PAGEUnit1AlandofdiversitySectionⅢGrammar——名詞性從句作主語、賓語和表語[語法精講]一、名詞性從句的定義、分類及連接詞1．定義在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(NounClauses)。2．分類依據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句(SubjectClause)、賓語從句(ObjectClause)、表語從句(PredictiveClause)和同位語從句(AppositiveClause)。3．連接詞引導名詞性從句的連接詞有連詞三個、連接代詞五個、連接副詞四個。二、主語從句1．主語從句的連接詞(1)that和whether/if：連接詞that在主語從句中不充當成分，但不能省略；whether引導的主語從句可位于復合句的句首，而if引導主語從句時不能位于句首，常用it作形式主語。Thathesuddenlyfellillmadeussurprised.＝Itmadeussurprisedthathesuddenlyfellill.他的突然生病讓我們震驚。Whethertheworkcanbecompletedontimeisdoubtful.＝Itisdoubtfulwhether/iftheworkcanbecompletedontime.這項工作能否按時完成還不確定。(2)連接代詞有who,whose,whom,what,which,whichever,whoever,whomever,whatever等。連接代詞可在從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語。Whatrolehewillplayinthefilmisunknown.在這部電影中他將扮演什么角色還不知道。Whowillcometogivethetalkisknowntousall.我們都知道誰將來作報告。Whoevergetsthejobwillhavealotofthingstodo.任何得到這份工作的人都將有許多事情要做。(3)連接副詞(when,where,how,why,however等)。通常在從句中作狀語。WhyJohnwaslateforclasshasbeenunexplained.約翰上課遲到的緣由還沒有說明。2．主語從句與形式主語itTheyaretwins.It'snowonderthattheylookthesame.他們是雙胞胎。難怪他們看起來一樣。Itisveryimportantthatastudent(should)learnEnglishwell.學生學好英語很重要。It'sbelievedthatcomputershavechangedourdailylife.人們認為電腦已經變更了我們的日常生活。ItturnsoutthatIwasrightallalong.結果表明我始終是正確的。三、賓語從句1．賓語從句的連接詞賓語從句的連接詞有：that，if/whether(是否)，連接代詞(who,whom,what,whoever,whatever等)和連接副詞(when,where,why,how)等。如：Hetoldmethathewouldgotocollegethenextyear.他告知我他明年會上高校。Ididn'tknowwhowouldgivetheconcerttonight.我不知道今晚誰要實行音樂會。Hedidn'ttellmewhenwewouldmeetagain.他沒有告知我我們什么時候會再見面。2．動詞和介詞后的賓語從句(1)大多數及物動詞后都可以跟賓語從句，須要留意的是：①demand,order,suggest,advise,insist,request等表“要求、吩咐、建議”的動詞后的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣，即謂語用“(should＋)動詞原形”。Thecommanderorderedthattroops(should)setoffatonce.司令員吩咐部隊立刻動身。②若主句謂語是find,feel,consider,make,think等時，常用it作形式賓語，而將賓語從句置于賓語補足語后。Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofboiledwatereveryday.我認為每天多喝開水是有必要的。③有些動詞接從句作賓語時要用it作形式賓語，這類動詞主要有hate,like,appreciate等。Ihateitwhentheytalkwiththeirmouthsfulloffood.我厭煩他們滿嘴食物時說話。(2)介詞后的賓語從句：一般狀況下，介詞后常接wh-類連接詞引導的賓語從句。而except,but和in等少數介詞后也可接that引導的賓語從句。IsthereanythingwrongwithwhatIsaid?我所說的有錯誤之處嗎？IknowlittleabouthimexceptthatheisanAmerican.除了知道他是一名美國人，我對他一竅不通。(3)“doubt＋賓語從句”的應用：確定句中用whether/if，否定句或疑問句中用that。Idoubtwhether/ifhecanpasstheexam.我懷疑他是否能夠通過此次考試。Idon'tdoubtthathecanpasstheexam.我不懷疑他能通過此次考試。Doyoudoubtthathecanpasstheexam?你懷疑他能通過此次考試嗎？四、表語從句1．表語從句的連接詞引導表語從句的連接詞有：連接代詞(what,who,whom,whose,which等)，連接副詞(when,where,how,why等)以及that,whether,asif/though,because等。Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishtheworkintime.問題是我們能否剛好完成這項工作。Itsoundsasifsomeoneisknockingatthedoor.聽起來似乎有人在敲門。Theproblemiswhowecangettoreplaceher.問題是我們能找到誰去替換她。2．表語從句的特別句式(1)This/That/Itisbecause...“這/那是因為……”，because引導表語從句。Hisfatherhasheartdisease.Thatisbecausehehasbeensmokingtoomuch.他父親有心臟病，那是因為他抽煙太多了。(2)That'swhy...“那就是……的緣由”，why引導表語從句。Thatiswhyeverythingisbecomingmeaningless.這就是為什么一切都變得愈來愈沒有意義了。(3)Thereasonwhy...isthat...“……的緣由是……”，why引導的定語從句修飾先行詞reason,that引導表語從句。ThereasonwhyIwassadwasthathedidn'tunderstandme.我難受的緣由是他沒有理解我。五、難點突破1．主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句的語序都用陳述語序。