1、高考英語復習資料 上海：劉偉忠編英語書面表達題型分析與解題 上海高考英語卷從1989年起增設了“寫作”題型，字數要求為80-100字。96年起增至100-120字。2001年起定為至少120字以上。2004年起又定為120-150字。（實際超過150字也允許。）1989年-1995年寫作題的分值為20分。96年起增至25分，并一直保持至今。不難看出，高考英語卷對高三學生英語寫作能力的要求一直在提高，其分值在整份試卷中也占有相當比重。因此，考生必須對高考英語書面表達題的要求和測試目的有個全面的了解，并且充分重視英語寫作的訓練，學習和掌握一定的寫作方法和技巧，以適應高考英語卷的寫作考查。一、書面表

2、達題的測試目的書面表達題是測試“寫”的技能的重要題型，其目的是要測試考生的英語書面文字表達能力，具體目的可分為以下四點：1. 測試學生對英語常用語體格式及語言特點的了解和運用。2. 測試學生審題立意、條理層次、邏輯思維等方面的謀篇技巧。3. 測試學生用英語構思和表達思想情感的實際水平。4. 測試學生遣詞造句、習慣表達、首尾呼應等英語行文的能力。 二、書面表達題的要求及預測2001年，教育部頒布了全日制義務教育普通高級中學英語課程標準，“標準”中規定了高中階段6-8級目標中“寫”的技能要達到的各項要求。按照有關方面的設想，中學8級英語水平將相當于目前大學非英語專業4級的水平。大學英語教學大綱對大

3、學4級英語“寫”的要求是：“能就一定的話題或提綱在半小時內寫出120-150詞的短文，能寫短信和便條，表達意思清楚，無重大語法錯誤。”新近公布的2013年上海高考英語科的考綱，對“寫作”的測試目標定為：“能根據題意寫出內容充實、語言連貫、結構合理的作文”。對考生的寫作能力提出了更為明確的要求。筆者對2014年上海高考英語書面表達題的題型作如下預測：英語書面表達題仍會以應用文、議論文為主，寫作的話題一定貼近考生的學習和生活，人人都能有話說。 1. 議論文寫作。要求考生根據所給的文字要點，或從圖畫、圖例、表格提供的信息，就某熱點事件闡述自己的觀點、態度；或評述他人的態度、觀點，然后給出自己的結論。

4、 2. 應用文寫作。要求考生根據文字或圖表提供的信息，寫出短文或信件。信件內容大致為： 向有關方面反映情況。如：向校長、報社、市長等反映污染、不文明行為、亂收費等現象。 與同學、朋友或筆友就某熱點新聞、熱門事件進行探討。 向用人單位自薦或推薦某人求職等。三、書面表達題的解題步驟 英語書面表達題的解題關鍵是審題和謀篇，具體可分為五個步驟： 第一步：認真審題，明確要求。審題要弄清楚題目提供了哪些情景，對書寫有哪些要求，然后確定短文的體裁和相應的表述方式。再定下文章使用的基本人稱、時態、主要內容和情節，以及如何開頭和結尾等。文章內容應充實，主題突出，詳略得當。 第二步：確定主次，列出要點。在明確題目

5、要求的基礎上，將要點按順序在草稿紙上列出，然后根據題意確定主次。列要點時盡量使用有把握的詞組、句型、習慣表達，對次要內容一筆帶過即可。觀點表達應明確直接，切忌模棱兩可。 第三步：擴展要點，連句成文。將列出的要點進行適當的擴展和補充，形成符合考題要求的短文。擴展包括添加貼切的開頭、結尾；段與段之間自然過渡。對寫好的句子適當地加一些表示并列、遞進、因果、轉折等關系的詞語，使文章結構緊湊、內容連貫、詞匯豐富。 第四步：復讀短文，檢查修改。檢查修改應先整體、后局部地進行。先看格式、人稱是否正確，開頭結尾是否自然，內容要點有否遺漏，字數是否符合要求。然后查句子有無語法毛病、時態是否正確、用詞和搭配是否貼

