.,1,WilliamShakespeare,-ThepeakofHumanism,.,2,WilliamShakespeare1564-1616,“Alltheworldsastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”,.,3,MainContents,1.Shakespearesliteraryposition2.ShakespearesLegendlife3.Shakespearesmasterpiece,.,4,1.Shakespearesliteraryposition,Inwesternliteraryhistory,onlyveryindividualwritershavequalifiedsay:withouthim,theliteraturewillbecomeanotherway.Shakespeareisoneofthemostqualified.,Shakespeareisthegreatestplaywrightandpoetintheworldofthehistory.,.,5,2.Shakespeareslife(1564-1616),Birthplace,.,6,BorninWarwickshireThe3rdof8kidsMarriedatage18Workedasanactorbefore1590.,.,7,ThehomeofMaryArden,weeWillyShakespearesmothershouse,.,8,AnneHathawaysShakespeareswifecottage,.,9,TheAvonRiver,nearStratford-upon-Avon.,.,10,HenleyStreet,Stratford-upon-Avon,.,11,Thesonofgroceriesbusinessmaninthetown,18marriedLeavinghomeforLondontomakelivingatabout22,doingasthegroom,DickinsonStartingwritingplaysatabout30yearsold5yearslater,becominguniversalshareholderoftroupe.,.,12,TheNewGlobeTheater,.,13,ThelifeofShakespeare,ArriveinLondonin1586Well-knownin1581Diedonthe23rdofApril,1616,.,14,ThetombofShakespeare,.,15,Arespectedpoetandplaywrightinhisownday,buthisreputationdidnotrisetoitspresentheightsuntilthe19thcentury.Hisworkwasrepeatedlyadoptedandrediscoveredbynewmovementsinscholarshipandperformance.Hisplaysremainhighlypopulartodayandareconstantlystudied,performedandreinterpretedindiverseculturalandpoliticalcontextsthroughouttheworld,.,16,Abouthisworks,TheworksofWilliamShakespeareareagreatlandmarkinthehistoryofworldliterature.Hewasthefirstfoundersofrealism(現實主義)，amasterhoodatrealisticportrayalofhumancharactersandrelations.,KarlMarxregardedAeschylusandShakespeareas“thetwogreatestdramaticgeniusestheworldhaseverknow.”Shakespearetookstoriesfromoldsourcessuchasolddrama,novel,chronicles(編年史)andfolklegends.（民間傳說)UnderShakespearespen,thosestoriesassumednewmeaningandsignificance.,.,17,Intheexpressionofart,heinheritedthreetraditionsofthedramasofancientGreeceandRome,medievalBritainandtheEuropeanRenaissanceanddeveloped,innovatingcreativelyfromthecontenttotheform.Hisplaystryhardtoreflectthetruelifeandexploretheinnermysteries,thuscanfigureoutmanydiverseandcomplexpersonalities,vividcharactersthatrepresentthetypicalfigureandsociallife.,.,18,Duringthetwenty-twoyearsofhisliteraryworkheproduced37plays,twonarrativepoemsand154sonnets.Hisliteraryworkmaybedividedintothreemajorperiods：Thefirstperiod(1590-1600)Thesecondperiod(1601-1608)Thethirdperiod(1609-1612),.,19,Hisearlyplaysweremainlycomediesandhistories,heraisedtothepeakofsophisticationandartistry（復雜性和藝術性）bytheendofthesixteenthcentury.Hethenwrotemainlytragediesuntilabout1608,includingHamlet(1601),Othello(1604),KingLear(1605),andMacbeth(1605),consideredsomeofthefinestworksintheEnglishlanguage,.,20,3.Shakespeareswriting,1)154sonnets,twolongpoem,.,21,poetry十四行詩（TheSonnets）愛人的怨訴（ALoversComplaint）魯克麗絲失貞記（TheRapeofLucrece）維納斯和阿多尼斯（VenusandAdonis）熱情的朝圣者（ThePassionatePilgrim鳳凰和斑鳩（ThePhoenixandtheTurtle）,.,22,Sonnet:alyricpoemcomprising3quatrainswitharhymingschemeababcdcdefefAndacoupletrhyminggg,.,23,Sonnet18WilliamShakespeareShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate:SometimetoohottheeyeoftheheavenshinesAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychanceornatureschangingcourseuntrimmed;Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst;Norshalldeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowst:Solongasamancanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslivetothee.,.,24,ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?