國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.1.擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)承保的險(xiǎn)別擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)所擔(dān)保的政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是指東道國政府(包括中央政府、地方政府)的行為(包括作為與不作為)以及其所同意、授權(quán)、批準(zhǔn)或指示的作為和不作為。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.二、外交保護(hù)(一)外交保護(hù)的概念指一國針對(duì)本國國民因受他國國際不法行為損害而提出的訴因，行使自身的權(quán)利所采取的外交行動(dòng)或其他和平解決手段。外交保護(hù)具有以下特點(diǎn)：1.外交保護(hù)是一個(gè)國家的權(quán)利。2.外交保護(hù)不是一個(gè)國家的義務(wù)。3.國家行使外交保護(hù)權(quán)的根據(jù)是，本國國民受到他國不法行為的侵害。4.外交保護(hù)的手段限于外交行為或其他和平解決手段。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.(二)有權(quán)行使外交保護(hù)權(quán)的國家有權(quán)行使外交保護(hù)的國家是國籍國。(三)請(qǐng)求外交保護(hù)的當(dāng)事人一國有權(quán)對(duì)在受到損害之時(shí)為其國民，并在正式提出求償之日為其國民的人行使外交保護(hù)。一國對(duì)在正式提出求償之日為其國民、但在受到損害之時(shí)不是其國民的人，可以行使外交保護(hù)，但條件是該人已經(jīng)喪失原國籍，并且基于與提出訴求無關(guān)的原因，以不違反國際法的方式已經(jīng)獲得該國的國籍。一人受損害時(shí)為其原國籍國，而不是現(xiàn)國籍國的國民，那么現(xiàn)國籍國不得針對(duì)原國籍國就該人所受到的損害行使外交保護(hù)。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.三、卡爾沃原那么四種類型的卡爾沃條款：(1)在任何情況下都排除外交保護(hù)；(2)只有在拒絕司法的情況下才準(zhǔn)許外交保護(hù)；(3)只有在拒絕司法的情況下才能行使外交保護(hù)權(quán)，而且，拒絕司法不僅僅是指對(duì)原告的不利判決；(4)憲法沒有規(guī)定卡爾沃條款但包含了卡爾沃原那么，規(guī)定外國人與本國人享有同等的待遇和義務(wù)。卡爾沃條款的法律效力：卡爾沃條款具有完全的約束力；卡爾沃條款不具有約束力；卡爾沃條款在一定的條件下具有約束力。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.(一)中心的地位、豁免和特權(quán)中心具有完全的國際法律人格。中心的法律能力包括：締結(jié)契約的能力；取得和處理動(dòng)產(chǎn)和不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的能力以及起訴的能力。中心在各締約國領(lǐng)土內(nèi)應(yīng)享有財(cái)產(chǎn)和資產(chǎn)、稅捐和關(guān)稅、檔案、官方通訊豁免和特權(quán)。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.(二)中心的機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置設(shè)有行政理事會(huì)和秘書處，并有調(diào)停人小組和仲裁人小組。行政理事會(huì)是權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)。調(diào)停人小組和仲裁人小組各由合格的人員組成。小組成員的效勞期限為６年。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.(五)仲裁希望采取仲裁程序的任何締約國或締約國的任何國民，應(yīng)就此向秘書長提出書面請(qǐng)求。仲裁庭應(yīng)在提出的請(qǐng)求登記之后盡快組成。法庭應(yīng)由雙方同意任命的唯一的仲裁人或任何非偶數(shù)的仲裁人組成。每一締約國應(yīng)成認(rèn)依照公約作出的裁決具有約束力，并在其領(lǐng)土內(nèi)履行該裁決所加的財(cái)政義務(wù)，如同該裁決是該國法院的最后判決一樣。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.Cre