6、切，以及單詞拼寫、大小寫、標點符號是否正確等。 第五步：仔細謄寫，保持整潔。把修改好的短文工整地寫一遍。書面表達題是主觀性試題，書寫工整規范，不僅可以避免閱卷時的誤判，而且整潔漂亮的卷面會給閱卷者以一目了然、舒坦的感覺，而產生好的效果。 四、書面表達題的備考建議 目前，英語書面表達題的要求還不是很高，寫一篇120字以上的英語短文，就是要求你能圍繞一個話題寫上12-15個意思通順、前后連貫的句子。考生在掌握了一定的詞匯量和基礎的英語語法后，應該能寫出有一定質量的短文的。因此，對英語寫作不要有畏難情緒。下面給你幾條寫作建議： 1. 掌握英語句子的結構、文章的段落、語篇的知識和技巧是寫作的基礎，寫好

7、了句子，就等于成功了一半。書面表達題要靠平時多練，從練習寫句子開始，（多做些漢譯英題目也有幫助）。靠臨時突擊是不行的。在能正確寫出句子的基礎上，組成短文。 2. 嘗試給文章起個言簡意賅的標題，讓人一看就知道文章的主題，然后分三段行文。第一段：開門見山地提出自己的觀點或論點。（3- 4行）第二段：對提出的觀點、論點進行闡述，要條理清楚，并適當舉些例子。（6- 8行）第三段：歸納、提升自己的觀點、論點，如能表達展望則更佳。（3- 4行）注：每行平均以10個字計。按低限，三段12行，字數就可達120個。按高限，三段16行，160字也符合要求。 3. 平時勤于動筆，練習時可以由簡到繁，循序漸進。開始時

8、，先圍繞一個話題寫上三五句意思連貫的句子，再逐步擴展到十來句，形成短文，以達到“量”的要求。然后，在寫作中注意形容詞、關聯詞的使用。盡可能安排短句、長句、簡單句、并列句、復合句的交錯使用，使文章生動不單調，在“質”上符合要求。 4. 對課文或難度相當的閱讀短文進行改寫、縮寫，也不失為培養“寫”的能力的好方法。例如：將課文壓縮成百來字的短文，或將課文進行變換人稱的改寫。也可以做一些各種話題的書面表達練習，寫完后放上一周，再拿出來認真修改，也可以同學之間互相批改。 5. 讀和寫是緊密聯系的，通過多閱讀英語文章，可以培養語感和用英語進行思維的習慣。在閱讀中也可以學到大量的英語語言知識、規范的表達方式

9、、遣詞造句的規律。閱讀時，要理解好文章內容，還要注意做筆記或摘錄。如抄下好的開頭、結尾句，以及語言優美的描述性句子，為今后的寫作積累語言素材。有些同學在英文寫作時思路展不開，就是平時閱讀量太少的緣故。 總之，只要勤讀勤寫、方法得當，你的英語寫作能力一定會有大的提高。 五、英語寫作中常用的關聯詞、短語及句型介紹：（一）、開篇用語： 1. Now, Nowadays, Nowadays in our society,. 如今，在我們社會中At present, Recently, Currently, 當前、當今 So far，到目前為止 2. With the development / ris

10、e / increase of, 隨著.的發展/提高/增加, 3. It is a common phenomenon in our society that 這是我們社會中的一個普遍現象. As it is universally acknowledged that 這是大家所公認的（事） 4. From the picture, / cartoon (漫畫)，we can see The picture shows usAccording to the chart (圖表) / table (時間表) / illustration (圖例),（二）、列舉論點、事例：1. My reason

