海事文化英語教程

China’sGiftstotheWest

RiversinChina(I)ABUnit3TextAPre-readingActivities1UnderstandingtheText2DetailedStudyoftheText3Exercises4Translationofthetext5UnitProject61Pre-readingActivitiesWhatarethetworoutesoftheSilkRoad?2WhydidtheSilkRoadaffecttherestofus?WatchthevideoThesilkroadandancienttrade-crashcourseworld

andanswerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethestatements.1.WhatarethetworoutesoftheSilkRoad?

Therearetworoutes:OnethatconnectedtheEasternMediterraneantoCentralAsiaandonethatwentfromCentralAsiatoChina.2.WhydidtheSilkRoadaffecttherestofus?TherearethreefieldsthatSilkRoadaffectsdeeply.First:widereconomicimpact.Asthemarketforsilkgrew,moreandmorepeoplechosetogointosilkproduction.Second:ideas.TheSilkRoaddidn’tjusttradeluxurygoodsandthemostimportantthingtradedalongtheSilkRoad:ideas.Andathirdreasonthesilkroadchangedallourlivesisworldwideinterconnectednessofpopulationswhichledtothespreadofdisease.Pre-readingActivitiesVideoScripts

Hithere,I’mJohnGreen,thisisCrashCourse:WorldHistory,andtodaywe’regonnatalkabouttheSilkRoad,socalledbecauseitwasnotaroadandnotmadeofsilk.Sothisisat-shirt.ItwasdesignedinBelgiumandcontainscottonfrombothBrazilandtheTexas,whichwasturnedintoclothinChina,stitched（縫紉）inHaiti,screen-printed（絲網(wǎng)印刷）intheWashington,soldtomeinIndiana,andnowthatIamtoofattowearit,itwillsoonmakeitswaytoCameroon（喀麥隆）orHondurasorpossiblyevenbacktoHaiti.Canwejustpauseforamomenttoconsidertheastonishingfactthatmostt-shirtsseemoreoftheWorldthanmostofusdo—Mr.Green.Pre-readingActivitiesVideoScripts

Mr.Greenthet-shirtcan’tseetheworldbecausetheydon’thaveeyes—Look,mefromthepast,it’sdifficultformetoisolatewhatIhatemostaboutyoubecausethereissomuchtohate.Butverynearthetopisyourrelentless（不屈不撓的;不間斷的）talentforignoringeverythingthatisinterestingandbeautifulaboutourspeciesinfavorofpedantic（賣弄學問的）sniveling（啜泣）inwhichnoonelosesorgainsanythingofvalue.I’mgonnagoputonacollaredshirtbecausewe’reheretotacklethebigpicture.Pre-readingActivitiesVideoScripts

Sothesilkroaddidn’tbegintrade,butitdidradicallyexpanditsscope,andtheconnectionsthatwereformedbymostlyunknownmerchantsarguablychangedtheworldmorethananypoliticalorreligiousleaders.ItwasespeciallycoolIfyouwererich,becauseyoufinallyhadsomethingtospendyourmoneyonotherthantemples.Butevenifyouweren’trich,theSilkRoadreshapedthelivesofeveryonelivinginAfricaandEurasia,aswewillseetoday.Let’sgostraighttotheThoughtBubble.Aspreviouslymentioned,thesilkroadwasnotaroad.Pre-readingActivitiesVideoScripts

It’snotlikearchaeologistsworkinginUzbekistan（烏茲別克斯坦）haveuncoveredabunchofyieldsignsandbabyonboardstickers.Itwasanoverlandroutewheremerchantscarriedgoodsfortrade.Butitwasreallytworoutes:OnethatconnectedtheEasternMediterraneantoCentralAsiaandonethatwentfromCentralAsiatoChina.Furthercomplicatingthings,theSilkRoadinvolvedsearoutes:ManygoodsreachedRomeviatheMediterranean,andgoodsfromCentralAsiafoundtheirwayacrossthePacifictoJapanandevenJava（爪哇）.Pre-readingActivitiesVideoscripts

