淺談小學英語測試命題技術,房山區教師進修學校小學教研室 陳玉香 2007年3月13日,測試的性質,公平公正 練習題不等于測試題 評價是教學的一個環節 測試題目要有教育意義，但主要是評價意義 評價學生會了什么，能做什么 評價對教學的反撥作用,考察？考查？,The three periods 測試的三個階段,1設計階段 Design 2編制階段 Operationalization 3 執行（實施）階段 Administration,The first period: Design 設計階段,What do you want to test? 測量什么？ What are your testing objectives?測試的目的 ? How many items can you involve in the test?你認為哪些方面是需要測量的？ How do you want to balance your items?你計劃如何分布各個領域的權重？你計劃如何賦分？ What is your construct validity?你如何體現你的構想效度？ What is the impact on your students? How many students are to involve in the test?,編制階段Operationalization,Writing the test blueprint編制測試藍圖 Forming the structure of the test確定試卷結構 Designing the tasks 設計大題 Writing the items設計小題 Revising and constructing the whole test整合試卷 Scoring賦分 Editing 編輯、修訂,1編制測試藍圖,A.試卷結構 (Test Structure) (1)試題數量Number of parts and tasks (2)試題重點Salience of parts and tasks (3)試題順序 Sequence of parts and tasks (4)試題之間的相關性 Relative importance of parts and tasks (5)試題中小題的數量 Number of tasks per part （6）試卷形式The format of the test （7）頁碼數量The number of pages （8）試卷的大小The size of the test book,B. 試卷的具體特點Features,目的 Purpose 構想的界定Definition of construction 施測的條件與環境Setting 時間分配Time allotment 指導語Instruction 語言輸入的特點Characteristics of Input 預期學生反饋的特點Characteristicsof expected responses 計分方法Scoring method,2.搭建試卷框架,(1)試卷由幾個部分( Parts)組成 (2)部分由幾個大題(Tasks)組成 (3)大題由幾個小題(Items)組成 (4)題型及其測試功能 (5)知識目標分布 (6)技能目標分布 (7)綜合應用目標分布,形式指標,1）文本的大小 2）文本成分（如試題，附表，附加題） 3）非文本形式（錄音，錄像等） 4）版式 5）語言的形式 - 書面的測試輸入信息 - 錄音的測試輸入信息 - 指導語的語種 - 指導語的年齡關照 - 指導語的明確程度 6）圖文的配合,3. 編寫試題,(1)選擇素材(即原始語料) (2)對應題型 (3)改寫素材 (4)編寫試題 (5)調整難度 (6)修改試題 (7)整體平衡(各大題難度，內容分布等) (8)版式設計(文字，圖表，圖畫，注解) (9)撰寫繪圖說明或提供草圖 (10)校對(含校對圖表和圖畫) (11)定第一稿,4.整合試卷,(1)全面評價構想效度 (2)局部調整 (3)做題思路檢驗(試做試題) (4)發現問題 (5)局部改寫 (6)局部更換(在成稿后，此步往往被忽略) (7)完成試卷 (8)制備附件(錄音稿，答案),5. 細化賦分系統,(1)總分 (2)大題分值及整體權重 (3)小題分值 (4)高分值的細分 (5)不可細分的高分值限度(如寫話總分的控制) (6)最小分值(避免0.5分) (7)細化賦分與試題總量的關系,試題命制的基本原則,試題命制的基本程序 試題命制的基本要求,試題命制的基本程序,1確定全卷的難度和考點 2根據考點編寫確定題干和選項 3寫選項（以受試者環繞本題的考 點可能會產生的反應為依據） 4修整題干和選項（簡潔、排列） 5調整全卷的難度和答案的分布,Elements of multiple choice 1）多項選擇題的結構,2）題干設計,- 語境設置：圖畫、圖表、語段 - 要素分析（語言、邏輯、語用） - 測試點:一題一個 - 題干調整：簡潔，不給暗示,situational and meaning. (題干調整),Look! Nancy is _ a kite in the park. A. fly B. flies C. flying Look! Nancy _ a kite in the park. A. fly B. flies C. is flying _ is it? Its my mothers. A. What B. Who C. Whose _ it? Its my mothers. A. Whats B. Whos C. Whose is,題干中可能重復出現的單詞不要出現在選項中,Whats the matter with him? A. His arm hurts B. His shoulder hurts C. His finger hurts Whats the matter with him? His _ hurts. A. arm B. shoulder C. finger,Picture 1,題干中應避免泄露答案,Look! The monkey has a long _ . A. short B. tail C. leg 在編寫試題時，除了避免試題本身泄露答案以外，還應注意一套試題中前后是否泄露前后題答案之處,避免暗示或錯誤答案,1.The car is _ than that one. A. big B. more big C. biger D. bigger 2.They are _ the floor. A. sweep B. sweeping C. sweeps D. sweepping,選項要簡潔,Where is Ann going? A. She is going to the zoo. B. She is going to the park. C. She is going to the museum.,Listening,試題命制的基本要求,1語言正確、地道、得體、簡潔 語言測試以何為綱？ 