考點29 閱讀理解主旨大意題（重難題型）高考閱讀理解對文章的主旨大意進行命題，旨在考查考生通過對原文快速瀏覽正確獲取語篇的大意，并對文章的主題、標題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時，能夠提煉文章的中心情節，體會作者的主要意圖，充分運用邏輯概括能力，透過字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點、中心論點及作者的情感傾向。在高考閱讀理解中，針對短文主旨常見的命題形式如下：(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?/Whatisthetopicofthetext?(2)Themaintopic/subjectofthepassageis_________.(3)Themainidea/Thegeneralideais/Themainthemeofthispassageis…(4)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison_________.(5)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?(6)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?(7)What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(8)Thepurposeofthispassageis.(9)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?(10)Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthepassage?(11)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.從上述命題形式可以看出，此類閱讀測試題主要可概括為兩大類，即怎樣理解段落及文章整體的中心思想和怎樣擬定或選擇恰當的標題。下面結合高考題實例來具體分析此類題目的解題技巧。怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意——主題句定位法文章是由段落組成的。段落是發展一個主題的一群句子，段落圍繞著中心思想展開，而段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：通過分析篇章結構，找出每小段的主題句，通過主題句找出文章的主題。找準文章的主題句是確定文章主旨大意的關鍵。主題是文章要表達的中心思想，文章的主題句通常都有一個話題，它是文章的核心。“主題句定位法”是一種行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，表現的手法也各有不同，主題句出現的位置也不是一成不變的。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據其篇章特點我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結尾（含在開頭結尾同時出現、首尾呼應的主題句）。因此，仔細閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法(skimming)，瀏覽時，一般不需逐句細讀，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重點搜索主題線索和主題信息。文章主題常常可以通過文章的寫作方法來體現，有以下五種情況：1.中心主題句出現在文首開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細節來解釋、支撐或發展主題句所表達的主題思想。這是英語中最常見的演繹法寫作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出觀點，后舉例論證，主題句則出現在段首的寫作方法。新聞報道通常就采用這種寫法。新聞報道的首句通常稱為“新聞導語”，“導語”實際上就是主題句，是對全文內容的高度概括。大意題、標題一般可在第一句話找到答題依據。【2022年全國甲卷B篇】Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對稱的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(線索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters27.【答案】D【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，再結合文章第一段“Coffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.(科芬的鳳頭鸚鵡是一種原產于大洋洲的小鸚鵡，它的形狀識別能力與兩歲的人類相似)”可推知，本文主要介紹了會識別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。D項“Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters(鳳頭鸚鵡：識別形狀的熟練工)”符合文意，最適合作為本文標題。故選D。2.主題句出現在文尾在細節后，歸納要點、印象、結論、建議或結果，以概括主題。這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式，即細節表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段。【2021全國甲卷D篇】Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender（性別）are"really,reallysmart."Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare"really,reallysmart."Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors（因素）likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力）,andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld."4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.GeniusesThinkAlikeB.GeniusTakesManyFormsC.GeniusandIntelligenceD.GeniusandLuck4.【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。A項（天才的想法相同）文章沒有涉及；C項（天才和智力）只是文章的一個細節不能作為文章的主旨；D項（天才和運氣）也只是在文章的最后稍微提起，也只是文章的一個小細節。根據文章的最后一句Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith"intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力）,andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”正如一位作家所說，未來的天才來自那些具有"智慧、創造力和毅力"的人和簡單的好運，那些能改變世界的人。