Soweshouldn’tthinkoftheSilkRoadasaroadbutratherasanetworkoftraderoutes.Butjustasnow,thegoodstraveledmorethanthepeoplewhotradedthem:Veryfewtraderstraversed（橫越）theentiresilkroad:Instead,they’dmovebackandforthbetweentowns,sellingtotraderswho’dtakethegoodsfurthertowardtheirdestination,witheverybodymarkinguppricesalongtheway.Sowhat’dtheytrade?Wellsilk,forstarters.VideoScripts

Formillennia,silkwasonlyproducedinChina.Itisspun（紡）fromthecocoonsofmulberrytree-eatingwormsandtheprocessofsilkmakingaswellasthetechniquesforraisingthewormswerecloselyguardedsecrets,sincethelion’sshareofChina’swealthcamefromsilkproduction.TheChineseusedsilkasfishingline,tobuyoffnomadic（游牧的）raiders（掠奪者）tokeepthingspeaceful,andtowritebeforetheyinventedpaper.Butasanexport,silkwasmostlyusedforclothes:Silkclothingfeelslightinthesummerandwarminthewinter,anduntilweinvented$700pre-distresseddesignerjeans,deckingyourselfoutinsilkwasthewaytoshowpeoplethatyouwerewealthy.VideoScriptsThanks,ThoughtBubble.Butthesilkroadwasn’tallaboutsilk.TheMediterraneanexportedsuchcliched（陳腐的）goodsasolives,oliveoil,wine,andmustachioedplumbers.Chinaalsoexportedrawmaterialslikejade,silver,andiron.Indiaexportedfinecottontextiles;theivorythatoriginatedinEastAfricamadeitswayacrosstheSilkRoad;AndArabiaexportedincense（香）andspicesandtortoiseshells.Oh,god,it’saredone,isn’tit?It’sjustgonnachaseme,IjustOw.UpuntilnowonCrashCoursewe’vebeenfocusedoncity-dwellingcivilizationaltypes,butwiththegrowthofthesilkroad,thenomadicpeopleofCentralAsiasuddenlybecomemuchmoreimportanttoworldhistory.VideoScriptsMostofCentralAsiaisn’tgreatforagriculture,butit’sdifficulttoconquer,unlessyouare,waitforit--TheMongols.Italsolendsitselffairlywelltoherding,andsincenomadsaredefinitionallygoodatmovingaround,they’realsogoodatmovingstufffromPointAtoPointB,whichmakesthemgoodtraders.Plusalltheirtravelmadethemmoreresistanttodiseases.Onegroupofsuchnomads,theYuezhi,werehumiliatedinbattleinthe2ndcenturyBCEbytheirbitterrivalstheXiongnu,whoturnedtheYuezhiking’sskullintoadrinkingcup,infact.AndinthewakeofthattheYuezhimigratedtoBactriaandstartedtheKushanEmpireinwhatisnowAfghanistanandPakistan.AlthoughsilkroadtradingbeganmorethanacenturybeforethebirthofJesus,itreallytookoffinthesecondandthirdcenturiesCE,andtheKushanEmpirebecameahugehubforthatsilkroadtrade.VideoScriptsBythen,nomadswerebeingeclipsedbyprofessionalmerchantswhotravelledthesilkroads,oftenmakinghugeprofits,butthosecitiesthathadbeenfoundedbynomadicpeoplesbecamehugelyimportant.Theycontinuedtogrow,becausemostofthetradeontheSilkRoadwasbycaravan,andthosecaravanshadtostopfrequently,youknow,forlikefoodandwaterandprostitutes（賣淫者）.Thesetownsbecamefantasticallywealthy:One,Palmyra,wasparticularlyimportantbecausealloftheincenseandsilkthattravelledtoRomehadtogothroughPalmyra.SilkwassopopularamongtheRomanelite（上層集團）thattheRomansenaterepeatedlytriedtobanit,complainingabouttradeimbalancescausedbythesilktradeandalsothatsilkwasinadequatelymodest.VideoScriptsToquoteSenecatheYounger,“Iseeclothesofsilk,ifmaterialsthatdonothidethebody,norevenone‘sdecency（體面）,canbecalledclothes,”healsosaidofthewomanwhowearssilk,“herhusbandhasnomoreacquaintancethananyoutsiderorforeignerwithhiswife’sbody.”Andyetallattemptstobansilkfailed,whichspeakstohowmuch,evenintheancientworld,wealthshapedgovernance.Andwithtrade,therewasawaytobecomewealthywithoutbeingakingorlordwhotakespartofwhatyourcitizensproduce.ThemerchantclassthatgrewalongwiththeSilkRoadcametohavealotofpoliticalclout（影響）,andinsomewaysthatbeganthetensionthatwestillseetodaybetweenwealthandpolitics.VideoScriptsWhetherit’s,youknow,corporationsmakinglargedonationsorVladimirPutinperiodicallyjailingbillionaires.Mr.Putin,IjustwanttostatefortherecordthatIdidnotmeanthatinanyway,Iwas--Stanwrotethatjoke.Oh,it’stimefortheOpenLetter.AnOpenLettertoBillionaires:Butfirst,let’sseewhat’sintheSecretCompartmenttoday.Oh,it’ssomefakesilk;thestuffthatputrealsilkoutofbusiness.DearBillionaires,I’vewrappedmyselfinthefinestofpolyestersothatyouwilltakemymessageseriously.HereatCrashCoursewe’vedonealotofresearchintoourdemographicsandourshowiswatchedprimarilybyGrammarNazis,MuggleQuidditchPlayers,PeopleWhoHaveaTestTomorrow,andBillionaires.VideoScripts

