ASurveyofMajorEnglish-speakingCountries:Unit9Education2019-04-19英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況DoYouKnow?FocusIn1GetReadyWarm-upWhatcoursesaretaughtinBritishprimaryschools?Doyouknowthemainexaminationsforsecondaryschoolstudents?CanahousewifeoracoalminergotouniversityinBritain?DoyouknowanyfamousuniversitiesintheU.K.?SchoolTodayPre-primarySchoolsPrimarySchoolsSecondarySchoolsUniversity/College

Pre-PrimarySchoolsPre-schooleducationisavailable(oftenonafee-payingbasis)forchildrenaged2to4/5throughplaygroupsandnurseryschools(manyareprivate).Theemphasisisongroupwork,creativeactivityandguidedplay.

1.StateSchools(公立學(xué)校):

11-year

Compulsory

Education(5-16) StatePrimarySchool→

ComprehensiveSchool(84%),GrammarSchool(3%)orSecondaryModernSchool(7%)2.PublicSchools/IndependentSchools(獨(dú)立學(xué)校/公學(xué)): PrepSchool→

Public(Independent)School(7%)TwoSystemsofprimaryandsecondaryeducationPrimaryPhaseCompulsoryeducationbeginsat5inEngland,WalesandScotlandand4inNorthernIreland.Pupilsmainlyattendstatesectorprimaryschools(co-educationalormixedschools).Infants

Schools=FirstSchools(for2yearsfrom5)

Junior

Schools(for4yearsto11)There’slittleornospecialistsubjectteachingandgreatemphasisisonliteracyandnumeracyinearlyyears.PrepSchools(預(yù)備學(xué)校)(from7/8to13)(separate;fees;entranceexam)SecondarySchoolsStateSchools(93%)ComprehensiveSchools(綜合中學(xué))(84%)(Noentranceexam,generaleducation)GrammarSchools(文法中學(xué))(“the11plus”examination選拔優(yōu)秀小學(xué)生畢業(yè)考試,preparingstudentsforhighereducation)(3%)SecondaryModernSchools(現(xiàn)代中學(xué))(7%)PublicSchools=IndependentSchools(7%)TheNationalCurriculumEnglishDesign&TechnologyGeographyMathematicsInformationTechnologyMusicScienceArtPhysicalEducationHistoryModernForeignLanguageTheAcademicYearTheAcademicYearinBritishSchoolsandCollegesisdividedintothreeterms:

Term1: SeptembertoDecember

Term2: JanuarytoMarch

Term3: ApriltoJuly Thereareshortholidaysatthemid-pointofeachtermandlongerholidaysbetweentermsExams