意義（信息），還是形式（語碼）？ 2避免由于文化等造成的偏頗性 3考點明確 4 避免出詭題（tricky items） 5 避免透露答案線索,避免由于文化等造成的偏頗性,Its one of the biggest cities in America. A. New York B. Beijing C. Toronto,情景與語言的得體,周末媽媽要帶你去溜冰,在商場買溜 冰鞋時,售貨員問你 A. How big are your feet? B. How tall are you? C. How big are your hands?,情景與語言的得體,When you are doing shopping for skating, the sales girl asks： A. Whats the size of your shoes? B. Where did you get the coat? C. How big are your bags?,考點明確,考點應屬于本大題的測試領域 立足于每題只考一個考點，或考能夠糅合為一的多個考點（考點因素），但必須避免牽扯不相關、互相干擾的考點 每題無論是一個或幾個考點，但考點必須明確,Lucy _ to school by bus. _mother goes to work on foot. A. goes, His B. goes, Her C. is going, She,Lucy goes to school by bus，and _ mother goes to work on foot. A. his B. her C. their Lucy _ to school by bus, but her mother goes to work on foot. A. goes B. go C. is going,考點？,Jacks uncle is _astronaut. _ is 40. A. a, She B. the, She C. an, He We _ be good to wild animals. We _ hunt them. A. shouldnt should B. should shouldnt C. should should,答案的唯一,Do you have _water? Yes, I do. A. some B. any C. a,- Do you have _water? - Yes, I do. A. some/any B. little C. few,干擾項的命制（MC）,選擇項不能互相牽連、覆蓋 選擇項盡可能一致 （長短、結構、類屬、難度）,選擇項的一致,3. How do Chinese people celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival? A. They have a big dinner with their family, enjoy the moon and the moon cakes and tell the story of Change . B. Give thanks to God. C. People eat turkey and pumpkin pies.,Listen and choose（根據錄音選擇正確答案，讀三遍） 1. After you play some sport, you feel_. A. thirsty B. hungry C. tired 2. So you want to _. A. have a meal B. drink some water or juice C. have a rest 3. Anything cold is _for your stomach. A. good B. warm C. bad 4.If you are ill, your parents will _you. A. worry about B. talk to C. look at 5.If you are ill, you cant _. A. go to school B. play outside C. A and B,A or B,選項的牽連、覆蓋、穿幫,選項排列方式要適當,A. B. C. D. A. C. A. B. B. D. C. D. A. B. C. D.,4）設計失誤分析,- 題干無語境 - 題干過短，題支過長 - 隨意干擾 - 干擾性過弱 - 各干擾項的內容交叉：無法選 - 選項長度失衡 - 題干包含多余信息,不同題型試題的命制,試題的指示語 聽力理解試題 語言知識考查試題 閱讀理解試題 書面表達試題,試題的指示語,聽力部分 筆試部分,聽力部分 語言知識部分 語言綜合運用部分,試題的指示語,看圖聽短文，想一想大家在做什么，將人物與事情用線條連接。短文讀三遍。 Listen and choose (聽對話，想一想對話中人物談論了什么事情，根據問句選擇相應的答語，將標號填寫在括號內。每段對話讀三遍。),簡潔、明晰,試題的指示語,看圖聽短文，想一想大家在做什么，將人物與事情用線條連接。短文讀三遍。 看圖聽獨白，將人物與事情連線。短文讀三遍。,簡潔、明晰,試題的指示語,Listen and choose (聽對話，想一想對話中人物談論了什么事情，根據問句選擇相應的答語，將標號填寫在括號內。每段對話讀三遍。) 聽對話回答問題。每段對話讀三遍。 將答案的標號填寫在括號內,簡潔、明晰,試題的指示語,聽短文，根據短文內容選擇正確答案。短文讀三遍。 ( )1. Name A. John B. Jack C. Joe ( )2. Age A. 8 B. 9 C. 10,明晰？,聽5段對話，回答5個問題,聽第二段對話，回答2、3題。,試題的指示語,將左右兩邊相關聯的詞用線連接起來。 visit the flowers cook the violin play the phone water dinner answer grandparents,A組,B組,試題的指示語,將A、B欄中的動詞與名詞搭配連線。 A B visit the flowers cook the violin play the phone water dinner answer grandparents,試題的指示語,一致性,試題的指示語,Name,Age,Favorite,一致性,Listen and number(根據你聽到的單詞為下面的 圖標出順序號，讀兩遍10%),明確？