光華-項目管理課程資料I.ProjectmanagementprocessDec.2001ProjectManagementProcessArrowsrepresentflowofdocumentsanddocumentableitemsInitiatingprocessesPlanningprocessesControllingprocessesExecutingprocessesClosingprocessesDec.2001Initiatingprocesses--recognizingthataprojectorphaseshouldbeginorandcommittingtodosoPlanningprocesses--devisingandmaintainingaworkableschemetoaccomplishthebusinessneedthattheprojectundertakentoaddressExecutingprocesses--coordinatingpeopleandotherresourcestocarryouttheplan

Controllingprocesses--ensuringthatprojectobjectivesaremetbymonitoringandmeasuringprogressandtakingcorrectiveactionwhennecessaryClosingprocesses--formalizingacceptanceoftheprojectorphaseandbringingittoanorderlyendDec.2001InitiatingprocessTheformalinitiatinglinkstheprojecttotheongoingworkoftheperformingOrg.Inputs:productdescription;strategicplan;projectselectioncriteria;historicalinformationToolsandtechniques:projectselectionmethods;expertjudgementOutputs:projectcharter;projectmanageridentified/assigned;constrains;assumptionsDec.2001PlanningprocessesCoreprocessFacilitatingprocessScopeplanningScopeDef.ActivityDef.ActivitysequencingResourceplanningDurationestimatingCostestimatingScheduledevelopmentCostbudgetingProjectplandevelopmentQualityplanningCommunicationsplanningRiskidentificationRiskquantificationRiskresponsedevelopmentOrganizationalplanningStaffacquisitionProcurementplanningSolicitationplanningDec.2001Planningisofmajorimportancetoaprojectbecausetheprojectinvolvesdoingsomethingwhichhasnotbeendonebefore.Theprocessesabovearesubjecttotofrequentiterationspriortocompetingtheplan.Forexle,iftheinitialcompletiondateisunacceptable,projectresources,cost,orevenscopemayneedtoberedefined.Inaddition,planningisnotanexactscience--twodifferentteamscouldgenerateverydifferentplansforthesameproject.Dec.2001Scopeplanning:developingawrittenscopestatementasthebasisforfutureprojectdecisionsScopedefinition:subdividingthemajorprojectdeliverablesintosmaller,ormanageablecomponentsActivitydefinition:identifyingthespecificactivitiesthatmustbeperformedtoproducethevariousprojectdeliverablesActivitysequencing:identifyinganddocumentinginteractivitydependenciesActivitydurationestimating:estimatingthenumberofworkperiodswhichwillbeneededtocompleteindividualactivitiesScheduledevelopment:analyzingactivitysequences,activitydurations,andresourcerequirementstocreatetheprojectschedule.Resourceplanning:determiningwhatresources(people,equipment,materials)andwhatquantitiesofeachshouldbeusedtoperformprojectactivities.Dec.2001Costestimating:developinganapproximation(estimate)ofthecostsresourcesneededtocompleteprojectactivities.Costbudgeting:allocatingtheoverallcostestimatetoindividualworkitemsProjectplandevelopment:takingtheresultsofotherplanningprocessesandputtingthemintoaconsistent,coherentdocument.Qualityplanning:identifyingwhichqualitystandardsarerelevanttotheprojectanddetermininghowtosatisfythemOrganizationplanning:identifying,documenting,andassigningprojectroles,responsibilities,andreportingrelationshipsStaffacquisition:gettingtheHRneededassignedtoandworkingontheproject.Dec.2001Communicationplanning:determiningtheinformationandcommunicationsneedsofthestakeholders:whoneedswhatinformation,whenwilltheyneedit,andhowwillitbegiventothem.Riskidentification:determiningwhichrisksarelikelytoaffecttheprojectanddocumentingthecharacteristicsofeach.Riskquantification:evaluatingrisksandriskinteractionstoassesstherangeofpossibleprojectoutcomesRiskresponsedevelopment:definingenhancementstepsforopportunitiesandresponsestothreatsProcurementplanning:determiningwhattoprocureandwhenSolicitationplanning:documentingproductrequirementsandidentifyingpotentialsources.Dec.2001Executingprocesses

