專項39閱讀理解之說明文

備戰2023年中考英語精選考點專項突破

考點詳解

1一■一

"英語說明文"，顧名思義，就是一種以“說明、解釋”為主要表達方式的英語文體。它是對客觀事

物的性狀、特點、功能和用途等作科學解說的。它既不像故事那樣重在情節的敘述和描寫，也不像議論文

那樣，重在闡明主張和論點論據；更不像科幻作品那樣富于想象和虛構夸張。說明文是通過解說事物、闡

明事理，使人們增長知識和技能。說明文是高考英語閱讀理解題中的重點內容之一。說明文具有與自己特

點相適應的說明方法，因此說明文結構復雜，專業術語多，易于拉開考生分數檔次，便于高校分層次選拔

人才。然而對于考生來說說明文抽象度高，解題難度大。高考對說明文的考查多為科普知識，動植物特性、

自然現象和新產品、新工藝介紹以及人文地理、風土人情等方面的說明文，文中解釋性、定義性、說明性

的句子居多。因此考生要掌握說明文的命題特點，敘述方式，以冷靜的心態閱讀原文，重點突破長句結構

特點和邏輯關系，以便對其做出準確的語意理解。

說明文閱讀理解的特征

一般說來，英語說明文與其他文體一樣，文章所涉及的內容不外乎以下幾個方面，即WhoTwhat-

when—where—how—>why。

l.who：問的是這篇文章的主體是誰？（即所要說明和描述的人或事物）

2.what：問的是主體做了什么事情？（即主體表現出的特性、功能和用途）

3.when和where：是在何時何地發生的？（即何時何地所表現出的特性、功能和用途）

4.how：通過什么方式表現出來的？

5.why：這種特性功能用途的原因是什么?

做說明文閱讀理解題的時候，一定要記住上面的whword。邊閱讀，邊搜記，牢記要點，把握全文。

真題再現

A

（2022?西藏?中考真題）

TheFuxingtrainhasstartedrunninginsouthwestChina9sTibetalongtheLhasa-Nyingchi（拉薩一

林芝鐵路）.

The435kilometerrailwaylinksLhasaandNyingchi.ItisChina5sfirstelectrified（電氣化的）railroadonthe

“RoofoftheWorld^^.ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.

Thenewrailwaycoversanareaof226,000squarekilometers.Itgoesthrough47tunnels（隧道）andcrosses

121bridges.Thetrainhasatopspeedof160kilometersperhour.Itisthefastesttrainonthehighland,butifsabit

slowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountrybecauseofthespecialenvironment.Therailwaynotonly

makeslocalpeople'slifeeasier,butalsobringsmoretouriststothearea.

“Therailwaytripissorelaxingandfast.Thenewtrainhasbroughtourfamilymemberscloserthanever

before,9,saidateacherwholivesinNyingchi.SheusedtodrivemorethanfivehoursfromNyingchitoLhasato

visitherparentsduringthesummervacation.

Besidescarryingpassengers,therailwayalsoprovidesgoodchancesforfarmerstoselllocalproductstomore

places.IfssuretoputnewenergyintoTibefseco〃。加2。（經濟的）development.

1.HowmanyhoursdoesthejourneytakebetweenLhasaandNyingchibyFuxingtrain?

A.About5hours.B.About4hours.C.About3.5hours.D.About1.5hours.

2.WhafsthetopspeedofFuxingtrainfromLhasatoNyingchi?

A.160kilometersperhour.B.121kilometersperhour.

C.47kilometersperhour.D.160metersperhour.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shortens“meaninChinese?

A.克扣B.下降C.縮短D.缺少

4.WhafsspecialabouttheLhasa-NyingchiRailway?

A.Itcoversalargearea.

B.Itcancarrypassengers.

C.Thetraingoesthroughlotsoftunnelsandbridges.

D.IfsChina9sfirstelectrifiedrailwayonthe"RoofoftheWorld^^.

5.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Therailwaytripisnotrelaxingorfast.

B.Therailwaydoesnotbringmoretouriststothearea.

C.Thetraingoesthrough121tunnelsand47bridges.

D.IfsabitslowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountry.