縱觀全文可知，天成具有多樣性，故選B項。Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.1.Thepassageismainlyabout___________.A.HowtoPlayLacrosseB.LacrosseinCanadaC.TheHistoryofLacrosseD.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada【答案】D【解析】作者先后兩次提到“長曲棍球在加拿大很受歡迎”，顯然選項D最符合短文的主題。4.中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的主題句閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據文章的細節來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個方面的內容，這些內容在邏輯上有什么聯系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解。【2022年全國甲卷C篇】AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業)asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Achildhooddream. B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld. D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.31.【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要講述了GinniBalinton去南極旅行的經歷，再根據第一段“Thesegentlelovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.(這些溫柔可愛的看門人歡迎了她，并開始了一次Ginni永遠不會忘記的旅行)”和倒數第二段GinniBalinton對南極之旅的評價可知，文章主要介紹了GinniBalinton去南極洲之旅讓她非常難忘。由此可知，Anunforgettableexperience.(一次難忘的經歷)能夠概括文章主旨。故選B。4.主題句出現在文章的中間通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細節或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導出，而后又作進一步的解釋、支撐或發展。TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance.…67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders_______.A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestivalB.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestivalC.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestivalD.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival【答案】A【解析】從文中第二段第一句話“Duringtheopeningceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介紹“撒哈拉節”開幕式上的活動。答案選A。怎樣給閱讀文章整體加注標題——高度概括法對文章主旨大意的考察，不僅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出現，而且也可以用選擇或擬定文章標題的形式出現。因此，選擇文章標題，首先可以按照主旨大意的確定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定標題。標題位于文章之首，用來高度概括文章內容，點明文章主題。它是段落中心思想最精練的表達形式。標題可幫助讀者迅速推測出整篇文章的主要內容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的觀點和意圖。那么如何選擇文章的標題呢？首先，要考慮標題對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內容，體現文章主旨。要避免下列三種情況：①概括不夠（多表現為部分代整體，從而導致范圍太小）；②過度概括（多表現為脫離本文章內容的發揮）；③以事實、細節替代抽象具體的大意。其次，要考慮標題的針對性，即標題范圍要恰當，針對性強。要在閱讀原文的基礎上，仔細考慮所選標題與文章主題是否有密切的關系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中心就不突出，太小也發揮不了應起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意改變語言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。再次要注意標題的醒目性，標題的選擇要簡潔、突出、新穎，標題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。標題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標題上決定文章的閱讀取舍。故標題一般比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來吸引讀者對文章的興趣。最后要注意，要恰當地選好標題，還需要了解標題的基本擬定方法。一般說來，擬定標題是以話題為核心，與控制性概念的詞按一定的語法濃縮為概括主題句或中心思想的詞組。比如某一文章的中心句為：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128ChinesefamilynamesonThursdayNov.18th2004inBeijing.話題：Stamps控制性概念：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128Chinesefamilynames標題：Chinaissued1stsetofstampsonfamilynamesPassage1（2021·福建南平·二模）Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorotherhealth-threateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.Thewearable“panicbuttons”introducedinthelate1980swereagreatadvance.Buttheyonlyworkifpeopleactuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.Todaytherearepassivewearablesthatautomaticallydetectfalls,andcamera-basedsystemstomonitoreldersafety.Comingfroma40-yearcareerinthesemiconductorandwirelesscommunicationfield,RafiZackdecidedtofindabetteralternative.