results section follows this sequence and highlights the answers to the questions/hypotheses you investigated. Important negative results should be reported, too. Authors usually write the text of the results section based upon this sequence o

29、f Table and Figure. (P75-3.5第二小段) 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的概要可以是在文本中（通常附帶說(shuō)明）也可以是在相關(guān)的表格圖形中（在圖例中或作為表格圖形的腳注）。結(jié)果章節(jié)應(yīng)該圍繞一系列按順序排列的表格和/或圖像進(jìn)行組織來(lái)按邏輯順序表達(dá)你的關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn)。結(jié)果章節(jié)的文本也遵循這個(gè)順序并強(qiáng)調(diào)你調(diào)查的問(wèn)題/假定的答案。重要的負(fù)面結(jié)果也要報(bào)告。作者撰寫結(jié)果章節(jié)的文本通常也是在表格和圖形順序基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的。12.Like many other aspects of writing, data commentaries are exercises in positioning yourself. The

30、re are, as a result, both dangers and opportunities. One danger is to simply repeat in words what the data has expressed in nonverbal fromin other words, to offer description rather than commentary. An opposite danger is to read too much into the data and draw unjustified conclusions. The art of the

31、 matter is to find the right strength of claim for the data and then order your statements in some appropriate way (such as from the more significant to the less significant). In most cases, this means moving in a generalspecific direction. (P79-3.5.2第三小段) 就像寫論文的其他方面一樣，對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行注釋是一種自我定位的練習(xí)。因此，這是危機(jī)與機(jī)會(huì)并存

32、的。危機(jī)之一是只是簡(jiǎn)單的用非動(dòng)詞來(lái)重復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，換言之就是只是描述而沒有評(píng)注。相對(duì)的危機(jī)就是對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)過(guò)度解讀并得出未被證明正確性的結(jié)論。它的藝術(shù)所在就是控制好數(shù)據(jù)評(píng)論的力度并以合適的方式排列你的陳述（比如從重要的到相對(duì)不重要的）。在絕大多數(shù)情況下，這意味著從一般到特殊的方向進(jìn)行。13.With any scientific process, there is no such ideal as proof or total rejection, and researchers must, by necessity, work upon probabilities. That means t

33、hat, whatever level of proof was reached, there is still the possibility that the results may be wrong. Therefore, writers need not only good judgment about data while making highlight statements about data, but also good presentation of judgment. Thus, they have two requirements. One is the need to

34、 be cautiousand sometimes criticalabout the data. As Skelton (1988) neatly observed, “It is important for students to learn to be confidently uncertain.” The other requirement is to have the linguistic resources to express this caution. In ways of qualifying or moderating a claim. (P83-3.5.6)在任何的科學(xué)進(jìn)

35、程中都沒有絕對(duì)的肯定或絕對(duì)的否定，研究者不可避免的要涉及到可能性。這就意味著無(wú)論驗(yàn)證到哪個(gè)級(jí)別都存在結(jié)果是錯(cuò)誤的可能性。因此，作者不僅要在最重要部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)陳述時(shí)擅長(zhǎng)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的判斷，還要擅長(zhǎng)對(duì)判斷的描述。從而這就有兩方面的要求。一個(gè)是對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)要謹(jǐn)慎有時(shí)要以批判的態(tài)度。正如斯凱爾頓曾簡(jiǎn)略的總結(jié)說(shuō)，“對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)會(huì)自信地去質(zhì)疑是十分重要的”。另一個(gè)要求是有足夠的語(yǔ)言資源來(lái)表達(dá)。14.The discussion and conclusion section is somehow he counterpart of the introduction. The function of the Discussi

36、on is to interpret your results in light of what was already known about the subject of the investigation, and to explain our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration. The Discussion explains the implications of your results to other work, both theoretical and ex

37、perimental. Along with the introduction, it explains why your work is important, how it contributes to the advancement of the field. You want to avoid introducing new ideas here or discussing tangential issues not directly related to the exploration and discovery of your thesis. It is critical that

38、the Discussion be done carefully and thoroughly. As Robert Day has noted. (P87-3.6)討論和結(jié)論章節(jié)會(huì)以某種方式與介紹相對(duì)應(yīng)。討論的作用是根據(jù)已知研究對(duì)象解釋你的結(jié)果并且在考慮你的結(jié)果后將我們不解的地方進(jìn)行解釋。討論是用來(lái)解釋結(jié)果含義的。它通過(guò)把你試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與其他成果相聯(lián)系，無(wú)論理論上還是實(shí)驗(yàn)上，將這個(gè)結(jié)果與這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的環(huán)境相融合。連同介紹一起，它解釋了為什么你的工作是重要的，它如何對(duì)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)步做出貢獻(xiàn)的。你要避免在這里介紹新的想法或討論與你論文的探索和發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有直接聯(lián)系的問(wèn)題。認(rèn)真并充分地進(jìn)行討論部分是至關(guān)重要的。

39、正如Robert Day所言。 15.Writing a summary (or summarizing information) is a common way of integrating information into your original work that requires care and attention to detail. By summarizing, an author reduces a text, concept, idea, or data set to its most basic point or element without appropriati

40、ng the language of the source. While you cannot retain all the definition and detail of the original context of the information in a brief summary, effort to represent the essential point within its context is essential or you risk distortion of the original meaning. (P100-中間部分)撰寫概要（或概要信息）是一種將信息整合到你