11、s are as follows： 我的理由如下， In my opinion, 我的意見是 The following are my reasons： 下面是我的理由，One of the major reasons is , 主要理由之一是； 2. Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally, ( 注：不能用at last表最后一點 ) First, Besides, In addition, Moreover, Whats more , Finally, First of all, To begin / start with, First and foremo

12、st 首先，首要地3. In fact, As a matter of fact, 事實上 4. For example For instance, 例如、舉例. 5. On one hand，on the other hand， 一方面，另一方面。 6. It is known to us all that , 眾所周知（主語從句）= As we all know, . 同上（狀語從句）= As is known to all, 同上 (非限制性定語從句) 7. But every coin has two sides, 任何事物都有兩面性。 （諺語） Each one has his or

13、 her strong points, 人皆有長處。 （諺語）（三）、表語氣轉折： 1. However Anyhow, 不管怎樣，無論如何， Therefore, Hence， 因此, 2. Meanwhile 與此同時, Furthermore 而且、此外， Nevertheless 然而、不過3. By the way, 順便說一下 Generally speaking, 總的來說 In other words, 換句話說4. As long as So long as 只要； If necessary, 如果必要5. Because of, Due to, Owing to, Than

14、ks to 因為、由于.（表原因）6. despite, in spite of 不管、盡管、任憑， As for， 至于.；就.方面來說；7. On the contrary 正相反, after all, 畢竟 8. There is no doubt that, Undoubtedly, It goes without saying 毫無疑問 9. To make things worse, 使事情更糟， Worst of all, 最糟糕的是 10. Consequently, 結果.， Eventually 終于、最后， Above all，最重要的是（四）、結尾用語： 1. All

15、 in all， 總的來說， On the whole， 總的看來， In conclusion， 總結、歸納一下、下結論， In a word， 總之，2. In short， 簡言之 To sum up， 歸納、小結一下， In a nutshell， 概括地說， 3. As far as I am concerned, 如上所述Through above analysis， 通過上述分析 4. Last but not least = The last but not the least, 最后的但并非最不重要的，最后一點 5. It wont be long before 不久（用于展

16、望）， It will be long before .很久六、實用句子集萃（一）開篇用句：1. Nowadays, with the development of science and technology / economy, more and more people have realized the importance of knowledge / science 如今，隨著科技的/經濟的發展，越來越多的人認識到知識/科學的重要性。 As the “knowledge economy” is rapidly taking shape, we need to learn modern

17、 technology in order to catch up with developed countries. 隨著“知識經濟”的迅速形成，要想趕上發達國家，我們就得學習現代科技。2. In recent years, the Internet is playing a more and more important role in our daily life. 近年來，網絡在我們日常生活中正起著越來越重要的作用。 With the development of communication technology, the Internet has already been applie

18、d to every aspect of our daily life. 隨著通訊技術的發展，因特網已應用在我們日常生活的各個方面。3. So far, computers have found applications in the field of industry, which has caused a surprising change in terms of the productivity.（注：in terms of 1）在.方面；2）根據、按照；3）以.的話） 迄今為止，計算機在工業領域中的使用使得生產發生了驚人的變化。 4. With the effect of the Pa

19、rtys policy of economic reform, there has been a great increase in economic growth, from which Chinese people have benefited a lot. 在黨的經濟改革政策的影響下，我國的經濟有了很大的增長，中國人民從中獲益不淺。 5. As the world economy becomes more and more globalized, we need to get contact with different people in different parts of the

20、world. A good command of foreign language is increasingly important. 隨著世界經濟越來越全球化，我們需要與世界各地不同的人交往，掌握好外語變得日益重要。6. With the rise of peoples living standard, more and more citizens possess their own cars / flats. 隨著人們生活水平的提高，越來越多的市民擁有自己的汽車/住房。 It is a common phenomenon in our society that almost every

21、person has his own mobile phone or computer. 這是我們社會中的一個普遍現象，幾乎每個人都擁有自己的手機或電腦。 7. The result from the study and research has shown / illustrated that people are becoming more and more concerned about the quality of their life. 研究和調查結果表明，人們越來越關心他們的生活質量。8. With the quick pace of modern life, city peopl

22、e pay little attention to taking care of their health. 隨著現代生活節奏的加快，城市人很少注意、關心自己的健康。（二）展開議論或表態： 1. We should continue to open our door to the world so that we can learn advanced science and technology from the developed countries. 我們應該繼續對外開放，這樣我們就能向發達國家學習先進的科學技術。 2. The most important task for us tod

23、ay is to develop the national economy and improve the peoples living standard. / level. 今天，我們最重要的任務就是發展國民經濟，提高人民的生活水平。 3. Many things contribute to success, the most important of which are your willpower, the courage, and the confidence. 一個人的成功取決于許多因素，而最重要的是：你的意志力、勇氣和自信。 4. Once you have confidence

24、in yourself, you are sure to make remarkable progress in your study. 一旦你對自己有了信心，你就一定會在學習上取得顯著進步。Failure is also a type of learning if you can draw a lesson from it. 如果你能從失敗中吸取教訓的話，那失敗也是一種學習。 5. There are many ways to solve the problem, but the following may be the most immediate and effective. 我們可以有

25、多種方法解決這個問題，但下列方法可能是最快捷最有效的。As for me, I am in favour of the first idea / opinion. The following are the reasons for my personal views. （又：former前者，latter后者） 至于我，我同意第一個意見，下面是我個人的看法和理由。But I think, both opinions are reasonable if we can combine the two together, it will be better. 但是我認為這兩種意見都有道理，如能結合在

26、一起就更好了。（三）歸納觀點：1. To survive and succeed in the 21-century, the cross-century talents should have good education backgrounds. 要在21世紀里生存而且有所成就，跨世紀人才應該是受過良好教育的人。 2. It goes without saying, without advanced science and technology, a country will have poor living conditions. 毫無疑問，沒有先進的科學技術，一個國家將只能處于貧窮的境

27、地。 3. Only by studying diligently now can we acquire enough knowledge to do more contributions for mankind in the future. 我們現在只有勤奮學習，學得足夠的知識，將來才能為人類多作貢獻。 4. We should study diligently; otherwise, wed be thrown out of the tide of society. 我們必須勤奮學習，否則，我們就會被時代潮流所拋棄。 5. More knowledge means more opportu

28、nities for better jobs and quicker promotion. 知識越多，找到好的工作的機會也就更多，個人的提升也就更快。（四）結尾用句：1. We should spare no efforts to build our motherland into a strong, modernized and harmonious one. 我們應該不遺余力地把我們的祖國建設成為一個強大的、現代化的、和諧的國家。2. With a population of 1.3 billion, China ought to make a greater contribution t

29、o human progress. 中國有十三億人口，應該對人類進步作出較大貢獻。3. Therefore, I am sure, our motherland will usher in an even brighter future. 因此，我確信我們的祖國必將迎來一個更加光輝的前程。4. Undoubtedly, it wont be long before Shanghai becomes a most developed, modernized city in the world east. 不容置疑，在不久的將來，上海必將成為一個高度發達、現代化的城市屹立在世界的東方。5. I a

30、m sure that our life will become more brilliant and colourful in the future. 我相信我們的生活在將來會變得更加輝煌、更加豐富多采。6. I should live up to the expectation people lay on me and make great achievements for our motherland. 我將不辜負人民對我的期望，為祖國取得更大成就。信件結尾的用句：1. All the ideas above are what I suggest. 上述所有的想法都是我要建議的。I ho

31、pe what is mentioned above will be a helping hand for you. 我希望上述提到的建議將對你有所幫助。2. So far, the views above are all I want to say. If I come up with some new ideas I will write to you later. 至此，上述觀點都是我想說的。如果有新的想法我會再寫給你。七、范文：下列范文均選自歷年上海英語高考卷、各區英語高考模擬卷中的學生佳作，具有較好的可模仿性。對正在復習迎考的高三學生有很強的指導性和實用性。希望你能學以致用，化別人的