“Peoplearen’tdevotedtowearingsmalldevices24/7,andcamera-basedsystemsareaninvasion（侵犯）ofprivacy,”hepointsout,“Themostchallengingaspectisafall.Howfastwecandetectafallmattersbecausethemedicalsituationworsensquickly.Sometimespeoplestayonthefloorforalongtime.Wehavetofindouthowtosolvethatproblem.”Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.Becauseradarseesthroughwalls,oneECHOunitfixedontheceilingorwallcanmonitoroneperson(ortwopersons,inafutureversion)inastandard-sizedapartmentinaseniorlivingfacility.Thedevicedetectsfalls,breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtubandotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealthworseningconditionsbycontinuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson’slocation,posture（姿勢）,motionandbreath.EchoCaretestedthedeviceintheUnitedStates,Japan,AustraliaandIsrael.ECHOwascertified（認證）in2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.“Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappenannually.”saidSMKDirectorandExecutiveVicePresidentTetsuoHara.“Bathroommakers,homesecurityserviceprovidersandnursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare’ssolution.”Zacknoted,“Asmoreandmoreelderpeoplelivealoneasaresultofsocialdistancing,thereisanincreasedneedtomonitorthemwithouttheburdenofwearablesorprivacy-invadingcameras.”1．What’stheadvantageofECHOover“panicbuttons”?A．Ithascamera-basedsystems. B．Ithasbeenwidelyaccepted.C．Itcanfunctionwithoutcameras. D．Itsbuttonscanbeeasilyreached.2．WhatcanweknowaboutECHOfromparagraph5?A．Itisdesignedtosendoutwarningsregularly.B．Itmonitorsdangeroushealth-relatedevents.C．Itwascertifiedinmanydevelopedcountries.D．Itdetectsmorethanonepersonatthesametime.3．WhatcanweinferaboutthefutureofECHO?A．It’llbecomemorepopularwiththeelderly.B．It’llstop17,000deathshappeningannually.C．It’llbeusedinnursinghomesandhospitals.D．It’llhelpelderlypeopletoliveanactivelife.4．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AnAdvancedMedicalInstrumentB．AHigh-techMonitorfortheElderlyC．TheInventionofaHealthcareDeviceD．TheImprovementofaMedicalFacility【解析】這是一篇說明文。主要講述了在家獨立生活是每個老年人的理想選擇。但是，跌倒或其他危害健康的事件可能會迅速改變一切。EchoCareTechnologies該公司開發了ECHO（老人護理家庭觀察者），這是一種基于雷達技術和機器學習的云連接顯示器。該設備可以檢測到跌倒，呼吸困難，溺水淹沒浴缸和其他危險事件。1．【答案】C【解析】細節理解題。根據第二段“Buttheyonlyworkifpeopleactuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.”(但是，只有在人們實際佩戴它們并且在緊急情況下可以到達按鈕時，它們才起作用。)以及第四段“Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.(Zack是EchoCareTechnologies的聯合創始人，首席執行官兼研發副總裁，該公司開發了ECHO（老人護理家庭觀察者），這是一種基于雷達技術和機器學習的云連接顯示器。)可知，ECH是機遇雷達技術和機器學習的云連接顯示器。以及最后一段最后一句話“withouttheburdenofwearablesorprivacy-invadingcameras”可知，ECHO讓老人不承受可穿戴設備或侵犯隱私的相機的負擔。所以C項說法正確。故選C項。2．【答案】B【解析】細節理解題。根據第五段“Thedevicedetectsfalls,breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtubandotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealthworseningconditionsbycontinuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson’slocation,posture（姿勢）,motionandbreath.”(該設備可以檢測到跌倒，呼吸困難，溺水淹沒浴缸和其他危險事件。通過持續監視和分析人員的位置，姿勢（姿勢），運動和呼吸，它可以警告潛在的健康狀況惡化狀況。)可知，該設備不僅僅發送警告信號，同時可以檢測和分析一系列危險事件。A項說法錯誤。