GoodMorningLadiesandGentlemen!April25,2013PartFive:TheWholeCompositionI.Natureofcompositionwriting1.ComposingparagraphsAcompositionisdirectlycomposedofparagraphs;goodparagraphswillcontributetoagoodcomposition2.FurtherdevelopmentandenrichmentofaparagraphEveryparagraphshouldbeaboutthecentralpoint(topic)ofthecomposition;theyshouldexplainthetopicfromdifferent

perspective

ManandNature(paragraph).doc

ManandNature(essay).docII.Principlesinwritingagoodcomposition1.Adefinitetheme(明確的主題)Itisthemostimportantelementofacomposition;thethememustbeconcrete;allotherinformationorsupportingdetailsshouldbeaboutthethemeExample

Page145TheSchoolLibrary.docGoodMorningLadiesandGentlemen!May2,2013

2.Substantialcontents(充實的內容)Contents(supportingdetails)arethebasisforthetheme;theyaretheconcretemanifestationoftheideas,feelings,observationsandexperiencesoftheauthor;theyhelpthethemetobelivelyandpotentExample

TheDictionaryIsMyBestTeacher.doc

3.Unity(統一性)Everyparagraphshouldberelevanttothesubject;meanwhilethesentencesandsupportingdetailsofeachparagraphshouldalsoberelatedtothetopicofthatparagraphExampleDoSomethingbyYourself.doc

4.Coherence(連貫性)Eachparagraphshouldbeproperlyandclearlyconnected;eachparagraphshouldbenaturallytransitedtothenextone;theauthorshouldshowthereaderthewayofthinkingExampleNoMoreSundays.doc5.Balanceinarrangement(均衡的布局)Thecontentsshouldbebalanced,withmajorandminorinformation;theyshouldbeassigneddifferentspacesExampleClothesMakeaMan.doc6.Correctandeffectivewording(準確有效的語言)Thewordsandexpressionsshouldbeconcise;theycaneffectivelyconveytheauthor’sintentions;thesentencesandparagraphsshouldalsobeeffectivetoexpressouttheauthor’sideas7.Agoodtitle(好的標題)Agoodtitleisanindispensablepartofacomposition;itisthefirstthingthereadersgetcontactwith;sometimesitaddsthetouchA.AttractivenessAgoodtitleattractsthereader;itevokesthereader’sstrongdesiretoread;italsoarousesthereader’scuriosityB.ImplicitnessAgoodtitleisnotarepetitionofthetopicsentence;itshouldbetheimplicationorsuggestionofthemainideaIII.Stepsinwritingacomposition1.PreparatoryworkA.TopicThesubjecttobediscussedinthecomposition;itisthecorearoundwhichtheinformationandargumentsarepresentedB.TopicsentenceAsentence(orsentences)thatstatesandsummarizestheviewpointsandattitudesoftheauthorExample

Topic:Televisionadvertisement

Topic

sentence:Televisionadvertisementscauseustowantproductsthatarenotgoodforus.

C.SupportingmaterialsAllthematerialsusedfortheauthor’sarguments,suchasa.factsb.statisticsc.quotesd.surveye.experimentresults

D.OutlineAguidelinetodirecttheauthortowritethecompositionTwocommonlyusedtypes:a.topicoutline(主題提綱)alltheentriesarewordsorexpressionsb.sentenceoutline(句子提綱)alltheentriesaresentencesExamplesPages148-149Rulesforwritingoutlinesa.toavoidsinglesubdivisionsb.toavoidmixingtypesc.touseparallelstructuresd.tomakesurethethesisisacompletedeclarativesentence

Outline.doc2.WritingprocessAttentionto:diction,sentence,organization,grammar,contentsA.FirstdraftB.RevisionofthefirstdraftC.FinalcopyIV.Organization1.BasicPrinciplesa.unityeverythingcontributestothecenterb.orderofparagraphs:lessimportant→important→climaxc.proportion:body70-80%2.TheBeginning:thehardestparta.quotationb.figuresofstatisticsc.questiond.timeandplacee.relevantbackgroundmaterialf.analogyg.definition157(Old)

Samplebeginnings.doc

Otherbeginnings.doc3.TheEnda.shortb.forcefulc.substantiald.thought-provoking

Ends.doc

GoodMorningLadiesandGentlemen!May23,2013V.TypesofWriting1.Description-paintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene-translatingperceptionsintowords-sensorydetails-impressionsofsenses:sight,hearing,taste,smell,andtouchA.Descriptionofapersonuniquein-appearance-character-thoughts-feelings

Description-person.doc

Gracefulhands.docModelsonPages159-162B.Descriptionofaplace-location-size,area-distance-functions-activities-people-(weather),(history)

Description-place.docModelsonPages166-168

TheUnforgettableHongKongGoodMorningLadiesandGentlemen!May30,2013C.Descriptionofanobject-size-color-shape-texture-taste-smell-thewaytouse-functions-(history)

Description-object-1.doc

Description-object-2.docModelonPage169D.Descriptionofascene-location-setting-people-action-details

Description-scene-1.doc

Description-scene-2.docModelsonPages170-1722.Narrationa.contentb.selectionofdetailsc.organizationd.pointofview:firstorthirdpersonc.purpose

Narration-1.doc

Narration-2.doc

HowIGotSmart.docModelsonPages174-1813.Exposition-mostfrequentlyusedbystudents,scientists,orprofessional.a.illustration(例證)-Awiseselectionofsufficientexampleswhicharespecificandtypical,interestingandrelevant-AnexpertarrangementoftheseexamplesExample:LanguageandCulture(P183)b.divisionandclassification-waystosortthingsout-togotogether-Chooseanappropriateprincipleofdivision/classificationsuitedtoyouraim-Applyyourprincipleconsistentlyandthoroughly,andavoidoverlappingModelsonPages188-194c.comparisonandcontrast

Aims:-topresentinformationaboutsomethingunfamiliar-toshowthesuperiorityofonething-toshowthereadersthesimilaritiesanddifferences

Principles:-onlyitemsofthesamegeneralclass-pattern:subject-by-subjectpoint-by-point-equaltreatment-supportedbyconcreteandrelevantfacts-tomakeaparticularpointModels:Pages199-208d.causeandeffectrequirements:-donotover-simplifycauses-tothinkabouttherelationship-todistinguishbetweendirectandindirectcausesandeffectsandbetweenmajorandminorcausesandeffects-beobjectiveandsupportwithsolid,factualevidenceModels:Pages211-218e.definitionKeepinmindthefollowingpoints:-todiscussabstracttermssuchas

liberty,equality,beauty,love-toprese