IhaveamessageforyouBillionaires:Itwillneverbeenough.You’rerelentlessyearningisgoingtokillusall.Bestwishes,JohnGreenSpeakingofbillionaires,thegoodsthattravelledontheSilkRoadreallyonlychangedthelivesofrichpeople.DidtheSilkRoadaffecttherestofus?Yes,forthreereasons.First,widereconomicimpact.Relativelyfewpeoplecouldaffordsilk,butalotofpeopledevotedtheirlivestomakingthatsilk.Andasthemarketforsilkgrew,moreandmorepeoplechosetogointosilkproductionratherthandoingsomethingelsewiththeirlives.Second,theSilkRoaddidn’tjusttradeluxurygoods.Infact,arguablythemostimportantthingtradedalongtheSilkRoad:ideas.Forexample,theSilkRoadwastheprimaryrouteforthespreadofBuddhism.VideoScriptsWhenwelastsawtheBuddha’sEight-FoldPathtoescapingthecycleofsufferinganddesirethat‘sinherenttohumans,itwasbeginningtodwindleinIndia.Butthroughcontactswithotherculturesandtraditions,Buddhismgrewandflourishedandbecameoneofthegreatreligioustraditionsoftheworld.ThevariationofBuddhismthattookrootinChina,Korea,Japan,andCentralAsiaisknownasMahayanaBuddhism,anditdifferedfromtheoriginalteachingsoftheBuddhainmanyways,butonethatwasfundamental.ForMahayanaBuddhists,theBuddhawasdivine（神圣的）.Imean,wecan—andreligioushistoriansdo—fightovertheexactdefinitionofdivine,butinMahayannaBuddhism,there’snoquestionthattheBuddhaisveneratedtoagreaterdegree.TheideaofNirvanaalsotransformedfromareleasefromthatcycleofsufferinganddesiretosomethingmuchmoreheavenlyandfranklymorefunVideoScriptsandinsomeversionsofMahayanaBuddhism,therearelotsofdifferentheavens,eachmoreawesomethanthelast.Ratherthanfocusingonthefundamentalfactofsuffering,MahayanaBuddhismofferedthehopethatthroughworshipoftheBuddha,oroneofthemanybodhisattvas（菩薩）–holypeoplewhocouldhaveachievednirvanabutchosetohangoutonEarthwithusbecausethey’resupernice–onecouldattainagoodafterlife.Manymerchantsonthesilkroadbecamestrongsupportersofmonasteries（修道院）whichinturnbecameconvenientweighstationsforcaravans.Andbyendowingthemonasteries,richmerchantswerebuyingaformofsupernaturalinsurance;Monkswholivedinthemonasterieswouldprayforthesuccessoftrademissionsandthehealthoftheirpatrons（資助人）.Itwaswin-win,especiallywhenyouconsiderthatoneofthecentralmaterialsusedinMahayanaBuddhistritualsis…silk.VideoScriptsAndathirdreasonthesilkroadchangedallourlives,worldwideinterconnectednessofpopulationsledtothespreadofdisease.MeaslesandSmallpoxtraveledalongit,asdidbubonicplague,whichcamefromtheEasttotheWestin534,750,and—mostdevastatingly—in1346.Thislastplague—knownastheBlackDeath—resultedinthelargestpopulationdecimationinhumanhistory,withnearlyhalfofEuropeansdyinginafour-yearperiod.AsizablemajorityofpeoplelivinginItalydiedasdidtwo-thirdsofLondoners.Anditquitepossiblywouldn’thavehappenedwithouttheSilkRoad.IfyouwerelivinginLondonduringthefourteenthcentury,youprobablydidn’tblametheSilkRoadforyourcommunity’sdevastation,butitplayedarole.VideoScriptsIfyoulookatitthatway,theinterconnectednessfosteredbySilkRoadaffectedway,waymorepeoplethanjustthoserichenoughtobuysilk,justastoday’sglobalizationoffersbothpromiseandthreattoeachofus.Nextweekwe’lltalkaboutJuliusCaesarandinwhatsituation,ifany,it’sokaytostabyourfriendinthegut.Untilthen,thanksforwatching.CrashCourseisproducedanddirectedbyStanMuller,ourscriptsupervisorisDanicaJohnson.OurgraphicsteamisThoughtBubbleandtheshowiswrittenbymyhighschoolhistoryteacherRaoulMeyerandmyself.Lastweek'sPhraseoftheWeekwas"KimKardashian".Ifyoudidn'tlikeit,SUGGESTBETTERPHRASESOFTHEWEEKINCOMMENTS.EveryweekItakeoneofyoursuggestionsandfindawaytosqueezeitintothenewepisode.VideoScriptsIfyoulikedtoday'sepisodeofCrashCourse,pleaseclickthe"like"buttonandconsidersharingtheshowwithyourfriends.YoucanalsofollowusonTwitter@THECRASHCOURSEoronFacebook,linksbelow.RaoulalsohasaTwitterwherehetweetsCrashCoursepopquizzes.AsdoI.Allofthoselinkscanbefoundbelow.Also,thebelovedandnotfictitious,Stan,hasagreedtostarttweeting.Sothat'sexciting!Thanksforwatching,andaswesayinmyhometown,don’tforgettobeawesome.Oh,hey.RememberthatMongolsshirtfromthebeginningoftheepisode?Inadditiontobeingajoke,it'sashirt!SomanyofyourequestedMongolsshirtsthatWEAREGIVINGTHEMTOYOU!Theyarenowavailableforpre-orderatDFTBA.com,linkinthevideoinfobelow,soyoucanshowyourloveforCrashCourseorMongolsorexceptions.Readthetextandanswerthefollowingquestions