41、的原著中的普遍方式，這需要對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)處理十分謹(jǐn)慎和關(guān)注。在概要中，作者要通過(guò)縮減文本、觀點(diǎn)、想法或數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)得到基本要點(diǎn)或要素，而又不占用語(yǔ)言空間。雖然你不能在簡(jiǎn)短的概要中保留原文信息的所有定義和細(xì)節(jié)，但努力在上下文中表達(dá)要點(diǎn)是必要的，否則你會(huì)有曲解原意的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。16.An active and efficient researcher may use summarizing as an effective way of building his own repository of research literature that he can readily taps into. Writing a

42、summary and a review following reading a research report can help the reader and potential researcher digest the information of the source and develop insights into it, let alone form a lasting memory of it. Writing a summary helps a writer develop an understanding of the subject matter. Once that u

43、nderstanding is developed the writer becomes up to data hopefully with current knowledge. (P101-4.1.3，多為英譯漢，重點(diǎn)！) 一名積極的有效率的研究者會(huì)把概要作為建立自己研究資料知識(shí)庫(kù)的一個(gè)有效途徑，以便于他可以容易的利用。在閱讀研究報(bào)告后撰寫一篇概要和回顧可以幫助讀者和潛在研究者融會(huì)貫通原始資料的信息，并培養(yǎng)對(duì)此的洞察力，甚至是對(duì)此形成持久的記憶。撰寫概要能幫助作者建立對(duì)主旨的理解力。一旦理解力建立了，那么就很有希望跟上最新的知識(shí)。模擬題一1. An abstract should repre

44、sent as much as possible of the quantitative information in the document, while there is no need for the consideration of qualitative information. False P31: 2.1 An abstract should represent as much as possible of the quantitative and qualitative information in the document, and also reflect its rea

45、soning. 2. In the writing of abstract, it is advisable to repeat the title as it can remind the reader of the thesis. False P28 倒數(shù)第二段 An abstract will nearly always be read along with the title, so do not repeat or rephrase the title. 3. An abstract should have the following central qualities: brevi

46、ty, accuracy, specificity, subjectivity, informativeness and independency. False P32 brevity, accuracy, specificity, objectivity, informativeness and independency.4. Just like description, persuasion, and argumentation, complex sentences are more used in the abstract writing. False P33: Simple sente

47、nces are more used in the abstract writing, as it is not of description, persuasion, and argumentation. 5. An indicative abstract indicates the subject and the main findings of the paper, but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the process involved. True P35: 2.3.2 書本原話6. An infor

48、mative abstract is often used in writing theoretical papers, commentary articles, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings. False P35: 2.3.2 An indicative abstract is often used in writing theoretical papers, commentary articles, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings. Matching A

49、) If pressed for space, concentrate on the problem and, especially, your findings. B) Writing an abstract is to help readers quickly and accurately identify the substance of your work and decide its relevance to their own interests. C) Thus, your abstract should describe the most important aspects o

50、f the study within the word-limit provided by the journal. D) It is not merely a descriptive guide to the paper. Abstracts are found at the beginning of journal articles, research papers, reports, theses, and dissertations. An abstract is a complete but concise and informative account of your work,

51、i.e., a condensation that makes sense without reference to the full document. (1)_D_Abstract help the reader decide whether to read the paper, and provides him or her with a framework for understanding the paper if they decide to read it. (2) _C_. As appropriate for your research, try to include a s

52、tatement of the problem, the people you studied, the dependent and independent variables, the instruments, the design, major findings, and conclusions. (3) _A_. (4) _B_ You will need to write an abstract when your dissertation for a higher degree is accepted, when you submit an article for publicati

53、on, or when your report will be disseminated to an audience that needs a summary of its contents. 匹配題文章出處：書本29頁(yè)模擬題二1. Research paper authors are very much concerned with positioningshowing that their studies are relevant and significant and have some new contribution to make. TRUE P47: 2.1 倒數(shù)第三行原句2.

54、 The first question to ask in preparing to write a research paper is “what to write about”. False P47 最后一行 The first question to ask in preparing to write a research paper is “what journal shall I send it to?” 3. Similar to other types of introduction, research paper introductions aimed at specialis

55、ts include technical details and a short review of previous work on the topic. False P59 In contrast to other types of introduction, research paper introductions aimed at specialists include technical details and a short review of previous work on the topic. 4. Discussion is a critical part of your

56、reports argument in research paper writing, since it establishes the validity of your results and allows them to be taken seriously. False P63: The Materials and Methods Section is a critical part of your reports argument in research paper writing, since it establishes the validity of your results a

57、nd allows them to be taken seriously. 5. An indicative abstract indicates the subject and the main findings of the paper, but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the process involved. True P35: 2.3.2 書本原話6. In the results section of research paper the author presents subjectively

58、his/her findings in an orderly and logical sequence using both illustrative materials (tables and figures) and text. False P75: 3.5 In the results section of research paper the author presents objectively his/her findings in an orderly and logical sequence using both illustrative materials (tables a

59、nd figures) and text. 7. In the writing of Results section of research paper, important negative results should be reported, too. TRUE P75: 3.5 第二段倒數(shù)第二句8. With any scientific process, there is no such ideal as total proof or total rejection, and researchers must, by necessity, work upon probabilities. TRUE P83: 3.5.6 第1句匹配題一A) The terms modeling and simulation are often use