能否把你與夏日相比？Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:你卻比炎夏更可愛溫婉；RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,狂風摧殘五月的蓓蕾，Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate,.,25,夏日的時光何其短暫。Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,休戀那麗日當空，Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;轉眼又云霧迷蒙；Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,休嘆百花凋零，Bychance,ornatureschangingcourseuntrimed摧殘于無常即或天命。,.,26,ThefurthestdistanceintheworldIsnotwhenIstandinfrontofyouYetyoucantseemyloveButwhenundoubtedlyknowingthelovefrombothYetcannotbetogetherThefurthestdistanceintheworldIsnotbeingapartwhilebeinginloveButwhenpainlycannotresisttheyearningYetpretendingyouhaveneverbeeninmyheartThefurthestdistanceintheworldIsnotbutusingonesindifferentheartTodiganuncrossableriverFortheonewholovesyou,.,27,世界上最遙遠的距離不是我就站在你面前你卻不知道我愛你而是明明知道彼此相愛卻不能在一起世界上最遙遠的距離不是明明知道彼此相愛卻不能在一起而是明明無法抵擋這股思念卻還得故意裝作絲毫沒有把你放在心里世界上最遙遠的距離不是明明無法抵擋這股思念卻還得故意裝作絲毫沒有把你放在心里而是用自己冷漠的心對愛你的人掘了一條無法跨越的溝渠,.,28,2)Histories,Representativeworks:HenryIVRichardIII,.,29,histories亨利四世，第一卷（HenryIV,part1）亨利四世，第二卷（HenryIV,part2）亨利五世（HenryV）亨利六世，第一卷（HenryVI,part1）亨利六世，第二卷（HenryVI,part2）亨利六世，第三卷（HenryVI,part3）亨利八世（HenryVIII）約翰國王（KingJohn）理查德二世（RichardII）理查德三世（RichardIII）,.,30,3)Comedy,ThemerchantofVenicemidsummernightsdreamhappytwelfthnight,.,31,Comedies錯中錯(TheComedyofErrors)皆大歡喜(AllsWellThatEndsWell)如愿(AsYouLikeIt)仲夏夜夢(AMidsummerNightsDream)無事生非(MuchAdoAboutNothing)一報還一報(MeasureforMeasure第十二夜(TwelfthNightorWhatYouWill)威尼斯商人(TheMerchantofVenice)空愛一場(LovesLaborsLost)冬天的故事(TheWintersTale),.,32,威尼斯商人,第十二夜,.,33,TheMerchantofVenice,劇情：有一個十五世紀威尼斯的正直商人安東尼奧，跟高利貸猶太商人夏洛克對立。某日，安東尼奧因出海向夏洛克借款。后者為報復安東尼奧借錢不要利息而影響自己利益的舉措，定下奇特契約：不還錢就還肉。結果安東尼奧的商隊在海上出事而無法還錢。在法院的夏洛克準備好刀子，等著安東尼奧的肉。假裝律師的波莎以割肉不能流血，否則血債血償的理由，粉碎了夏洛克的陰謀。夏洛克破產，安東尼奧東山再起。,ThecharacterofShylockhasraisedadebateoverwhethertheplayshouldbecondemnedasanti-Semitic,andthiscontroversyhasovershadowedmanyotheraspectsoftheplay.Theplotinvolvesavengeful,greedycreditor,Shylock,aJewishmoney-lenderShylockwhoseeksaliteralpoundoffleshfromhisChristianopposite,thegenerous,faithfulAntonio.Shakespearesversionofthechest-choosingdevicerevolvesaroundtheplaysChristianheroine,Portia,whosteersherloverBassaniotowardthecorrecthumblecasketandthensuccessfullydefendshisbosomfriendAntoniofromShylockshorridlegalsuit.Shylock,isaJewwhosebeloveddaughterislosttohimwhensheelopeswithamanwhobelongstoavirulentlyanti-Semiticsociety.Whengrief,angerandvengeanceovercomecommonsenseheendsupliterallyforcedtohiskneestorenouncehisfaithandhisfortune.,.,34,.,35,4)Tragedy,HamletOthelloMacbethkingLear,.,36,Tragedies羅密歐與朱麗葉(RomeoandJuliet)麥克白(Macbeth)李爾王(KingLear)哈姆雷特(Hamlet)奧賽羅(Othello)考利歐雷諾斯(Coriolanus)特洛伊勒斯與克芮絲德(TroilusandCressida)雅典的泰蒙(TimonofAthens)詩,.,37,李爾王,哈姆雷特,.,38,ThesummitofShakespearesartHamlet,Tobeornottobe:thatisthequestion.Meaning:Isitpossibleornot?Ishealiveornot?Uneasyliestheheadthatwearsacrown.Meaning:Thelifeofleadersisnteasy.Havingmanyresponsibilities,leadersoftencantsleepwell.,.,39,“Tobe,ornottobe,comesfromHamlet,actthree,sceneone.Itisoneofthemostfamousquotationsinworldliteratureandthebest-knownofthisparticularplay.,.,40,Theplay,setinDenmark,recountshowPrinceHamletexactsrevengeonhisuncleClaudius,whohasmurderedHamletsfather,theKing,andthentakenthethroneandmarriedGertrude,Hamletsmother.Theplayvividlychartsthecourseofrealandfeignedmadnessfromoverwhelminggrieftoseethingrageandexploresthemesoftreachery,revenge,incest,andmoralcorruption.,仇恨，憤怒，榮譽，尊嚴，,.,41,Hamlet,Type:RevengeTragedy,復仇悲劇RomanticTragedy浪漫悲劇Time:c.1200Locale:Elsinore(艾西諾),DenmarkFirstpresented:1602,.,42,PrincipalCharactersinHamlet,Claudius克勞迪斯KingofDenmarkHamlet哈姆雷特SontotheformerKingandNephewtothepresentKingGertrude喬特魯德QueenofDenmark,andMotherofHamletPolonius波洛涅斯LordChamberlain（御前大臣）Laertes雷歐提斯SontoPoloniusOphelia奧菲莉婭DaughtertoPoloniusGhost（KingHamlet）鬼魂HamletsFatherHoratio霍拉旭FriendtoHamlet,.,43,Claudiusisshrewd精明andable干練,thoughnotalwaysethical倫理ormoral道德,Hamletdescribesthecontestofintelligenceandwillbetweenthemasthatofmightyopposites(V.ii.62).克勞狄斯形象：集合封建主和暴君的殘忍，陰謀家的野心和陰險，封建統治者和資產階級陰謀家于一身，代表文藝復興新舊交替時期的所有罪惡。,.,44,Gertrudeisanegativecharacterinplay“Hamlet”.Butthisarticlebelievesthatsheisaweakbutbravefemininecharacter:shelivedinaweaksocialsurroundingsbutshehasbravecharacter.Duetotheprotectionforherson,shehasdevotedherreputationevenherpersonnallife.關鍵詞：柔弱勇敢母親,.,45,Laertesisoftenportrayedbyseeminglyhumbleactorsofthescreen,togivealoyal,wholesomeappealtothecharacter.波洛涅斯的兒子。為了父親和妹妹的死用劍殺死了哈姆雷特。他也死在哈姆雷特的毒劍下，盡管當時哈姆雷特沒有意識到劍是帶毒的。,.,46,OfallthepivotalcharactersinHamlet,Opheliaisthemoststatic穩定andone-dimensional沒有深度的.Shehasthepotentialtobecomeatragicheroine-toovercometheadversitiesinflicteduponher-butsheinsteadcrumbles崩潰intoinsanity,becomingmerelytragic.ThisisbecauseOpheliaherselfisnotasimportantasherrepresentationofthedualnatureofwomenintheplay.OpheliasdistinctpurposeistoshowatonceHamletswarped歪曲viewofwomenascallous冷酷無情的sexualpredators,andtheinnocenceandvirtueofwomen.,關鍵詞：悲情人物,.,47,HamletisaclassicexampleofatragedywrittenbyWilliamShakespeare.Ineverytragedy,thecharactersmustdisplaysome.Ifeveryactioniscontrolledbyaherosdestiny,thentheherosdeathcantbeavoidedandinHamletthesadpartisthatitcould.Hamletsdeathcouldhavebeenavoidedmanytimes.HehadmanyopportunitiestokillClaudius,buthedidnottakeadvantageofthem.Heiscalledavacillating(優柔寡斷)man.However,inmyopinion,vacillationcanneverberemovedfromHamlet.Thatisthelogicalresult.ItisthesenseofworththatmakesHamletvacillating.,.,48,ShakespearetookacertainstoryofPrinceAmlethfromoldsourceswhichcanbetracedtothe12thcentury.He,however,wasnotthefirsttodramatizeHamletshistory.Intheeighties,aplaythatborethesamenamegainedpopularityamongtheEnglishpublic.ThomasKydissupposedtohavebeentheauthorofthisplay.ThewholetragedyispermeatedwiththespiritofShakespearesowntime.Hamletistheprofoundestexpressionofhishumanismandhiscriticismofcontemporarylife.,.,49,Whichplayshowsthispicture?,.,50,Yes,itsKingLear,TheplayisbasedonthelegendofLeirofBritain,amythological(神話的)pre-RomanCelticking.Ithasbeenwidelyadaptedforstageandscreen,withthepartofLearplayedbymanyoftheworldsmostaccomplishedactors.,.,51,KingLearmournsCordeliasdeath,Thetragicending:,.,52,5）Tragicomedy(straightpart),RomeoandJuliet,.,53,Tragicomedy:Pureformsoftragedyandcomedyhaverarelyappearedinmoderndrama.MostBritishandAmericanplaysoffersomemixtureofthetwoforms.Whenthepatternsande