Ican'tunderstandwhywildrocksandhighmountainshavebecomepopularforaholiday.我不明白為何高山峻嶺起先成為人們喜愛的假日去處。2．主語從句作主語時，主句的謂語一般用單數形式，但what和who引導主語從句時，有時主句謂語的數應依據作表語的名詞而定。Whatthepoorchildrenneedarebooks.這些貧困的孩子須要的是書。Whatthehomelesschildrenneedislove.這些無家可歸的孩子須要的是愛。3．賓語從句若表達的是客觀事實、真理、自然現象等，從句通常用一般現在時。TheteachertoldthechildrenthatTaiwanbelongstoChina.老師告知孩子們臺灣屬于中國。4．動詞think,believe,suppose,imagine等后的賓語從句中的否定詞要轉移，主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用確定式。Idon'tthinkweneedtowastemuchtimeonit.我想我們不必在這上面奢侈太多時間。5．賓語從句中不能省略that的狀況。動詞后有兩個或兩個以上的賓語從句時，緊跟動詞后的賓語從句可以省去that，其余的賓語從句前的that一般不能省去。Ibelieve(that)youhavedoneyourbestandthatthingswillimprove.我信任你已經盡全力了，事情會好起來的。6．主句的主語是名詞proposal,advice,suggestion,order,request,requirement等時，表語從句應用虛擬語氣，即謂語動詞用“(should＋)動詞原形”。Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)haveadiscussionaboutthismatterinsteadofsettingitaside.(從句用虛擬語氣)我的建議是我們應當探討一下這個問題，而不是把它放在一邊。7．whether和if：whether與if作“是否”講時，在下列狀況下一般只能用whether不能用if。(1)引導主語從句并在句首時；(2)引導表語從句時；(3)引導從句作介詞賓語時；(4)后接動詞不定式或ornot時。Wearen'tinterestedinwhetherhewillagreewithusornot.我們對他是否會同意我們的觀點不感愛好。Ⅰ.用適當的連接詞填空1．Wechoosethishotelbecausethepriceforanighthereisdownto$20,halfofwhatitusedtocharge.2．Sheaskedmewhether/ifIhadreturnedthebookstothelibrary,andIadmittedthatIhadn't.3．Everyyear,whoevermakesthemostbeautifulkitewillwinaprizeintheKiteFestival.4．Janemovedaimlesslydownthetree-linedstreet,notknowingwhereshewasheading.5．Asnaturalarchitects,thePuebloIndiansfiguredoutexactlyhowthicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.6．Theproblemishowwecanimproveourreadingskillsinsuchashorttime.7．Weallfinditimportantthatwemakeaquickdecisionaboutthismatter.8．Iamnotinterestedinwhethertheybelieveinmeornot.9．Hehaslungdisease.Thatisbecausehehasbeensmokingtoomuch.10．Yoursupportisimportanttoourwork.Whateveryoucandohelps.11．WhereLiBai,agreatChinesepoet,wasbornisknowntothepublic,butsomewon'tacceptit.12．Asthespokeswomansaid,whetherweshouldtakeactionagainstthemdependsonwhattheywilldo.13．It'sreportedthatChinahasofferedtohelpeuro-zonecountrieswiththeirsovereigndebtcrisis.14．IfeelitapitythatIhaven'tbeentotheget-together.15．WhatsurpriseduswasthatLucyhaddoneherworkneatlyandcorrectly.16．Thereasonwhyhegaveupthechancetogoabroadwasthathismotherobjectedtoit.Ⅱ.單句改錯1．Itisnecessarythatparentshelpedthechildformthehabitofreadingbooks.helped→(should)_help2．Ifhewillpasstheexamornotmakesnodifferencetohisparents.If→Whether3．Anyoneleavestheroomlastshouldturnoffthelightandlockthedoor.Anyone后加who或Anyone→Whoever4．Thattheywillbuyanewcardependsonhowmuchprofittheywillmakefromthebusiness.That→Whether5．WhethertheflighttoNewYorkwillbedelayedarewhatI'mespeciallyworriedabout.are→is6．WemustfindoutwhereKarliscomingsothatwecanbookaroomforhiminadvance.where→when7．Weallconsiderimportantthatchildrenshouldtakeplentyofmilkastheygrow.consider后加it8．Galileo'sobservationsshowthatCopernicus,anothergreatastronomer,wasrightandtheearthmovesaroundthesun.and后加that9．We'reallpleasedwhatwehaveonceagainovercomethedifficulty.what→that10．Wearethinkingaboutwhomcanbeadmittedintoourclub.Thenumberofmembersislimited.whom→whoⅢ.補全句子1．That's_whyIthinkthetripalongtheYangtzewillbeabetterchoice.那就是為什么我認為“長江之行”將是一個更好的選擇。2．Atlast,onbehalfofallthestudentsinourschool,Ihopethatyouwillhaveasafeandhappyjourney