FacilitatingprocessesProjectplanexecutionInformationdistributionsolicitationTeamdevelopmentSourceselectionScopevertificationQualityassuranceContractadministrationDec.2001Projectplanexecution:carryingouttheprojectplanbyperformingtheactivitiesincludedtherein.Scopeverification:formalizingacceptanceoftheprojectscopeQualityassurance:evaluatingoverallprojectperformanceontheregularbasistoprovideconfidencethattheprojectwillsatisfytherelevantqualitystandard.Teamdevelopment:developingindividualandgroupskillstoenhanceprojectperformanceInformationdistribution:makingneededinformationavailabletoprojectstakeholdersintimelymannerSolicitation:obtainingquotations,bids,offers,orproposalasappropriatesourceselection:choosingfromamong

potentialsellerscontractadministration:managingtherelationshipwiththesellerDec.2001ControllingprocessesfacilitatingprocessesPerformancereportingOverallchangecontrolScopechangecontrolSchedulecontrolRiskresponsecontrolCostcontrolQualitycontrolDec.2001Projectperformancemustbemeasuredregularlytoidentifyvariancesfromtheplan.Thevariancearefedintothecontrolprocessinthevariousknowledgeareas.Overallchangecontrol:coordinatingchangesacrosstheentireprojectScopechangecontrol:controllingchangetoprojectscopeSchedulecontrol:controllingchangestotheprojectscheduleCostcontrol:controllingchangestotheprojectbudgetQualitycontrol:monitoringspecificprojectresultstodetermineifthecomplywithrelevantqualitystandardsandidentifyingwaystoeliminatecausesofunsatisfactoryperformancePerformancereporting:collectinganddisseminatingperformanceinformation,includingstatusreporting,progressmeasurement,andforecastingRiskresponsecontrol:respondingtochangesinriskoverthecourseoftheproject.Dec.2001Closingprocesses

Contractclose-outAdministrativeclosureDec.2001Administrationclosure:generating,gathering,anddisseminatinginformationtoformalizephaseorprojectcompletionContractclose-out:completionandsettlementofthecontract,includingresolutionofanyopenitems.Theprocessillustratedabovemeetthetestofgeneralacceptancetheyapplytomostprojectsmostoftime.However,notalloftheprocesseswillbeneededonallprojects,andnotalloftheinteractionswillapplytoallprojects.Whenthereisaneedtomakechange,thechangeshouldbeclearlyidentified,carefullyevaluated,andactivelymanaged.Dec.2001II.ProjectPlanningDec.2001WhydoIneedaP.O.D.?ToprovideabaselineofinformationforapprovalorrejectionoftheprojectproposalToidentifyrolesandresponsibilitiesbeforetheprojectisstartedTodefinecompletion(success)inadvanceDec.2001P.O.D.FunctionIdentifykeyassumptionDefineinitialprojectscopeprojectcompletioncriteriafunctionsaddressedandnotaddressedworkproductsandtheircompletioncriteriamajoractivitiessignificantdependenciesDec.2001P.O.D.Function2Identifyresourcerequirementsresponsibilities(organization)skillstimeestimatesmaterialresourcesprojectcostDeterminepreliminaryscheduleTheP.O.D.ShouldbeformalproposalDec.2001P.O.D.MinimumcontentIntroductionKeyassumptionRolesandresponsibilitiesMajorproductsCompletioncriteriaEstimatedscheduleEstimatedcostDec.2001WhyplantheP.O.D.?TomanageriskTomaximizereturnoninvestmentToensureclientsatisfactionTocommunicateDec.2001Inthebeginning...

