會話含義與合作原則美國語言哲學家格賴斯為了保證談話順利進行，談話雙方必須共同遵守一些準則，特別是在1967年提出的“合作原則”。當談話一方不遵守合作原則而又不是為了說謊為目的即故意違反準則，于是就產生會話含義。會話含義就是一種超出語句本身意義范圍的意義，即說話者的“言外之意”。一般來說，人們可以通過違反合作原則中的質、量、關系原則和利用方式準則來表達或推導出會話含義，來表達與字面意思不同的沒有說出來的含義，回避志杰說出想表達的意思，含蓄的表達自己的真實意圖。會話含義一般可以分為兩類：一般含義和特殊含義。一般含義是指在遵守合作原則中的默想準則是帶有的含義。特殊含義是指在有意違反合作原則中的某項原則，在特定的語境中推導出來的含義。會話含義的特征可以歸納為：可取消性、不可分離性、可推導性、非規約性和不確定性。概要：一、會話含義的由來二、 合作原則的幾項原則：質的原則量的原則關系原則禮貌原則三、會話含義的產生方法：違反質的原則：故意提供不足的信息，提供沒有必要的信息違反量的原則：說一些不符合事實的話；說一些荒唐的話違反關系原則利用禮貌原則：使用有歧義的詞語：使用不必要的詞語；打亂敘述順序四、會話含義的種類：一般會話含義和特殊會話含義五、會話含義的特點：可取消性、不可分離性、可推導性、非規約性和不確定性關鍵詞：會話含義 合作原則 違反 談話Conversational Implicature and Cooperative PrincipleAmerican linguistics H.P.Grice once gave in 1967.In the speech, Grice said, the two sides of the conversation must obey some basic rules, especially the “cooperative principle”, to ensure that the conversation can go on propitiously. When one side of the principle doesnt want to lie, conversational implicature comes out. Conversational implicature is a kind of meaning, which is beyond the sentence itself. Generally speaking, people can violate the maxim of quality, quantity, and relation and use the maxim of the manner to produce conversational implicature, which send the unsaid meaning of the words. Generally speaking, conversational implicature can be divided into two kinds: generalized implicature and particularized implicature. Generalized implcature refers to an implicature, which obeys the cooperative principle and also has the meaning. Particularized implicature refers to the implicature that violates some of the cooperative principle and makes the meaning in some specially context. The features of the conversational implicature: cancelability, no detachability, calculability, non-conventionality and indeterminacy:Key words:Conversational implicature cooperative principle violate conversationConversational Implicature and Cooperative PrincipleAmerican linguistics H.P.Grice once gave speeches in 1967.In the speech. Grice said, the two sides of the conversation must obey some basic rules, especially the “cooperative principle”, to ensure that the conversation can go on propitiously. He believed the two sides of the conversation should have a same wish: the two sides can understand each other. So both of them obey some cooperative principles to achieve the aim. However, Grice said, not all the people in the conversation obey the rules. Once one side finds the other side not obey the cooperative principle, he will make himself try his best to understand the unsaid meaning in the conversation. So the conversational implicature comes out.As the conversational implicature has a close relationship with the co operational principle, we will introduce the cooperative principle first. In a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate；Otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle.There are four main maxims in the cooperative principle:l The maxim of quality: make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange)；Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.l The maxim of quality: do not say what you believe to be false; do not say that for which you back adequate evidence.l The maxim of relation: the words have a relationship with other factors.l The maxim of manner: avoid obscurity of expression; avoid ambiguity; be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity); be orderly.The conversational implicature is a meaning out of the sentence itself; it is the speakers meaning under the literal. In the real life, people often violate some principles to sent some dark meaning. The meaning related with the cooperative principle may become by the following ways:First, to violate the maxim of quality 1. Offer the deficient information on purpose. E.g.: One farmer meets Sam and says:“Hey, Sam, my horses got distemper. What did you give yours hen he had it?”