【答案】1.C2.A3.C4.D5.D

【導語】本文是一篇說明文，介紹拉薩一林芝鐵路的相關信息。

1.細節理解題。根據"ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.95

可知，它將拉薩和林芝之間的路程從5個多小時縮短到約3.5小時。所以是3.5小時，故選C。

2.細節理解題。根據“Thetrainhasatopspeedof160kilometersperhour.”可知，這列火車的最高時速為160

公里。故選A。

3.詞句猜測題。分析“ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.”

可知，它將拉薩和林芝之間的路程從5個多小時縮短到約3.5小時。所以shortens的意思是“縮短”，故選C。

4.細節理解題。根據“ItisChina'sfirstelectrified（電氣化的）railroadonthe"RoofoftheWorld’.”可知，它是中

國第一條在“世界屋脊”上的電氣化鐵路。故選D。

5.細節理解題。根據“Itisthefastesttrainonthehighland,butit'sabitslowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsin

ourcountrybecauseofthespecialenvironment.“可知，它是高原上最快的火車，但由于特殊的環境，它比我們

國家的一些其他復興列車要慢一些。故選D。

B

（2022?江蘇南京?中考真題）

SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyearsbuttheywereneverinterestedineachother.Thenoneday,Sue

sawJim'smusiccollection.ShenoticedararepunkrockCDthatshealsoowned.Atthatmoment,sherealizedthat

theybothhadthesameinterestinmusicandtheystartedtalking.Suesaid,“Ithoughtwehadnothinginmon（相同）

untilIsawhisCDbytheNewYorkDolls."Theyarenowmarriedandlivingwitheachother.

Somepsychologists（心理學家）thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto（有聯系的）yourpersonality.As

partofatestattheUniversityofTexas,Austin,USA,volunteerscreatedaCDoftheirfavouritesongs.The

volunteersthenlistenedtoeachother5sCDsandmadeguessesabouttheCDcreator'spersonalityoutgoing,

adventurous,happy,andsoon.Thesestrangerscorrectlyguessedmuchmoreabouteachothers9personalities

throughtheirCDsthanthroughtheirclothesortasteinfilms.Forexample,SueandJimlovepunkmusic,which

meanstheyhaveoutgoingpersonalities.

ThepsychologistswhodidthetestfoundSnoopDogg(hiphop)fansarelikelytobeenergeticandtalkative.

PeoplewholikeU2(rock/popmusic)aregenerallyindependentandadventurous.

ThepsychologistsalsofoundthatLouisArmstrong(jazz)fanstendto(傾向于)beseriousandintelligent.

Whilefansofclassicalmusicarealsolikelytoenjoyjazzmusicandtendtobeshy.Thepsychologistswere

surprisedtofindthatrapandheavymetalfanswerealsoshierandquieterthanmanyothermusiclovers.

Title:Musicand6

Anopinion?Your7inmusicisrelatedtoyourpersonality.

?One'sclothesortasteinfilmsis8importantthanhis/herCDsinatestofguessing

aboutone'spersonality.

?Itis9thathiphopfansareenergeticandtalkative.

Findings?Peoplewho10rockorpopmusicareusuallyindependentandadventurous.

?Jazzfanstendtobe11andintelligent.

?it's12thatrapandheavymetalfansareshierandquieterthanmanyothermusic

lovers.

?14SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyears,theywereneverinterestedineach

An

other.

13

?AfterSuenoticedtheybothhadrarepunkrockCDs,shefoundtheyhad15inmon.

?Theyarenowmarriedandlivingwitheachother.

【答案】

6.Personality7.taste8.less9.likely10.like11.serious

12.surprising13.example14.Though##Although15.something

【導語】本文主要通過一個事例和一個實驗介紹了音樂和個性之間的關系。

6.根據第二段“Somepsychologists（心理學家）thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto（有聯系的）your

personality.”可知，本文主要談論的是音樂和個性的關系，personality“個性”，名詞，與名詞“Music”構成并列

關系。標題首字母要大寫，故填Personality。

7.根據第二段“Somepsychologists（心理學家）thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto（有聯系的）your

personality.”可知，一些心理學家認為你對音樂的品味與你的個性有關。形容詞性物主代詞“Your”修飾名詞，

taste46品味”,名詞。故填taste。

8.根據第二段“Thesestrangerscorrectlyguessedmuchmoreabouteachothers5personalitiesthroughtheirCDs