32、才智為自己的知識，在較短的時間內能自如地寫出自己的好文章。1. 2013年上海秋季高考英語卷作文題上海博物館擬舉辦一次名畫展，現就展出場所（博物館還是社區圖書館）征集公眾意見，假設你是王敏，給上海博物館寫一封信表達你的想法。你的信必須滿足以下要求：1. 簡述你寫信的目的及你對場所的選擇； 2. 說明你的理由（從便利性，專業性等方面對這兩個場所進行對比）。范文：To whom it may concern：Ive learned that an art exhibition is to be held and that youre collecting suggestions on its lo

33、cation. Im writing this letter to share with you my opinions. In my opinion, it is more advisable to hold the art exhibition in Shanghai Museum than in community libraries. My reasons are as follows.On one hand, it is more convenient for people to get to Shanghai Museum which is located in the cente

34、r of the city. And the museum is much more spacious than community libraries, which provides visitors with a more comfortable environment for appreciating art.On the other hand, as a well-known museum, Shanghai Museum is more professional and experienced in holding art exhibitions. Its professional

35、security guards and advanced facilities can better protect those famous paintings from being damaged or stolen.Therefore, I suggest the exhibition be held in the museum.Wang Min（148字）2. 2012年上海秋季高考英語卷作文題上周一，你在一所小學觀摩了小女孩Amy所在班級的兩堂繪畫課（如圖所示），回家后你用英語寫了一篇日記，內容包括： 對兩堂繪畫課的具體描述； 你從中獲得的啟發。范文：My DiaryMonday,

36、May 28thToday, I visited a primary school and had the chance to watch two different painting classes, in which a girl called Amy caught my eye.In one class, Amy was allowed to paint a large picture with her feet. She dipped some paint with her feet and drew the picture according to her own thought w

37、ith great passion. In the next class, Amy was supposed to sit in front of the desk with a brush in hand and drew some simple and regular scenery. However, she looked more nervous than excited.From my perspective, the first painting class is more successful. To a small child like Amy, gaining fun in

38、painting is more important. By painting in the first way, Amy was free from what is so called painting requests. She can draw whatever she likes and stretches her wings of imagination.In a nutshell, Amy told me the importance of protecting childrens interest and imagination. With their wings of inte

39、rest and imagination stretched, they are bound to have fun and hold great passion for painting or anything else they like. （全文185字）3. 2011年上海秋季高考英語卷作文題假如你是啟明中學（Ming Qi Middle School）的李明，想申請一個扶貧項目，幫助貧困地區的兒童。根據以下啟事，寫一封申請信（信中不能提到真實姓名和學校）。啟 事國際兒童基金會將資助中學生開展扶貧項目，以幫助貧困地區的兒童。申請成功者將獲得項目經費2000元。有意者請來信告知：1、你個

40、人的基本情況；2、你對申請項目的基本設想；3、項目經費的使用計劃。聯系方式: 2011 2011 范文：Dear sir,My name is Li Ming, a student of Qi Ming Middle School. Im writing to apply for the fund for the project helping the children in poor areas. Last year, I got an opportunity to visit a school in a mountain area. What I experience

41、d stimulated my eagerness to do something for them. The following is my plan.There is a series of steps in my project. Of the top priority is our organizing an activity to introduce the living and learning conditions of kids in poor areas and thus to bring home to the public the urgency of immediate

42、 action to be taken to help them out, whether by donating money or by sending daily necessities from clothes to books. Besides, a video play will be shot to convey the wishes, cheers and encouragement from we city people to them. Whats more, I, along with my teammates, is planned to visit those kids