PlansScheduleScopeResourceDec.2001P.O.D.PlanningProcessDefinetheproductsIdentifytechnicalactivitiesEstimateshoursforactivitiesAddlevelofefforthoursDeterminedependenciesIdentifystaffingIdentifyotherresourcesIdentifyutilizationrateDetermineactivitysizeDetermineactivitydurationDevelopestimatedscheduleDec.20011.DefinetheproductsStandardproductsfrom:Designproject:systemrequirementsreportsystemdesignreportimplementationphaseplanImplementationproject:detailedprogramspecificationsprogramsandprogramsdocumentationinstallationplanDec.2001Non-standardproducts:Firstofitskind?Firstinthiscompany?Firstatthislocation?…...Dec.20012.IdentifythetechnicalactivitiesExle:designproject,activitiesinclude:1.Orientation2.Interviewstandards3.Globalinterviewpreparation4.Standardsforrequirementsreport(SRR)5.Interviews:individualpreparation;interview;minutes;confirm6.Consolidatedata7.Writerequirementreport8.Externaldesignphaseplan9.Externaldesignstandards10.Externaldesignphase11.InternaldesignphaseDec.20013.Estimatehoursforactivities

Activitiesworkhours1.Orientation(30hrs,6people)1802.Interviewstandards1603.Globalinterviewpreparation804.Standardsforrequirementsreport(SRR)605.Interviews(20)640(16x2peoplex20)individualpreparation4interview4minutes4confirm46.Consolidatedata6007.Writerequirementreport1408.Externaldesignphaseplan809.Externaldesignstandards6010.Externaldesignphase200011.Internaldesignphase2000Projecttotal6000Dec.20014.AddlevelofefforthoursProjectmanagementChangeinvestigationProjectmeetings…...Dec.20015.Determinedependencies“logical”orderofactivitiespredecessors/successorsuncovermissingactivitiesinitiallyignoreresourceconstrainsidentifycriticalpath:thecriticalpathisthepathoflongestdurationthroughnetwork;thetaskonthecriticalpathiscriticaltaskDec.2001Determinedependencies1256387109411Dec.20016.IdentifystaffingInternalpersonnel/skillsExternalpersonnel/skillsDec.20017.IdentifyotherresourcesDedicatedtestconfigurationLaserprintersfordocumentationWordprocessingsupport…...Dec.20018.IdentifyutilizationrateHoursavailable=2080(52x5x8)education80vacation+holidays160administration80personal80others80Totalnon-productivehours480Totalproductivehours1600Dec.2001Utilizationvs.Projectduration(173hourspermonth)Dec.20019.Determineactivitiessize(utilization@75%)Activitiesworkhoursweeks1.Orientation(30hrs,6people)1806.02.Interviewstandards1605.33.Globalinterviewpreparation802.74.Standardsforrequirementsreport(SRR)602.05.Interviews(20)640(16x2peoplex20)21.3individualpreparation4interview4minutes4confirm46.Consolidatedata60020.07.Writerequirementreport1404.78.Externaldesignphaseplan802.79.Externaldesignstandards602.010.Externaldesignphase200066.711.Internaldesignphase200066.7Projecttotal6000200Dec.200110.Determineactivityduration(technicalstaffing@6)Activitiesworkhoursweeksduration1.Orientation(30hrs,6people)1806.01.02.Interviewstandards1605.31.33.Globalinterviewpreparation802.71.34.Standardsforrequirementsreport(SRR)602.02.05.Interviews(20)640(16x2peoplex20)21.33.8individualpreparation4interview4minutes4confirm46.Consolidatedata60020.04.17.Writerequirementreport1404.71.28.Externaldesignphaseplan802.72.09.Externaldesignstandards602.01.010.Externaldesignphase200066.711.211.Internaldesignphase200066.711.2Projecttotal600020033.6Dec.200111.Developestimatedschedule(requirementsphase)

Dec.2001P.O.D.planningprocess--

anotherviewDefinescope-Definetheproducts-Identifytechnicalactivities-Estimateshoursforactivities-Addlevelofefforthours-DeterminedependenciesDec.2001Identifyresources