thanthroughtheirclothesortasteinfilms.”這些陌生人通過CD更能正確地猜測了彼此的個性，而不是通過衣

服或在電影中的品味。可知在猜測一個人的個性時，一個人的衣服或品味不如她的CD重要。根據空后的比

較詞“than”，所以用“important”的比較級lessimportant“較不重要的故填less。

9.根據第三段“SnoopDogg（hiphop）fansarelikelytobeenergeticandtalkative.”可矢口，嘻哈音樂的粉絲們可能

精力充沛且健談。belikelytodo“可能做某事"，和likelythat...”是可能的”為同義句。本小題為主語

從句，系動詞后跟形容詞作表語。故填likely。

10.根據第三段“PeoplewholikeU2（rock/popmusic）aregenerallyindependentandadventurous.”可矢口，喜歡搖

滾和流行音樂的人通常是獨立和冒險的。故填like。

11.根據最后一段“ThepsychologistsalsofoundthatLouisArmstrong（jazz）fanstendto（傾向于）beseriousand

intelligent.”可知，心理學家還發現，路易斯?阿姆斯特朗（爵士樂）迷們傾向于嚴肅和聰明。故填serious。

12.根據最后一段“Thepsychologistsweresurprisedtofindthatrapandheavymetalfenswerealsoshierand

quieterthanmanyothermusiclovers.“可知，說唱樂和重金屬音樂愛好者也比許多其他音樂愛好者更害羞、更

安靜，這個發現是令人驚奇的，系動詞后跟形容詞作表語，surprising“令人驚奇的”，形容詞。填surprising。

13.根據右欄的內容可知，此處以“SueandJim”的這一事例舉例說明，example“例子”，名詞。根據“An”，

可知填名稱單數修飾，故填exampleo

14.根據第——段“SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyearsbuttheywereneverinterestedineachother.“可知，

盡管蘇和吉姆五年來一直是鄰居，但他們從來沒有對彼此感興趣。though/although”雖然，盡管"，引導讓步

狀語從句。故填Though/Although。

15.根據第一段“Ithoughtwehadnothinginmon（相同）untilIsawhisCDbytheNewYorkDolls.“可知，直至U

Sue看到他的CD,她才認為他們有共同之處。固定搭配havesomethinginmon意為“有一些共同之處”。故

填somethingo

模擬檢測,

c

（2022?重慶璧山?一模）

Pollutioninsidehomesandotherbuildingskillsmorethan4millionpeopleeachyear.Manypeopledieasa

resultofbreathingsmokeorfromcookingoverwoodpoweredorcoalpoweredstoves.

Onewaytoreducethenumberofdeathsisthroughcookingequipment（設備）poweredbythesun.Crosby

Menzies,asolarpowerexpertinaSouthAfricanpany,describedhislatestsolarcookercalledthe"Sol4”."Itis

foursquaremetersofmirrors,sixtoeightmetersinlength.Itisquitealargecooker.^^

The“Sol4"worksbyreflecting（反射）lightfromthesunofflargemirrors.Themirrorsdirect（把...對準）

thelightatacookingpan.Thenthelightheatsthepanwithsolarenergy.Withintwominutes,thepanishotenough

tocooksausagesandonions.Injustfourminutes,watercanbeboiled.Thatisasfastascookingwithnaturalgasor

electricity.

Thecookerisalsomuch“fHendlier“thanothermodelsbecausepeopledonothavetostandinthesuntouseit.

Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.Suchindividualswould

belesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.

Atpresent,thecookeronlyworkswhenthesunisshining.Butengineersareworkingonawaytomakeit

workwithoutsunlight.

Eachcookercostsabout$2,000,whichisalargeamountofmoneyformostAfricans.Tosolvethatproblem,

CrosbyMenzieshascreatedanongovernmental俳官方）organizationcalledSolarCookersforAfrica.Itplansto

raisemoneythroughdonations（捐款）toprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcookingequipment.

16.Thewriterstartsthepassageby.

A.paringfactsB.sharingexperiencesC.listingnumbersD.givingreasons

7.Theunderlinedword“individuals“mostprobablymeans"

A.cookersB.peopleC.mirrorsD.experts

18.Whichofthefollowingaboutthe"Sol4"isTRUE?

