智課網TOEFL備考資料托福閱讀中并列和遞進關系詞用法 摘要： 很多考生們都覺得閱讀會比較困難，文章內容長、信息量大，如果不能準確的找到關鍵詞，將會為閱讀速度和解題準確率帶來很大的影響。如果能夠提高自己的閱讀速度，對考生們來說是很重要的，會為同學們節省做題時間。下面就一起來看看。 托福 閱讀中并列和遞進關系詞用法。很多考生們都覺得閱讀會比較困難，文章內容長、信息量大，如果不能準確的找到關鍵詞，將會為閱讀速度和解題準確率帶來很大的影響。如果能夠提高自己的閱讀速度，對考生們來說是很重要的，會為同學們節省做題時間。下面就一起來看看。 說到并列詞，and一定是最先浮現在腦海中的;那么not only.but also.肯定是遞進關系詞的榜首。在 托福閱讀 的解題過程中，我們把并列和遞進歸為一類，這些詞的前后一定句型結構相同，詞性一樣，方向一致。當我們知道這個規律之后，我們至少可以在詞匯題上可以大幅度運用，利用方向幫助我們排除錯誤答案。下面就舉例為大家講解一下。 掃描下方二維碼獲得托福閱讀中并列和遞進關系詞用法 例題1： Paragraph 5: There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicateecological balance andare limitedin their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. The word delicatein the passage is closest in meaning to Afragile Bpredictable Ccomplex Dvaluable 在做詞匯題時，如果我們認識這個詞，就可以瀏覽選項，直接選出它的同義詞，再把答案帶入原文，看是否合適，這樣做不僅快速并且保證正確率;如果這個單詞我們不認識，亦或是不確定它的意思，我們可以分析這個單詞所在的這句話，看看是否可以通過邏輯關系詞來解答這道題。 這句話我們看到有and，所以是并列結構，and連接了什么成分，從and之后開始看會更容易，這句話接的是are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures，所以并列兩個動詞短語，和前面的exist in a delicate ecological balance。and之后的方向明顯是負的，因為有個表示“有限的”的形容詞，所以and之前的信息也是負方向，我們再看看選項，除了fragile，predictable表示“可以預測的”中性詞;complex“復雜的”中性詞;valuable“寶貴的”正方向的詞，所以答案是A。 提醒廣大考生們，表示并列的詞還有：as well as, 表示遞進的關系詞有：besides, in addition to, additionally, moreover, furthermore, apart from。 下面我們來看一道修辭目的題： Paragraph 3: The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corngrown in the United States. In addition,40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattleare fattened here. In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that 40 percent of American cattle are fattened in the High Plains? ATo suggest that crop cultivation is not the most important part of the economy of the High Plains BTo indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation CTo provide another example of how water from the Ogallala has transformed the economy of the High Plains DTo contrast cattle-fattening practices in the High Plains with those used in other region of the United States 修辭目的題相對于事實信息題和推斷題來說，其實不算難，題干定位的信息相對明確，容易找，而且題干的信息在段落中大多數情況下都在充當例子，答案都在定位的信息前面。但是提醒大家的是，答案不一定在定位的信息的前一句。以這道題為例，定位的句子之前有信號詞：in addition“除此之外”，說明定位的信息和in addition的前面一句都是舉例，所以答案還要再往前，我們退到倒數第三句，這句話說的是“現代的灌溉設備能夠噴灑莊稼”，而倒數第二句提到了“cotton, corn, sorghum, wheat”，很明顯是crops的例句，所以倒數第三句也是例子。所以答案還要再往前，這時我們發現一句TS：irrigation agriculture transformed the economy of the region，所以答案是C。 接下來，我們再來看一道指代題： The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as “steam engines”. By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressedtoward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, ortheymay be expressedtoward strangers later in life. The word ”they” in the passage refers to Afuture explosions Bpent-up aggressive impulses Coutlets Dindirect ways 我們發現they之前出現or, 并列連詞，表示兩者選其一，or的后面接的是：they may be expressed.可見or并列了兩個句子，前一個句子的主語仍然是they, 所以they指代的詞在上一句話中，我們知道they在這句話中是主語，所以它指代的詞應該就是上句話的主語“pent-up aggressive impulses”, 答案是B。提醒廣大考生：指代題現在出現的頻率很低，但是做好指代題，能迅速準確地找出代詞所指代的名詞，我們能為句子插入題的解答節省非常多的時間。什么時候會用到代詞?一定是上文提到，為了避免重復，為了提高句子的多樣性，才會使用到代詞，所以指代題的答案都在代詞所在的句子本身，或是上一句話。 最后，我們以一道句子插入題結束。 Paragraph 3: Leatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower as surface-to-volume ratio; for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. Anadult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantothermy. It works for elephants, for whales, and, perhaps, it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. It apparently works, in a smaller way, for some other sea turtles. Large loggerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two above that of the surrounding water, and gigantothermy is probably the way they do it. Muscular activity helps, too, and an actively swimming green turtle may be 7C(12.6F) warmer than the waters it swims through. However, these animals have additional means of staying warm. 拿到這個句子，首先我們注意到主語出現“代詞+名詞”these animals, 表示上文提到過的動物，但是我們發現除了第一處之外，其他的句子都有動物，所以我們接下來尋找第二處線索，帶插入句子中出現信號詞“additional means of staying warm”, additional這個信號表示上文有一種保持體溫的方法，下文提到另外一種。第一個框框之前，提到了通過龐大的體積保持體溫，后