Compulsoryeducationendsatage16.At16,studentsinEnglandandWalestakeGCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation中學(xué)畢業(yè)證書)examinationsinvolvingafinalexam,anassessmentofworkdoneduringthetwo-yearcourse,orbothofthesethings.Thentheycanleaveschoolandfindajob.OtherpupilswhodecidenottogotouniversitymaychoosetotakevocationaltrainingandgettheGNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualification國(guó)家專業(yè)資格證書,5levels).Tertiaryeducation延續(xù)教育(FurtherEducation)是繼小學(xué)(Primary)中學(xué)(Secondary)教育之后的“第三級(jí)教育”(Tertiary)。為進(jìn)入高等教育或者就業(yè)打下基礎(chǔ)。也是中國(guó)的高中學(xué)生留學(xué)英國(guó)的關(guān)鍵階段。一般來(lái)說(shuō)接受延續(xù)教育的學(xué)生介于16和18歲之間。它分為兩種體系：學(xué)業(yè)路線（AcademicRoute）和職業(yè)路線（VocationalRoute）。學(xué)業(yè)路線著重于培養(yǎng)學(xué)術(shù)研究方面的人才，職業(yè)路線則結(jié)合社會(huì)各層面的職業(yè)需要，培養(yǎng)在各種行業(yè)中具有專門技能和知識(shí)的人才。SomemoreambitiousandhardworkingstudentswilltakeGCEO-level(一般水平普通教育證書)exams.Iftheypass,theymaytransfertoaSixthFormschool(六年級(jí)學(xué)校)ortertiarycollege(三級(jí)學(xué)校)tolearnA-levelclassesfor2years.At18,theytakeGCEA-levelexaminations(AdvancedGeneralCertificateofEducation高級(jí)水平普通教育證書＝大學(xué)入學(xué)考試),usuallyinnotmorethan3subjects.It’snecessarytohaveA-levelsinordertogotoauniversityorotherinstitutionsofhighereducation.WidelyHeldBeliefsFirstly,“thebestwaytoensuregoodresultsistovest(賦予)responsibilityforajobinanindividualbodyandthenallowittogoinitsownway,intervening(干預(yù))onlyifit’smanifestly(顯而易見地)notperformingitsjobproperly.”Secondly,“aschoolisnotonlyaplaceforlearningbutalsoasociety,freetoplanandconductitscorporatelifeasseemsbesttoit,providedthatitkeepsthislifewithintheacceptedframeworklaiddownbysocialconventionandthenationalpolicyforeducation.”Howdoyouinterpretthebeliefsabove?Individualschoolsenjoygreatfreedomandspace!Althoughtheultimateresponsibilityfortheeducationalsystemlieswiththeparliament,itdoesn’tlaydownwhatsubjectsshallbetaught;nordoesitgiveanydirectionsaboutteachingmethods,orprescribe(規(guī)定、指定、開處方)anytextbooks.TheQueenoncesaid,“AheadmasteroncetoldmethatinhisopinionthefreedomwhichteachershaveisthemostvaluablethinginBritisheducation”.CaseStudyComparedwiththatinChinesecounterparts,thecurriculumintheUKprimaryorsecondaryschoolsismuchsimpler.(esp.mathematics&reading)

WHY?IstheirIntelligenceQuotientlow?AccordingtoaschoolmasterinBristol:1.Thecompulsoryeducationaimstocultivateeligible(合格的)citizensratherthanelites;2.Curiosityandself-confidencematteralotmorethantheknowledgeitself.3.Shapingcharactersandindividualityisemphasized.Teamspiritandleadershipcanbedevelopedthroughgames.PublicSchools

IntheUKprivate

schoolsareconfusinglycalledpublicschools!Onlyenrollpupilsfromprepschools.Hightuitionfees+largequantityofsocialendowments=affordingsmallerclasses+betterfaculty(withnicesalaries)Mainlysingle-sexratherthanco-edschools.Boardingschools.Question:Whoareattendingsuchschools?

Thestudentsarelargelyfromaristocratic(貴族)andupperclassfamilies.Despitethehighfeestheyaccountforaround7%ofthetotalschoolpopulation.BUTopponentsvoicedoubts:

It’ssociallydivisiveandbreedselitism;theyareofferingmorepromisingopportunitiesto7%ofBritishchildren,butit’sunfairfortheremaining93%!

TheMostWell-knownPublicSchools:EtonCollege(伊頓公學(xué))(1440byKingHenryVI)

HarrowSchool(哈羅公學(xué))(1571)(Byron,Churchill)(forBoysonly)WinchesterCollege(溫切斯特公學(xué))(1394)RugbySchool(拉格貝公學(xué))(1567)(Rugbywasfirstplayedhere.)Tosendaboytoaleadingpublicschoolcosts￡1200to￡2000,even￡3500aterm.EtonCollegeForboysONLY!Itsstudentsarefromnobleandupperclassfamilies.(PrinceCharles,William&Harry)Sofar,about20PMswereeducatedatEton.Theschoolfeeincludestuition,board&lodging,laundry,personalaccidentinsurance,andthecostofmostactivities.HowmuchisthetuitionatEton?Anannualfeeofabout￡16,000.EtonCollegeEtonPupilswiththetutorQuestion:

Whatarethemaindifferences?StateschoolsPublicschoolsSchoolFundingStatefundingfromcentralgovernment;SupplementedbylocalfinanceTuitionfees;Endowments(捐贈(zèng))ordonationsfromsociety(esp.alumnitotheiralmamaters)Attendance93%7%TeachingStaffandFacilitiesPublicschoolshavebetterteachingstaff&facilities.GraduatesStudentsfromthepublicschoolsaremorepromising,e.g.EtonCollegehaseducated20PrimeMinisters,6ChancellorsofExchequers,etc.Chinese&BritishEducationSystemsYearChinaAgeBritainYear5PrimarySchool11ElementarySchool622733844955106611HighSchool77JuniorMiddleSchool1288139914GCSECourseGCSEExaminations1010SeniorMiddleSchool15111116A-LevelCourseA-LevelExaminations12121713HigherEducationAllBritishuniversitiesareself-governingandfee-charging.TheyreceivefinancialaidthroughtheUniversityGrantsCommittee(高校基金委員會(huì))fromthegovernment.Over42%ofpupilsbecomeuniversitystudentsonleavingschoolat18.110universitiesinUK(93inEngland,13inScotland,2inWalesand2inN.Ireland)3categories:olduniversities,redbrickuniversities(1850-1930),newuniversities(WWII-present).HistoryofUniversity12thand13thcenturies:OxfordandCambridge14thand15thcenturies:fourScottishuniversitiesSt.Andrews(1411),Glasgow(1450),Aberdeen(1494)andEdinburgh

(1583)3.“red-brick”orcivicuniversitiesin19thand20thcenturies:Leeds,LiverpoolandManchester,whichwerecreatedbetween1850and1930.4.“newuniversities”aftertheSecondWorldWar:Sussex,YorkandEastAnglia;since1992polytechnicsandsomeotheruniversitiesweregranteduniversitystatusGlasgowUniversityNottinghamUniversityBuckinghamUniversityVerneyParkCampusChandosRoadCampusEntranceProceduresInthethirdtermofYear12,studentspreparetheirapplicationstouniversity.ApplicationsarethenmadeinthefirsttermoftheYear13throughonecentralizedorganizationknownasUCAS(UniversitiesandCollegesAdmissionsService大學(xué)院校入學(xué)委員會(huì)).Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.Admission–selectiononbasisofAlevelresults&aninterview.Fee-charging(ontheaverage:￡1200-3000)DegreesBA/BSc3yearsfull-timeMA/MSc1yearfull-time/2yearspart-timePhDatleast3yearsoriginalresearchBA:BachelorofArts

(文學(xué)學(xué)士)

BSc/BS:BachelorofScience(理學(xué)學(xué)士)

TeachingMethodsTheUKeducationalsystemencouragesself-study,discussionsandpracticalwork.Thestudentsmayhavetime-tabledclassesormightbeencouragedtodomoreofindependentworkforasubstantialamountoftimedependingonthecourse.Mostofthecourseswouldincludethefollowingteachingmethods:A.Lectures講座Theprofessorsdominatethelectureswhichservetoguidethestudents.Thesizeoftheclassisgenerallylarge,oftenupto100students.NOprescribedtextbooksbutreadinglistsandhandouts(講稿)!B.Seminars討論會(huì)Theseminarsprovidethestudentswithaplatformforsharingtheirviewsonagiventopic.Thestudentsaretoldinadvanceaboutatopic&arerequiredtoprepareapresentationonit.Whatisthepointofattendingseminars? Thediscussionsthattakeplaceinseminarsoftenhelpstudentsunderstandatopicbetterindifferentperspectivesandhelpstudentsdeveloptheircommunicationskills.C.Tutorials導(dǎo)師輔導(dǎo)課Tutorialsgiveyoufocusedguidanceonaparticulartopiconceaweek.Thesizeoftutorialsisquitesmall.(15-20) Everystudenthastospeakinclass.Thestudentsmeetwiththeprofessorsindividuallytodiscusstheirconcernsaboutthetopicthattheyhaveundertakenandthusseekindividualguidance.D.IndependentworkStudentsaresupposedtoinvestigateatopicindetailanddeveloptheirownviewsaboutit.(off-campusresearch)Thisusuallyinvolvesworkingindividuallyorinasmallgroupwithotherstudentstoresearchatopic.Producewrittenworkormakepresentationforaseminar.E.Coursework課程論文／學(xué)年作業(yè)Thismayincludeessays,reports,projects,presentationsorreflections.Courseworkisassessedandgivengrades.Assessment:acombinationofmethodsQuestion:

Isthewrittenexamamustforcourseassessment?