“Turpentine,” grunted Sam.A week later they meet again and the first farmer shouts:“Sam, I gave my horse turpentine like you said and it killed him.”“So did mine.” nodded Sam.第一位農婦的真正目的不僅是向Sam了解馬病用了什么藥，而且想了解治療的結果，但通過對話它實際上只達到了一半的目標。Sam并沒有滿足第一位農婦想了解治療結果的要求，它違反了“量”的準則，并沒有完全提供交談目的所需要的全部信息，結果第一位農夫因為沒有察覺到這一點而受騙上當了。2. The information is superfluous E.g. : 甲：他在你們銀行工作的怎么樣?乙：嗯，挺好！他不常跟同事吵架，跟顧客吵架也不多。正常情況下，作為對甲的回答，“挺好”已基本夠了，但乙又說了下面這兩句話，提供了似乎毫無必要的信息。但是這兩句話表達了乙的含義：他這人不討人喜歡。Second, to violate the maxim of the quantity.1. Say some words that are not the truth. Some rhetoric offers the advantage to this.1) He is a fine friend.2) You are the cream in my coffee.第一句是反語，推導出的語用含義與巨資字面意思剛好相反：他是個背信棄義的朋友；第二句是個隱喻，說話人喻指對方是個出類拔萃者；2. Say some words which are cockeyed.甲：伯父就是伯伯的父親，是嗎?乙：師母一定是老師的母親，我覺得。Third, to violate the maxim of the relation. Say some words, which are not related with the conversation.Johnny: Hey, Sally, lets play marrow bles.Mother: How is your homework getting along, Johnny?母親的干預應該看作是她有意違反“關系”準則，讓兒子從中推導出“不能去玩”這個語用含義。Forth ,to utilize the maxim of manner to understand the conversational implicature.1. To be obscurity on purpose韓信曰：“先生相寡人何如？”對曰：“愿少間。”信曰：“左右去矣。”通曰：“相君之面，不過封侯；相君之背，貴乃不可言.”通意在勸韓信被判劉邦，以誠帝王之業，但又不便明說，便采用了含蓄的雙關手法，隱晦的表達了意思。2. To use ambiguity wordsA : Name and title, please?B: John Smith, Associate editor and professor.B 有意使用歧義句， 使A不能確定他是副主編兼教授還是副主編兼正教授，從而抬高自己的身價。3. To use unnecessary wordsMiss Smith produced a series of sounds that corresponded closely with the score of “Home, sweet home”.某人故意不簡明扼要地說Miss Smith sang “Home, sweet home”而說了啰嗦繁復的句子，顯然是想暗示“史密斯小姐表演的極不成功”這樣一個會話含義。4. To disturb the orderHere files of pins extend their shining rows；puffs, powder, patches, Bibles, trifles, billet-doux .句中所列舉的東西故意沒有按類別敘述，從而破壞了話語的條理性。特別是將“圣經”與婦女的常用物品加雜開列在一起，傳達出這樣的含義：盡管這位婦女篤信上帝，做到圣經隨身攜帶，但她只是把這本圣經當作與自己的化妝品、情書等相同的雜七雜八的東西罷了。The sorts of the conversational implicature:Generally speaking, conversational implicature can be divided into two kinds: generalized implicature and particularized implicature.Particularized implicature refers to the implicature that violates some of the cooperative principle and makes the meaning in some specially context. In the conversation, one side violates the cooperative principle obliviously. And the other side is forced to concluding the meaning of the words means on the particular time, place and person.Generalized implicature refers to an implicature, which obeys the cooperative principle and also has the unsaid meaning.The features of the conversational implicature:1. Cancellability: The conversational implicature can be canceled; this is the most important feature. If we put some limit or precondition on the inhere words, some meanings can be canceled. There are two factors arouse it.2. No detachabilityConversational implicature makes use of the cooperative principle so that the listener can conclude the meaning from the words. It adheres to the context of the words but not the form of the words. If there is pragmatical meaning in the context it cant disappear no matter what synonymous words are used.3. Calculability The lis