UnderstandingtheText1.WhataretheChina’sgiftstothewestmentionedinthearticle？2.Whywassilkanidealfreightforthecaravantrains?3.HowwasteaspreadfromChinatothewest?4.Whatistheinfluenceofpaperuponthewest?5.Whatistheworld’soldestexistingprintedbook?6.WhatdidtheancientChineseusegunpowderfor?7.WhenweretheChineseinventionsofprinting,gunpowder,andthemariner’scompassbroughttoEurope?8.WholearnedtheChinesemethodsofsailingbycompass,andthenintroducedthecompassintoEurope?1.WhataretheChina’sgiftstothewestmentionedinthearticle？

China’sgiftstothewestincludetheinventionsofsilk,tea,porcelain,paper,printing,gunpowder,themariner’scompass.2.Whywassilkanidealfreightforthecaravantrains?Becauseofitshighvalueandlightweight.3.HowwasteaspreadfromChinatothewest?

TravelerswhohadbeeninChinabroughtitbackwiththemontheirreturntoWesternEurope.TheyandtheirteatraveledfromChinaoverthesouthernsearoutebywayofIndia.4.Whatistheinfluenceofpaperuponthewest?TheinfluenceofpaperuponthewholecourseoflaterWesterncivilizationcanhardlybeoverestimated.Withoutthischeapmaterial,itisunlikelythatprintingcouldeverhavecomeintogeneraluse.UnderstandingtheText5.Whatistheworld’soldestexistingprintedbook?Theworld’soldestexistingprintedbookisaBuddhisttext,datedintheyearA.D.868,andbeautifullyprintedinChinesecharacters.isaBuddhisttext,datedintheyearA.D.868,andbeautifullyprintedinChinesecharacters.6.WhatdidtheancientChineseusegunpowderfor?

TheancientChineseusedexplosivestodefeattheirattackers.7.WhenweretheChineseinventionsofprinting,gunpowder,andthemariner’scompassbroughttoEurope?

TheChineseinventionsofprinting,gunpowder,andthemariner’scompasswerebroughttoEuropebyArabtradersduringtheRenaissanceandReformation.8.WholearnedtheChinesemethodsofsailingbycompass,andthenintroducedthecompassintoEurope?TheArabs,comingtoChinaintheirships,learnedtheChinesemethodsofsailingbycompass,andintheirturnintroducedthecompassintoEurope.UnderstandingtheTextMarkthefollowingstatementstrue(T)orfalse(F).

()1.Silkwasonceasvaluableasgold.()2.AncientChinesekeptthemethodsofmakingsilkasecretbecausetheywerejealousoftheEuropeans.()3.TeawasprobablyintroducedtowesternEuropeintheseventeenthcentury.()4.Chineseweretheonlypeoplewhoknewhowtomakeearthenwareproductsfromclayinancienttime.Markthefollowingstatementstrue(T)orfalse(F).

()5.Thedifferencebetweenporcelainandpotteryisthatthelatterisharder.()6.Theinventionofpaperwasconsideredasagreatcontributiontowesterncivilization.()7.Theworld’soldestexistingprintedbookwasprintedinChinesecharacters.()8.CompasswasfirstlybroughttoEuropebyEuropeannavigators.Markthefollowingstatementstrue(T)orfalse(F).

()1.Silkwasonceasvaluableasgold.()2.AncientChinesekeptthemethodsofmakingsilkasecretbecausetheywerejealousoftheEuropeans.()3.TeawasprobablyintroducedtowesternEuropeintheseventeenthcentury.()4.Chineseweretheonlypeoplewhoknewhowtomakeearthenwareproductsfromclayinancienttime.TFTFMarkthefollowingstatementstrue(T)orfalse(F).