以及“ECHOwascertified（認證）in2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.”(ECHO于2019年在日本獲得了世界上人口老齡化最多的認證（認證）。)可知，只在日本獲得了認證。C項說法錯誤。D項文中未提及。故選B項。3．【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。根據最后一段Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappenannually.(浴室是主要的測試區域，每年約發生17,000起致命事故。)以及“Bathroommakers,homesecurityserviceprovidersandnursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare’ssolution.”(浴室制造商，家庭安全服務提供商和療養院對EchoCare的解決方案非常感興趣。)可知，每年在浴室會發生17000起致命的事故是，不是死亡。B項說法錯誤。文中提到浴室制造商，家庭安全服務商以及療養院會感興趣。所以C項說法錯誤。D項文中未提及。故選A項。4．【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。根據第一段“Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorotherhealth-threateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.”(在家獨立生活是每個老年人的理想選擇。但是，跌倒或其他危害健康的事件可能會迅速改變一切。)以及第四段“Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.(Zack是EchoCareTechnologies的聯合創始人，首席執行官兼研發副總裁，該公司開發了ECHO（老人護理家庭觀察者），這是一種基于雷達技術和機器學習的云連接顯示器。)可知，本文主要介紹了ECHO，這是一種基于雷達技術和機器學習的云連接顯示器，旨在監測老人的安全。故選B項。Passage2（2021·山西晉中·三模）Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedcompassionate(有同情心的)loveandempathy(認同感)fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeinggeneroustoothers,aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis’studysuggests.Inlabstudies,childrentestedatages4and6showedmorewillingnesstogiveupthetokens(代金券)theyhadearnedtofictionalchildreninneedwhentwoconditionswerepresent—iftheyshowedbodilychangeswhengiventheopportunitytoshareandhadexperiencedpositiveparentingthatmodeledsuchkindness.Thestudyinitiallyincluded74preschool-agechildrenandtheirmothers.Theywereinvitedbacktwoyearslater,resultingin54mother-childpairswhosebehaviorsandreactionswereanalyzedwhenthechildrenwere6.“Atbothages,childrenwithbetterphysiologicalregulationandwithmotherswhoexpressedstrongercompassionatelovewerelikelytodonatemoreoftheirearnings,”saidPaulHastings,UCDavisprofessorofpsychology.“Compassionatemotherslikelydevelopemotionallycloserelationshipswiththeirchildrenwhilealsoprovidinganearlyexampleofsatisfyingtheneedsofothers,”researcherssaidinthestudy,publishedinNovemberinFrontiersinPsychology”EmotionScience.Ineachlabexercise,afterattachingamonitortorecordchildren’sheart-rateactivity,theexaminertoldthechildrentheywouldbeearningtokensforavarietyofactivities,andthatthetokenscouldbeturnedinforaprize.Thetokenswereputintoabox,andeachchildeventuallyearned20prizetokens.Thenbeforethesessionended,childrenweretoldtheycoulddonateallorpartoftheirtokenstootherchildren.Takentogether,thefindingsshowedthatchildren’sgenerosityissupportedbythecombinationoftheirsocializationexperiences—theirmothers’compassionatelove—andtheirphysiologicalregulation,andthattheseworklike“internalandexternalsupportsfortheabilitytoactprosociallythatbuildoneachother”.Inadditiontoobservingthechildren’spropensity(習性)todonatetheirgameearnings,Hastingssuggestedthat“beinginacalmerstateaftersharingcouldreinforce(加強)thegenerousbehaviorthatproducedthatgoodfeeling.”5．Howdoyoungchildrenlovedbytheirmothertendtobecomeinlateryears?A．Considerate. B．Emotional.C．Generous. D．Optimistic.6．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theprocessoftheresearch. B．Theresultoftheexperiment.C．Thereactionsofthechildren. D．TheimportanceofMom’slove.7．AccordingtoHastings,whatfactorcouldstrengthenchildren’sgoodbehaviors?A．Theirmomslovethemdeeply. B．Theydonatethetokenseasily.C．