Lesson 11. Language Focus at Page 21）定義：不定冠詞，英語虛詞冠詞的一種，冠詞是虛詞，本身不能單獨使用，也沒有詞義，它用在名詞的前面，幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種，一種是定冠詞（the Definite Article），the；另一種是不定冠詞（the Indefinite Article）a/an；還有一種是零冠詞（Zero Article）。 2）用法：（1）表示一個，意為one；指某人或某物，意為a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. （2）代表一類人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with. （3）用于泛指人或者事 She wanted to rent an apartment near the campus. 她想在學校附近租一套房子。 （4）用于某些詞組中。這種用法是約定束成的，我們只有遵從而無旁的選擇。例如： a little / a few（一些） a lot of （很多） a type of（一類） a pile （一堆） a great many / many a （很多） as a rule（作為一個規定） in a hurry （匆忙） in a minute （一會兒） in a word （簡而言之） in a short while （一會兒） after a while（一會兒之后） have a cold（得感冒） have a try （試一試）keep an eye on （保持警覺） all of a sudden（突然間）have a rest（休息） have a look（瞧瞧） have a good time（過得開心） take a shower（淋浴） take a break（休息） take a bath（洗澡） get a cold（患感冒） get a fever（發燒） develop into a habit （養成習慣）make a living（謀生） make a guess at（猜測） make a difference between（區分） in a moment（過一會兒） in a sense（在某種意義上） in a way（在某種程度上） once in a while（間或） have an advantage over（優于） have an edge（略勝過）as a result（因此）as a rule（通常）as a whole（總體上說） 3）練習：(1) I earn 10 dollars _ hour as _ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.A. a；an B. the；a C. an； a D. an； the(2) Mr. Smith is _ engineer.A. a B. an C. the D. /(3) Before she left for London, Sally sent me _ picture of herself. A. a B. an C. the D. /(4) _ grammar book is necessary to _ language learner. A. A, the B. An, a C. A, a D. The, a(5) A teacher likes putting _ watch on his / her desk while lecturing.A. a B. an C. the D. /4）答案：（1）C (2) B (3) A (4) C (5) C2. Activity 7worker w:k salesman seilzmn doctor dkt clerk kl:k shop p assistant sistnt soldier suld nurse n:s receptionist risepnist officer :fis editor edit postman pustmn director direkt chef ef civil sivil servant s:vnt baker beik Chief ti:f Executive igzekjutiv Officer :fis3. Language Focus at Page 3課堂口頭練習China tain Chinese taini:z manager mnid America merik deputy depjuti British briti accountant kauntnt German d:mn 4. Cultural Note作為常識講解5. Language Focus at Page 5London lndn Italy itli Russia r Greek gri:k6. Activity 13parent prnt Oxford ksfd bank bk Thrusday :zdi7. Language Focus at Page 6一般情況：加 -s 1.清輔音后讀/s/ map-maps ship-ships2.濁輔音和元音后讀/z/ bag-bags car-cars doctors bridges3.以s, sh, ch, x等結尾的加-es讀 /iz/ bus-buses brusheswatch-watches boxes4. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等結尾的詞 加 -s讀 /iz/license-licenses5. 以y結尾的詞1）輔音字母+y 變y 為i結尾的詞 再加es 讀 /z/baby-babiesButterflies boy2）以y結尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變復數時，直接加s變復數： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeysholiday-holidays比較： 層樓：storey -storeys story-stories 6.以o 結尾的名詞，變復數時：1）直接加s，如： photo-photospiano-pianos radio-radioszoo-zoos； 2）加es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoes3）二者均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes 7. 以f或fe 結尾的名詞變復數時： 1）加s，如： belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；2）去f, fe 加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves；3）均可,如：handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves二名詞變復數練習1. style 2. sport 3. piece 4. quiz 5. fox 6. match7. flash fl (閃光) 8. candy 9. daisy10. fairy 11. torpedot:pi:du (魚雷)12. bingobigu (賓戈游戲) 13. piano 14. cargok:gu (貨物) 15. mosquitomski:tu (蚊子) 16. volcanovlkeinu (火山) 17. leaf18. scarf 19. loaf 20. thief 21. wife22. wolf 23. shelf24. dwarfdw:f 侏儒 25. hoof26. hoofhu:f 蹄 27. wharfhw:f (碼頭) 28. birth 29. cloth30. death 31. month 32. man 33. woman34. child 35. ox36. foot 37. tooth38. mouse 39. penny 40. kilo 41. hero42. Negro 43. solo44. studio 45. salmon46. fish 47. Chinese48. Japanese 49. Portuguesep:tju,gi:z (葡萄牙人)50. Swiss 51. news52. means 52. library53. cattle 54. people55. police 56. cattle57. furniture 58. clothes59. baggage 60. luggage61. goose 62. shorts63. boss64. buisness66. address67. loss68. success69. company70. dictionary71. try72. city73. class74. princess75. box76. watch77. glass78. factory79. party80. story81. vehicle82. library83. ash84. penny85. country86. society87. family88. nationality89. equipment90. technology91. necessity92. century93. possibility94. authority95. discovery96. university97. responsibility98. photo99. process100. luxury101. community102. ability103. life104. simility105. supply106. progress107. energy108. volcano109. apply110. opportunity111. ideology112. army113. theory114. lady115. dormitory116. touch117. wish118. laboratory119. curiosity120. hobby121. guess122. crash三答案：1. styles 2. sports 3. pieces 4. quizzes 5. foxes 6. matches 7. flashes 8. candies 9. daisies 10. fairies11. torpedoes 12. bingoes 13. pianos 14. cargoes 15. mosquitoes16. volcanos/volcanoes 17. leaves 18. scarves 19. loaves 20. thieves 21. wives 22. wolves 23. shelves 24. dwarfs/dwarves 25. hoofs/hooves26. scarfs/scarves 27. wharfs/wharves 28. births 29. cloths 30. deaths31. months 32. men 33. women 34. children 35. oxen36. feet 37. teeth 38. mice 39. pence 40. kilos 41. heroes 42. Negroes 43. solos 44. studios 45. salmon46. fish 47. Chinese 48. Japanese 49. Chinese 50. Swiss51. news（不可數） 52. means(單數) 53. libraries 54. peoples(民族) 55. police56. cattle(牛群) 57. furniture 58. clothes 59. clothes 60. baggage61. luggage 62. geese 63. bosses 64. businesses 65. addresses 66. losses 67. successes 69. companies 70. dictionaries 71. tries 72. cities 73. classes 74. princess 75. boxes 76. watches 77. glasses 78. factories 79. parties 80. stories 81. vehicles 82. libraries 83. ashes 84. pennies 85. countries 86. societies 87. families 88. nationalities 89. equipment 90. technologies 91. necessities 92. centuries 93. possibilities 94. authorities 95. discoveries 96. universities 97. responsibilities 98. photos 99. processes 100. luxuries 101. communities 102. abili