()5.Thedifferencebetweenporcelainandpotteryisthatthelatterisharder.()6.Theinventionofpaperwasconsideredasagreatcontributiontowesterncivilization.()7.Theworld’soldestexistingprintedbookwasprintedinChinesecharacters.()8.CompasswasfirstlybroughttoEuropebyEuropeannavigators.FTTFUnderstandingtheTextMarkthefollowingstatementstrue(T)orfalse(F).()1.ThemostimportantproductsentbyChinatoRomewassilk.()2.Intheancienttimes,Europeanshadclearideaofhowsilkwasproduced.()3.Intheseventeenthcentury,travelerswhohadbeeninChinabroughtteabackwiththemontheirreturntoWesternEurope.()4.OverthenorthernsearoutetoChina,porcelainbecamethemajorexportshippedfromChinatotheoutsideworld.TFTFMarkthefollowingstatementstrue(T)orfalse(F).()5.TheformalinventionofpapercanbedatedexactlyintheyearA.D.105,anditwastheworkofTs’aiLun.()6.TheinfluenceofpaperuponthewholecourseofWesterncivilizationwasoverestimated.()7.ThereisenoughevidencetoshowthatgunpowderisalmostcertainlyChineseinorigin.()8.ItwasnotuntilthesixteenthcenturythatEuropeanscametounderstandtheprincipleofmagneticdeviation.TFTFUnderstandingtheTextTextAChina’sGiftstotheWest

1Formorethantwothousandyears,goodsandideashavebeencarriedbetweenChinaandtheWesternworld.ChinahascontributedmuchtotheWesternworld.ThesecontributionshaveinfluencedgreatlythedevelopmentofWesterncivilization.Forthetwothousandyearsbetween200B.C.andA.D.1800,ChinagavetotheWestmorethanshereceivedinreturn.Tomentiononlyafew,China’sgiftstothewestincludetheinventionsofsilk,tea,porcelain,paper,printing,gunpowderandthemariner’scompass.2ThemostimportantproductsentbyChinatoRomewassilk.Becauseofitshighvalueandlightweight,silkwasan

idealfreightforthecaravantrainsofthelong,longroad.SomuchsilkwascarriedovertheroutethatithassincebeencommonlyknownasthegreatSilkRoad.China’sGiftstotheWest-Silk

3Insomeperiodsofhistory,silkwasliterallyworthitsweightingoldbythetimeitreacheditsdestination.Europeanshadnoclearideaofhowsilkwasproduced.TheRomanpoet,Virgil(70-19B.C.),forexample,describedsilkassomekindofavegetableproductthatiscombedfromtrees.TheChinesejealouslyguardedthemethodsofmakingsilk.Itwasavaluable“tradesecret”.China’sGiftstotheWest-Silk

4InearliesttimestheChineseseemtohaveusedteaonlyasamedicine.SeveralcenturiespassedbeforeteabecamereallypopularinChina.GraduallyitsusespreadtosuchneighboringcountriesasMongolia,Korea,andJapan.Intheseventeenthcentury,travelerswhohadbeeninChinabroughtitbackwiththemontheirreturntoWesternEurope.TheyandtheteatraveledfromChinaoverthesouthernsearoutebywayofIndia.Withinthenextcentury,thedemandforithadbecome