Theybehavephysiologically. D．Theyarecalmeraftersharing.8．Whatisprobablythebesttitleofthispassage?A．WhatContributestoGenerosity?B．TheMoreYouGive,theCalmerYouWillBeC．DoYouPrefertoReceiveorGive?D．MoreGiving,LessReceiving【解析】本文是一篇說明文。介紹在小時候從母親那里學到的惻隱之心和認同之情的孩子比同齡人更慷慨。5．【答案】C【解析】細節理解題。由第一段“Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedcompassionate(有同情心的)loveandempathy(認同感)fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeinggeneroustoothers,aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis’studysuggests.”（加州大學戴維斯分校的一項研究表明，那些經歷過母親慈悲之愛和同情心的孩子，可能更愿意通過慷慨對待他人，將想法轉化為行動。）可知，早期受到母親關愛的孩子后期往往變得更加慷慨。選項C與文意相符，故選C。6．【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。通讀第二段內容可知，該段介紹了對74名學齡前兒童進行的試驗。首先在實驗室針對兩種情況對他們進行模仿測試，兩年后又對這些母子的行為和反應進行分析。說明本段介紹的是研究的過程。選項A與文意相符，故選A。7．【答案】D【解析】細節理解題。由最后一段中的“Hastingssuggestedthat“beinginacalmerstateaftersharingcouldreinforcethegenerousbehaviorthatproducedthatgoodfeeling.”（Hastings認為，“分享后處于更平靜的狀態可以加強產生那種良好感覺的慷慨行為”）可知，分享后更平靜的狀態可以加強慷慨行為，選項D與文意相符，故選D。8．【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，特別是根據第一段“Youngchildrenwhohaveexperienced...generoustoothers,aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis’studysuggests.”（加州大學戴維斯分校的一項研究表明，那些經歷過母親慈悲之愛和同情心的孩子，可能更愿意通過慷慨對待他人，將想法轉化為行動。）可知，文章介紹的是小時候從母親那里學到的惻隱之心和認同之情的孩子比同齡人更慷慨。選項A與文意相符，故選A。Passage3（2021·山西晉中·三模）NearlyeveryoneknowseBayisawebsitewhereyoucanbuyandsellprettymuchanything.ThereareotherInternetauction(拍賣)sites,butnonecomeclosetoeBayforbrand-namerecognition.Andforgoodreason:eBayisthelargestEnglish-languageonlineauctionsiteintheworld.BuyerscometoeBayforthebestchanceoffindingtheparticularthingtheywant.Sellerscomeforthelargestpoolofbuyers,whichtheyhopemeansthebestchanceofsellingatthehighestpossibleprice.BuyingthingsoneBayisprettysimple.Youcantypeatermintothesearchfield,orclickthroughthecategorieslisttogettowhatyouwant.Insideanindividualitemlisting,you’llseethecurrentaskingprice,andalittlebuttontoclickifyouwishtoplaceyourownbid.Enteraprice,occasionallycomebacktoseeifsomeonehasbidhigherthanyouandwaitfortheendoftheauctionperiod.Ifyourbidisthehighest,youwin!Nowallyouhavetodoisarrangepaymentandshippingmethodwiththeseller.eBayisonlyinthebusinessofputtingbuyersandsellerstogetherforasmallfeefromtheseller.Itdoesn’thandletheactualpaymentorshippingofgoods.Inotherwords,itisn’tabigdepartmentstore,orawarehouse.It’stheownerofafleamarket,andyouhavetodoyourowndealswiththeindividualsellersintheirvirtualstalls.TobeaskillfuleBaybuyer,youshouldlearnwhentotrustsellersandhowaproxy(代理人)bidcansaveyoufromgoingonlineeveryhalf-hourtoupyourbid.ExperiencedeBayusersalsoknowhowtouseescrows(公正托管)toguaranteegoods,andhowtoavoidsellingtrickssuchasfakebidsthatpushupprices.ThemoreoftenyoubuyoneBay,themoreyoulearn.9．WhyiseBaythebestwebsiteforpeopletobuyandsellthings?A．Becauseithasallbrandproducts.B．BecausethetradelanguageisEnglish.C．Becausesellersandbuyerscanclosetheirdeals.D．Becausesellerscanfindaswimmingpoolthere.10．Whatshouldyoudofirstifyouwanttobuysomethingatthesite?A．Findthecurrentaskingprice.B．Clickabuttontoplaceyourownbid.C．Enterapricewhichishigherthanothers.D．Findwhatyouwantinthecategorieslist.11．Whatshouldthebuyerdoifhe/shewinsthebid?A．GetgoodsfromeBay.B．Determinepaymentandshipment.C．Sendsomebodyforthegoods.D．Talkaboutthepriceofthegoods.12．Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthelastparagraph?A．HowtobeaskillfulbuyerateBay.B．Howtomakesureofqualifiedgoods.C．Howtoavoidbeingcheatedbyothers.D．Howtospareyoufromgoingonlinefrequently.【解析】本文是一篇說明文。介紹了一個可讓全球網民上網買賣物品的線上拍賣及購物網站eBay，以及如何進行買賣的技巧等。9.【答案】C【解析】細節理解題。根據第一段“NearlyeveryoneknowseBayisawebsitewhereyoucanbuyandsellprettymuchanything.”（幾乎所有人都知道eBay是個網站，你可以買賣任何東西。）及“BuyerscometoeBayforthebestchanceoffindingtheparticularthingtheywant.Sellerscomeforthelargest