43、, to play and chat with them, which is bound to establish a solid connection between us.If I were lucky enough to be granted the 2,000 yuan fund, a quarter of it would be spared for the traffic and so costs, while the rest would be added to the money collected to be donated contributing to modernizi

44、ng and improving the teaching devices.Thanks for taking time to read my e-mail and Im looking froward to being part of your project. Yours sincerely, Li Ming （全文232字）點評：能根據題目要求，寫出內容充實、主題突出、詳略得當的作文，并注意寫作的對象和文體要求。具有很好的語言表達能力，句子結構多樣，詞匯豐富。自然地使用了語句間的連接成份，全文流暢、結構緊湊。 4. 2010年上海秋季高考英語卷作文題下圖是小學新生的課堂一角，對照你當時的

45、上課情況，作出比較并談談你的感受。你的作文必須包括： 描述圖片里學生上課的場景。 比較你同時期的上課情況。 簡要談談你的感受。 范文：Look, the classroom is neat and clean. The kids are smiling, looking bright and cute. They are elementary school pupils, who are having a class with their teacher walking around. Everyone is raising their hands high, eager to answer

46、the teachers questions. How lively the classroom is!I still have a good memory of my elementary school days. We sang songs and played games in class. However, instead of answering the teachers questions actively, we were nervous, afraid of making mistakes. Very often, we sat straight and looked at t

47、he teacher direct with our hands held behind. Obviously, the classroom lacked liveliness.I think pupils, especially little kids, are all curious and eager to learn. Not only are they looking forward to learning actively and independently, but also they want to learn in a relaxing and merry environme

48、nt, thus the elementary school days will stay in their minds as a beautiful memory and an unforgettable experience. (全文156字) 5. 2009年上海秋季高考英語卷作文題某海外學校舉辦英語夏令營，開設了如下課程：園藝(gardening)，烹飪(cooking)，防身術(self-defence)，護理(nursing)。假如你是王躍華（不可以用自己的真實姓名），寫一封申請信，報名參加其中一門課程的學習。信的內容必須包括：1. 你感興趣的課程； 2. 你期望從這門課程中學到什

49、么； 3. 為什么想學這些內容。范文：It is said that a summer camp is to be held by your school and a few courses are available to choose from. I am interested in gardening, in that I believe it features my character and personal benefits.During the learning period, I expect to gain some unexpected knowledge. A radic

50、al technique Id like to obtain is to know how to tell different species of plants and flowers apart. This helps me to have a clearer outlook of those in my garden. Furthermore, the proper cutting time and frequency to water are some other skills I want learn. A little knowledge concerning choosing s

51、uitable soil or the reasonable planting positions will also be a good choice. The main reason why I choose gardening is that I want to help my parents with their work in the domestic garden. In addition, I find that we students generally lack the knowledge of gardening, missing a chance to have a wo

52、rd with nature ,so that knowing the surroundings is imperative . Last but not least , by attending the course ,I will have a meaningful summer vacation ,and drowning myself between plants will by all means add a brilliant touch to my life. (全文199字)點評：考生能根據題目要求，詳略得當地闡明自己的想法，尤其是寫出了文章的重點“你期望從這門課程中學到什么，

53、為什么想學這些內容”。語言表達基本正確、流暢，句子結構和用詞多樣性，體現了較高的語言知識水平。 6. 2008年上海秋季高考英語卷作文題你班將組隊參加學校組織的集體舞比賽（group dancing competition），班長希望大家積極參與。對此談談你的想法。你的文章必須包括以下內容：你是否會參加比賽；你做出該決定的具體理由。滿分作文Group dancing competition will be held in our school in a few days. Our class are going to make up a team. Many students want to

54、take an active part in the competition, so do I.As we all know, group dancing is a kind of dancing which not only can create beauty but also can take exercise. It can make us work with one mind and get along well with each other. On the other hand, group dancing can create a lively atmosphere. After hard study, it can bring us relaxation, which reduces the tiredness. This will help us to make