-Identifystaffing-IdentifyotherresourcesDevelopschedule-Identifyutilizationrate-Determineactivitysize-Determineactivityduration-DevelopestimatedscheduleDec.2001Intheend...ScopePlansScheduleResourcesDec.2001P.O.D.IntroductionKeyassumptionRoles&responsibilitiesMajorproductsCompletioncriteriaEstimatedscheduleEstimatedcostDec.2001Whentheprocessiscomplete...EvaluateriskintheP.O.D.Revisittheprocesstocontain/reduceriskReviseoutputsaccordinglyIterateuntil“readyforprojectassurance”Dec.2001“Weneverhavethetimetodoitrightthefirsttime,butwealwayshavetimetodoitover.”“Ifwedon’thavetimetodoitrightthefirsttime,whenarewegoingtohavetimetofixit?”Dec.2001III.ProjectplanningDec.2001Whyplan?TomanageriskToincreaseusersatisfactionNosurprisesTotalteamownershipTocommunicateTogainsupportandunderstandingToknowwhatyouhavedoToknowhowyouwillgoaboutdoingitToprovideabaselinefortrackingprogressTomanagechangeToestablishcompletioncriteriaTominimizetime,costs,andotherresourcesneedsDec.2001

Dec.2001ProjectplansWorkplansupportplanStaffingplanprojectreviewOtherresourcesplandocumentationFacilitiesplanapproval/sign-offChangecontrolplantrainingStatusreportingplansystemtestFinancialplaninstallationDocumentcontrolplanContingencyplan

Dec.2001PlanningbaselineP.O.D.AssumptionsOthercommitmentsidentifybusinessdecisiontoacceptorrejectincorporateintobaselineplanactionsrequiredgetplansignedoffbyuserplaceapprovedbaselineplanunderchangecontrolDec.2001Planningprocess1.Definetheproducts2.Identifytasksandsubtasks3.Developprecedencediagram4.Assignhourstotasks5.Determinestaffhoursavailable6.Assigntaskstoresources&balanceagainstschedule7.Addmanagementtasks8.ITERATEuntilcomplete9.PrepareremainingplansandsummariesDec.2001Step1.DefinetheproductsProducttypesandsourcesTypes:P.O.D.Deliverables;SupportproductsSources:P.O.D.Materials(deliverables)DeliverableguidelinesStatementofworkOtherDec.2001StandardproductsresourcestimeDec.2001Step2.Identifytasksandsubtasks

Typesoftask:standard;project-related;level-of-effortSources

Departmentdocumentationprocedures+guidelinesBrainstormingsessionsExperiencedpeopleDec.2001

Dec.2001StandardmajortasksRequirementsdefinitionInternaldesignplanandorganizetheprojectplan,organizeinternaldesignorienttheprojectparticipantsdevelopinternalsystemstructureestablishtheinterviewanddatadevelopprogramfunctionspecsgatheringplandevelopdatafilesspecsconductinterviewscompletesystemdesignreportconsolidateinterviewdatadeveloptestingstrategycompleterequirementsreportdraftconducttechnicaldesigninterviewreviewdraftandobtainuserapprovalreviewsystemdesignreportwithExternaldesignuserandgainapprovalplan,organizeexternaldesigndeveloppreliminarysystemarchitecturedevelopfunctionalbusinessflowdesignuserinputs/outputsdefineapplicationviewsofdatabasecompleteexternaldesigndraftandreview,obtainuserapprovalDec.2001Project-dependenttasksdatabasedevelopmentconversionplanningconversiontasksinstallationplanninguserandoperatoreducationplanningvendorproducttestingsubcontractorcoordinationDec.2001Level-of-effort(LOE)taskshardtodefinespecificoutputcompletioncriteriatendtobelongrunningworkonthemissporadicOrientationmanagementchangeinvestigationskillstransfermeetingsDec.2001IdentifythetasksResponsibilitycanbeassignedtoonepersonTasksresultsaretangibleandrelatedtoproductTasksarelessthanonereportingcycle(40hrs)TasksareadayorlongerindurationDec.2001ProcessfordefiningtasksReview:

thelatestbaselineplansforsimilarprojectstandardtasklistssimilarproductGettogetherwithotherplannersBrainstorm:namealltasksthatcometomind;don’tworryaboutsize,skills,duration;listtaskswhereeveryonecanseethemDocumentthetaskinmoredetail:title;description;completecriteriaAssigntaskID’s