poolofbuyers,whichtheyhopemeansthebestchanceofsellingatthehighestpossibleprice.”（買家來eBay是為了找到他們想要的東西。賣家的目標是最大的買家群體，他們希望這意味著最有可能以最高價格賣出的機會。）可知，eBay是人們買賣物品的最佳網站是因為在eBay，買賣雙方都能成交，選項C與文意相符，故選C。10.【答案】D【解析】細節理解題。根據第二段“BuyingthingsoneBayisprettysimple.Youcantypeatermintothesearchfield,orclickthroughthecategorieslisttogettowhatyouwant.”（在eBay上買東西很簡單。您可以在搜索字段中鍵入術語，或者通過單擊類別列表來獲得所需的內容。）可知，如果你要在網站買東西，你需要在分類列表中找到你想要的或在搜索欄鍵入你需要的東西。選項D與文意相符，故選D。11.【答案】B【解析】細節理解題。根據第二段“Ifyourbidisthehighest,youwin!Nowallyouhavetodoisarrangepaymentandshippingmethodwiththeseller.”（如果你的出價最高，你就贏了！現在你所要做的就是與賣方安排付款和裝運方式。）可知，在你獲勝之后，你需要的是安排支付和裝運的方式。選項B與文意相符，故選B。12.【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。根據最后一段第一句“TobeaskillfuleBaybuyer,youshouldlearnwhentotrustsellersandhowaproxy(代理人)bidcansaveyoufromgoingonlineeveryhalf-hourtoupyourbid.”（要成為一個熟練的eBay買家，你應該學會什么時候信任賣家，以及代理出價如何能讓你省去每半小時上網一次的麻煩。）可知，本段主要談論如何成為一個熟練的買主，選項A與文意相符，故選A。Passage4（2022·黑龍江·大慶實驗中學模擬預測）TheuseofAI(artificialintelligence)isbecomingmorecommoninmanybranchesofindustryandonlineshopping.Traditionallinesofwork,suchasgoodstransportanddriving,aredevelopinginasimilardirectionalthoughmainlyoutofpublicview.ScientistsattheUniversityofG?ttingenhavenowinvestigatedhowefficient(高效的)theuseofAIcanbeinthecommercialmanagementoftrucks.“Digitalapplications—aswellasmachineleaning,akindofAI—areincreasinglyappliedtooperationsandcoursesinthetransportarea,”explainsProfessorMatthiasKlumppfromtheFacultyofEconomics.“Thequestioninthecommercialarea,however,iswhetherornotthiscontributestoachievinggoals.”Toanswerthisquestion,theresearcherscomparedtheworkefficiencyoftruckdriverswiththeirmainuseofAIapplications.Lookingattradedeliverybytruck,theystudiedthreegroups:thefirstdrovecompletelyfollowinghumandecision-makingmodels;thesecondusedacombinationofhumanandmachine;andthethirddependedcompletelyonfullyautomateddecisions.Theresearchersfoundthatanintelligentcombinationofhumanworkanddecision-makingabilitieswithAIapplicationspromisesthehighesttransportanddrivingefficiency.“Onaverage,thesecondgroupachievedthemostefficienttransporttrips,withthefewestinterventions(干預)andoff-coursefromthebestpath.”oneresearchersaid,“Clearly,neitheracompletelyhumandecision-makingstructurenorafullyautomateddrivingsystemcanpromisetomeetcurrentgoodstransportrequirements.”ThescientiststhereforesummarizedthatdespitetheprogressofAIinthefieldoftransportationbytruck,humanexperienceanddecision-makingabilitieswillstillbenecessaryinthelongerterm.However,thechallengeisthatawiderangeoftrainingandqualification(資格)needswillcomealongbyworkingwithAlapplications,especiallyforsimplegoodstransportactivities.13．WhatdoesMatthiasKlumppfocuson?A．TheefficiencyofAI.B．TheadvantagesofAI.C．TheproblemscausedbyAI.D．ThewideapplicationsofAI.14．Howdidtheresearchersgetthefinding?A．Byprovidingexamples.B．Bymakingcomparisons.C．Byusingdifferenttrucks.D．Bylistingthreeexperiments.15．Whatcanweknowfromt