NOTnecessarily!TakeMarketingManagementforexample,coursework65%

(grouppresentation20%+individualreflection20%+businessplan25%)+writtenexam35%Plagiarism剽竊Plagiarismmeanspresentingotherpeople’sworkasone'sownwithoutacknowledgingthesourceorreferencing.Cheatingorplagiarismcanresultinstudentsnotbeingallowedtograduate.Adviceisnormallygivenbyyourprofessorsonanacceptablewayandamountofreferencing.(footnote/bibliography)TwocharacteristicsofoxfordandCambridgeCollegesystemTutorialsystemWhatdoyouknow?CambridgeUniversitywasfoundedin1209bystudentsfleeingfromOxfordafteroneofthemanyepisodesofviolencebetweentheuniversityandthetownofOxford.FamousStudentsJohnMiltonCharlesDarwinPrinceCharlesVice-Chancellor–

ProfessorAlisonRichardCambridgeisoneoftheworld’sgreatuniversities,andhastheabilitytotransformlives.Ifyoustudyhere,youwillexperiencethatqualityatfirsthand.Daytoday,youwillworkwithacademicstaffwhoareleadersintheirfields,andwhoarealsocommittedtoseeyousucceed,andtohelpyoudevelopyourideas,knowledgeandunderstanding.OxfordUniversity:Whatdoyouthink？FamousStudentsOscarWildeSamuelJohnsonBillClintonTonyBlairMargaretThatcherOxfordLegendhasitthatOxfordUniversitywasfoundedbyKingAlfredin872toencourageeducationandestablishschoolsthroughouthisterritory.Likeagrammarschool,itwasjustaplaceforteachingLatingrammaratthattime.TheUniversityactuallybeganinthe12thcenturyasgatheringsofstudentsaroundpopularmasters.Theuniversityconsistedofpeople,notbuildings.Thebuildingscamelaterasarecognitionofsomethingthatalreadyexisted.Inaway,Oxfordwasneverfounded;itgrew.ChancellorofOxfordOxfordisoneofthegreatestuniversitiesintheworld.Ithasplayedadistinguishedpartinthehistoryofourcountryandourcontinent,andhasmuchtocontributetooursuccessandourwell-beingasacivilizedcommunityinthefuture.ChristopherFrancisPatten彭定康OxbridgeBoatRaceTheBoatRacebetweenOxford&CambridgestartedJune10,1829.TheeventisnowaBritishnationalinstitution,andistelevised

liveeachyear.Theraceiscurrentlyrunoverafourmileand374yard(6.8km)stretchoftheRiverThamesbetweenPutneyandMortlakeinLondon.OxfordweardarkblueandCambridgelightblue.TheDarkBlueCrewTheLightBlues&DarkBluesUniversitygraduatesdominateBritishpoliticalleadership,especiallythosefromOxbridge–Thatcher&BlairfromOxford;2/3ofBlair’scabinetmemberseducatedatOxfordorCambridge.Students’ActivitiesOutingPubbingSportsRugbyFootballChoirChineseHigherEducationenrollmentexpansionResourcesarestraining.Educationqualityissuffering.Intensecompetitioninthejobmarket.eliteedu.vs.massedu.dilemma1345HaveadiscussiononthedefectsofChinesehighereducationDefect1:

BlindEnrollmentExpansionDefect2:

AwkwardTeachingMethodDefect3:

Prescribed/DesignatedTextbooksDefect4:

UnreasonableCurriculumDefect