A.Itissixtoeightsquaremetersofmirrors.

B.Itcanworkinanyweatherconditionnow.

C.Itcanalsoheatthepanbylightingfirewood.

D.Itismoreenvironmentfriendlythanothercookers.

19.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthat.

A.the"Sol4"willbedesignedinasmallersize

B.moreAfricanscanusethesolarcookersinthefuture

C.the"Sol4"isthefirstproductoftheSouthAfricanpany

D.theAfricangovernmentwillprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcooker

【答案】16.C17.B18.D19.B

【導語】本文主要介紹了一種可以通過太陽能來烹飪的設備及其工作原理。目前，該設備只是在陽光燦爛

的時候工作，但工程師們正在努力工作，使它在沒有陽光的情況下也能工作。

16.細節理解題。根據"Pollutioninsidehomesandotherbuildingskillsmorethan4millionpeopleeachyear."（家

庭和其他建筑物內的污染每年導致400多萬人死亡。）可知作者以列舉數字開始這篇文章。故選C。

17.詞義猜測題。根據“Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.”

及“wouldbelesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.“可知，這里的individuals是主語，表示

使用這種灶具的people“人”也不太可能因有害煙霧而患呼吸疾病。故選Bo

18.細節理解題。根據"Thecookerisalsomuch'friendlier9thanothermodelsbecausepeopledonothavetostand

inthesuntouseit.Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.Such

individualswouldbelesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke."（這木巾炊具也比其他型號"友好''

得多，因為人們不用站在陽光下使用它。人們可以在不必撿柴火或花錢買煤的情況下做飯。這些人不太可

能因有害煙霧而患上呼吸疾病。）可知，這種新灶具比其他炊具更環保。故選D。

19.推理判斷題。根據"Tosolvethatproblem,CrosbyMenzieshascreatedanongovernmental（非官方）

organizationcalledSolarCookersforAfrica.Itplanstoraisemoneythroughdonations（捐款）toprovidepoor

peoplewithsolarcookingequipment.95（為了解決這個問題，克羅斯比,孟基斯創建了一個名為“非洲太陽能炊

具''的非官方組織。它計劃通過捐贈籌集資金，為窮人提供太陽能烹飪設備。）可以推斷出未來會有更多的

非洲人用上太陽能炊具。故選B。

D

（2022?重慶開州?二模）

①Facialrecognition（人臉識另U）camerasareeverywhere,eveninyoursmartphone.Manypeopleusethis

technologytounlocktheirphones,opendoors,ormakequickpayments.Butduringthepandemic（疫情）,canitstill

workwhenpeopleputonmasks?

②Theanswerisno.Scientistsaretryingtosolvethisproblem.Forexample,Engineering&Technology（E&T）

magazinereportsthatHanwang,atechpanyinBeijing,hasmadeanewsystem（系統）.Itcanrecognize95percent

ofpeoplewhentheywearmasks.

③What'sthesecret?Ifsallaboutyoureyes.

④MariosSavidesfromCarnegieMellonUniversity,US,studiesfacialrecognition.Aswegetolder,hesays,

ourfaceschangeshape.Buttheareaaroundoureyesdoesn't.Itstaysthesame-evenifweputonweight.Aslong

asthereareenoughdata（數據）fromtheareaofoureyes,thecamerascanrecognizeus.

⑤Tech5isanotherfacialrecognitionpany.TheSwisspany'sproductscans（掃描）theshapeofyourface.It

alsoscansyouriris（虹膜）,whichisthecoloredpartofyoureyes.Tech5hopestoleaveout（忽略）alloftheface

belowthenose.

⑥Thiskindofsoftwareismoreimportantthanjustunlockingyourphone."Itcansearchforcriminals（罪311）

andterrorists（恐，怖分子）evenwhentheywearmasks,saidHuangLeifromHanwang.Hanwang'stechnologyis

usedbyChinesepoliceinplaceslikesubwaystationsandairports.SimilartechnologyisusedbytheUnitedStates

AirForce.

?Huangpointedoutonebigweakness:itfailswhenpeoplewearbothamaskandsunglasses."Inthis

situation,allofthekeyfaci