,聽力理解試題,選材的多樣化與語言的真實性 設計在傾聽中能夠解決的問題 聽力理解試題的難度與區分度設計,聽力理解微技能,理解主旨和要義 獲取具體的、事實性的信息 對所聽內容作出判斷 理解說話者的意圖、觀點和態度,聽力理解試題,邊聽邊選 聽后答題 聽后做事 邊聽邊記筆記,直接性還是間接性的考題？,一判斷下列單詞的劃線部分的發音是否相同，把與其它三個不同的字母代號填在括號里。(每題1分，共5分) ( ) 1. A. name B. take C. same D. map ( ) 2. A. word B. short C. world D. work,When? Why?,設計不同層面的問題,Where is the man? A. He is in a restaurant. B. He is in a hospital. C. He is in a shop.,設計不同層面的問題,Where is the man? A. In a restaurant. B. In a hospital. C. Is in a shop. What are they talking about? What are they going to do next?,Look at this boy. He is from England. And he lives in London. His name is Tom and he is 12 years old. Tom is an active boy. He is crazy about basketball and he can play it very well. Sometimes he plays basketball with Happy his pet dog. Toms favourite colour is blue. So he always wears a blue T-shirt or blue jeans. He wants to make new friends with Chinese children. You can write e-mail to him. This is his e-mail address: .,Happy*2 ,Spot dictation,Mr. Green is our _ teacher. He is from America. Hes _. Hes over thirty years old. He likes_ very much. After _ he often plays it with us. He is _. He usually tells us stories in class. He can speak a little _. We like him very much.,Spot dictation,Mr. Green is our English teacher. He is from America. Hes tall. Hes over thirty years old. He likes football very much. After class he often plays it with us. He is funny. He usually tells us stories in class. He can speak a little Chinese. We like him very much.,語言知識考查試題,測什么？ 知道 理解 應用 “人們日常說的、寫的英語語法” “有意義的、真實的語法” “產出性的語法”,語言知識考查試題,如何測？ 不是再現語法知識，而是考查考生是否理解和運用在特定的社會交際情境中說話人所要運用語言和所要表達的意義、態度等。,學會了，能做什么？,讀單詞，將單詞根據字典中的順序，用數 字排列出來。 pipe， hole, fire, visit, animal ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),Banked MC,A. Good morning! B. Can you tell me the way to the post office? C. Can I take your order, please? D. Can I help you? E. Whos that?,A: Hello. B: Hello. May I speak to Lucy? A: This is Lucy speaking. _ B: Its Sam here. 五組對話,1. This _ is fat. 2. He has to _. 3. The ball is _the chair. 4. I have a pink _. 5. She has to_. 6. He is _. 7. She is a _. 8. I have to _.,A. walk the dog B. make his bed C. dress D. teacher E. swimming F. panda G. under H. feed the fish,學會了什么？ 能做什么？,考點？,答案的惟一？,-What is your favorite subject? Why? -_ A. English. Its the most interesting subject. B. Science. Its the most difficult subject.,閱讀理解試題,選材 閱讀量的要求 語篇質的要求 語言和文體的要求 內容要求,可讀性信息,閱讀理解試題,試題命制 考點的以信息為目標 以未知信息為考點 探問多種層次，多種范疇的信息,生詞標注原則,閱讀理解微技能,理解主旨和要義 理解文中具體信息 根據上下文推斷生詞的詞義 作出判斷和推理 理解文章的基本結構 理解作者的意圖、觀點和態度,試題示例,True-false items 是非題（1）背景信息的設置,聽覺信息 足夠的事實 具體事實之間的細微差異 時間和空間的信息 參與人的信息 情景的具體要素 聽時可能發生的誤解,文字信息,信息分布 單位信息的異同 語言表述的差異 深層信息,圖表設置 信息的有序安排 重要信息和次要信息的比例 圖表中的語言形式 圖畫信息 信息分布 圖畫中不同類型的信息 構圖要素 文字與圖畫的關系與整合,(2)是非陳述的設計,語言正誤判斷 局部信息錯誤點的設置 整體信息錯誤點的設置 正誤比例數量的設置,She has a cat. She likes playing with it. But Shes seven now and her father tells her to go to school. The teachers do not let her take the cat to the classroom. She has to leave it at hom