Dec.2001Step3.Developprecedencediagram

Determineinterdependenciesorderoftaskspredecessor/successortasksIdentifymissingtasksInitiallyassumeresourceindependentCreatevisualpresentationDec.2001Step4.Assignavailablehours

totasksReviewprojectobjectivesestimatesEstimateindividualdetailedtasksSumuphoursCompareyourhourstohoursinestimatingbackupandresolveanydiscrepanciesindependentassessmentnegotiatewithmanagerDec.2001RulesofthumbMeetingsrequire:

materialpreparationrehearsalthepresentationfollowuptimesandnumberofpeopleinvolvedInterviewstake2-3peopleplustheintervieweePlanning&estimatingtakestimetooProjectmanagement15-20%ofthetechnicaleffortMustincludeindividualprojectcontroleffort:LOE,changecontrol,statusreporting……Dec.2001Projectobjectivesestimatingbackup:requirementsphaseTasks

Technicalhours1.Orientation:(25hrsx6)1502.Interviewstandards1303.Globalinterviewpreparation704.Interviews(20)(20x14x2people)560individualpreparation3hrsinterview4hrsminutes4hrsconfirm3hrs5.Standardsforreport506.Consolidatedata5107.Writereport1108.Externaldesignplan709.Externaldesignstandards5010.Levelofefforttasks300Totaltechnicalhours:2000Dec.2001EstimatingpitfallsNotidentifyingalltasksSloppycompletioncriteriaFuzzyobjectivesSoloestimating“Superstar”estimatingUsingsomeoneelse’snumbersConsistentlygoingloworhighFailuretore-estimate,basedonresults-to-dateDec.2001Step5.DeterminestaffhoursavailableBasisforprojectobjectivesscheduleHoursavailable/year=2080(52weeksx5daysx8hours)Education80hrsVacation+holidays160hrsAdministration80hrsPersonal90hrsOthers(travel,sickness)70hrsTotalnon-productivehours:480hrsTotalproductivehours:1600hrs77%utilization,133hours/monthDec.2001Dec.2001ProjectstaffingRequiredstaffActualstaffanalystskillprofilewritten/verbal-local/nationalcommunicationthroughtechnical-manages-wordofmouth-projectassuranceDec.2001StaffingplanconstructionRequiredskillsfortasksSkillsofstaffAvailabilityofStaffPrecedencediagramMatchTaskdurationTaskassignmentDiagramDec.2001BlockouttimeNotavailablefortechnicaltasksEnternon-projecttimeforeachperson:weekend,holidays,vacation,education…Entertimenotavailableforeachpersonotherassignedtime,illness,personalbusinessEnterprojectcontrolLOEtaskstoeachpersonstatusmeetings,changecontrolsupport,statusreports,miscellaneousmeetingsandsupport…seefigures...Dec.2001

Dec.2001

Dec.2001

Dec.2001Step6.Assigntaskstoresources&balanceagainstscheduleGettherightresourceatrighttime.Dec.2001Entertechnicaltasksfactorstobeconsideredprecedencepositionoftaskprojectstrategystaffingavailableskillsrequiredskillsavailablenumberofpeopleassignedtotaskefficiency,urgency,complexityDec.2001DeterminetasksizeTasks

Technicalhours

workweeks1.Orientation:(25hrsx6)1505.02.Interviewstandards1304.53.Globalinterviewpreparation702.34.Interviews(20)(20x14x2people)56018.5individualpreparation3hrsinterview4hrsminutes4hrsconfirm3hrs5.Standardsforreport501.76.Consolidatedata51017.07.Writereport1103.78.Externaldesignplan702.39.Externaldesignstandards501.710.Levelofefforttasks30010.0Totaltechnicalhours:200066.7Dec.2001Precedencediagram12348651097Dec.2001Dec.2001BalancingAdjust:taskduration,taskstartdate,taskassig