universal

inEngland.Teawasbecominganimportantiteminworldtrade.China’sGiftstotheWest-Tea

5Porcelain,asindicatedbyitspopularnameof“china”,isanothermajorproductofChina.Earthenwarebowls,plates,andvaseshavebeenbakedfromclaybyalmostallpeoplesincetimeimmemorial,butporcelainisjustlyacclaimedasaproductofChinesegeniusalone.Trueporcelainisdistinguishedfromordinarypotteryorearthenwarebyitshardness,whiteness,smoothnessandbell-likesoundwhentapped.China’sGiftstotheWest-PorcelainAftertheninthcentury,thesouthernsearoutetoChinarosetoapositionofcommandingimportance.Overit,porcelainbecamethemajorexportshippedfromChinatotheoutsideworld.TremendousquantitiesofporcelainwenttoSoutheastAsia.Muchporcelainwentevenfarther,crossingtheIndianOceanandpassingupthePersianGulftoreachPersia,Syria,andEgypt.SomeofitwentasfarasthesoutheastcoastofAfrica.China’sGiftstotheWest-Porcelain6OfallChinesecontributionstotheWesternworld,nonecanbemoreclearlytracedinitsbeginningsthanpaper,andthenitspreadgraduallyacrossAsiatoEurope.TheformalinventionofpapercanbedatedexactlyintheyearA.D.105,anditwastheworkofCaiLunwhoshouldsurelybehonoredamongthegreatcontributorstohumancivilization.China’sGiftstotheWest-Paper7FromCentralAsiapaperpursueditstriumphantwaywestwardintotheArabicworld,whereitsfirstmanufacturecanbeexactlydatedintheyear751.TheinfluenceofpaperuponthewholecourseoflaterWesterncivilizationcanhardlybeoverestimated.Withoutthischeapmaterial,itisunlikelythatprintingcouldeverhavecomeintogeneraluse.China’sGiftstotheWest-Paper8ItisdefinitelyknownthatactualbookswereprintedinChinaduringtheninthcentury,andprobablysuchprintinggoesbackconsiderablyearlier.Theworld’soldestexistingprintedbookisaBuddhisttext,datedintheyearA.D.868,andbeautifullyprintedinChinesecharacters.China’sGiftstotheWest-PrintingItwasrecoveredfromacaveinNorthwestChina,justatthepointwherethegreatSilkRoadleavesChinapropertoplungeintothedesertsofCentralAsia.Thisbookwasnotfoldedintopageslikeourmodernbooks,butwasasinglerollofpaper16feetlong.China’sGiftstotheWest-Printing9AtthesametimethesedevelopmentsinmovabletypeweremakingtheirappearanceinChinaandsurroundingcountries,theearlierChineseinventionofblockprintingwasslowlypushingitswaytowardtheWesternworld.FromTurkestanitpassedtoPersia,whereitwasknownin1294,andthentoEgypt.China’sGiftstotheWest-Printing10Thoughlittleisknownabouttheearlyhistoryofgunpowder,thereisenoughtoshowthatitisalmostcertainlyChineseinorigin.AsearlyastheTangdynasty(A.D.618-906)thereseemtohaveexistedwhatwerecalled“firetrees”and“silverflowers”.Thesewereapparentlyfireworksmadewithsomethinglikegunpowder.Later,intheyears1161and1162,whentheChineseweresufferinginvasion

fromtheTatarstothenorth,theysuccessfullyusedexplosivestodefeattheirattackers.China’sGiftstotheWest-Gunpowder11OnlyafewdecadesafterthistimetheMongolscompletedtheirconquestofthegreatestlandempire.ItincludednotonlyallofChina,butalsomostoftherestofAsiaandEasternEuropeasfarwestasPolandandHungary.Becausethisempireexisted,itwaspossibleforEuropeanslikeMarcoPolototravelfreelytotheFarEast,andbringnewthingstoEurope.ItseemshighlyprobablethatgunpowderwasamongtheproductswhichwerethusintroducedtoEurope.China’sGiftstotheWest-Gunpowder12TheChineseinventionsofprinting,gunpowder,andthemariner’scompasswerebroughttoEuropebyArabtradersduringtheRenaissanceandReformation.TheChinesefirstappliedtheinventionofthecompasstonavigation.ThentheArabs,comingtoChinaintheirships,learnedtheChinesemethodsofsailingbycompass,andintheirturnintroducedthecompassintoEurope.China’sGiftstotheWest-TheMariner’sCompass13InEurope,thecompassisfirstmentionedinaFrenchpoem,butitsapplicationtonavigationismentionedonlylater.ItwasnotuntilthefifteenthcenturythatEuropeanscametounderstandtheprincipleofmagneticdeviation.China’sGiftstotheWest-TheMariner’sCompassDetailedStudyoftheTextAVocabularyBExpressionsCUnderstandingofdifficultSentencescontribute

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1,adj.thebestormostsuitablethatsomethingcouldpossiblybe理想的，最好的；最合適的e.g.Theschemeoffersan

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adj.somethingthatis

universal

relatestoeveryoneintheworldoreveryoneinaparticulargrouporsociety.全世界的;普遍的e.g.

Theinsuranceindustryhasproduceditsownproposalsforuniversalhealthcare.

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