押上海卷31-40題選詞填空

【題型解讀】上海英語高考卷的詞匯部分以語篇的形式呈現，考核學生在語境中正確理解和運用詞匯的能力，即考查考生對篇章上下文的理解能力和使用詞匯和語法結構的能力。其題目的設置為10道空白處，要求考生從所提供的有11個單詞構成的詞庫里選出最合適的詞分別填入各空白處，使短文意思和結構完整，通順得體。每個單詞只能選一次。這11個詞均為實義詞而非功能詞，即考查的范圍并不包含介詞、冠詞等虛詞，而只對名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞進行考查。在這11個詞中有1個單詞為干擾項。選詞填空在命題方面具有以下特點∶◆選詞填空中的設空比較均勻，基本覆蓋全文。◆

語篇第一句一般是對全文的概括或提示，為確保其完整性，且有助于學生對文章內容的理解，通常不設空。◆詞匯考查點分配合理，相互干擾。◆該部分注重考查詞匯的詞義（meaning）及其使用（use）。近幾年高考尤其注重考查詞匯的隱含意思、詞語的搭配、意義關聯及貼切性。一詞多義和一詞多性往往是考查難點。◆近義詞或同義詞的辨析不列入考查范圍。◆選項中的詞匯都為考綱詞匯，或加上前綴、后綴而成的衍生詞匯。【答題點津】選詞填空雖然不以語法為考點，但是因為所選擇的單詞不需要在時態和語態等語法方面進行轉換，所以解題時對一些語法現象加以利用往往會達到事半功倍的效果。解題時我們可以利用語法知識和詞性判斷逐漸縮小詞庫中詞匯的選擇范圍。另外，該題型所提供的選項里，除了純干擾項外，各選項之間也互相干擾，一個空白處的誤填會引起連鎖反應，造成其它空白處的錯誤。【解題步驟】

1、標注選項，了解詞義快速瀏覽11個選項詞匯，簡單標注其詞性(n./v./a./ad.)，了解各詞的含義,值得注意的是遇到有些不止一種詞性的詞匯時，需將其詞性都標注出來，方便答題時參考。2、通讀全文，了解大意用較快的速度瀏覽全文，尤其各個自然段的段首，了解文章主旨大意，為之后尋找正確答案打下鋪墊。3、尋找線索,先易后難在了解語篇主旨的情況下，結合上下文語境，分析句子結構，根據線索選擇詞匯。該環節不需要一氣呵成，應簡到難，逐步縮小選擇范圍的順序進行。4、重讀全文,核實答案重讀全文指將自己選擇的詞匯代入原文后的快速瀏覽，以確保上下文的邏輯通暢，句子結構及語法正確，詞語搭配恰當。1．【2023年6月上海英語高考真題】A.unworkableB.indicativeC.polarD.promisingE.quantityF.requestsG.contentH.visionI.evaluatingJ.unmetK.subscribingBrainstormingisacreativeprocessthatcanhelpgeneratenewandinnovativeideastosolvecomplexproblems.Itinvolvesbringingtogetherindividualsfromdiversebackgroundsandperspectivestosharetheirideasfreelyandbuilduponeachother'scontributions.However,tomakethemostofthisprocess,itisimportanttocreateanenvironmentthatencouragesactiveparticipationandcollaboration.Herearesomekeyprinciplestokeepinmindwhenconductingabrainstormingsession.Firstly,itisimportanttohaveaclearvisionorgoalforthebrainstormingsession.Thiswillhelpguidethediscussionandensurethatallideasgeneratedarerelevanttothetopicathand.Participantsshouldbeencouragedtosharetheirthoughtsandideasfreely,withoutfearofjudgmentorcriticism.By(31)________toeachother'sideas,individualscanbuildoneachother'scontributionsandcreateamorecomprehensiveunderstandingoftheproblem.When(32)________thequalityofideasgeneratedduringabrainstormingsession,itisimportanttoconsiderboththequantityandthe(33)________.Whileahighquantityofideascanbebeneficial,itismoreimportanttofocusonthequalityoftheideasandhowwelltheyalignwiththegroup'ssharedvision.Ideasthatare(34)________orirrelevanttothegroup'sgoalsshouldbediscardedinfavorofthosethataremore(35)________.Itisalsoimportanttohonor(36)________formoreinformationorclarificationonaparticularidea.Thiscanhelpthegroupbetterevaluatetheideaanddeterminewhetheritalignswiththeirsharedvision.Ifanideaisdeemedunworkableorneedsare(37)________comprehensively,itisimportanttorecognizethisandmoveontootherideasthatmaybemorefeasible.Inadditiontoevaluatingthequalityofideas,itisimportanttoconsiderthecontentofthediscussion.Thebrainstormingsessionshouldbefocusedongeneratingnewideasandsolutions.ratherthanrehashingoldones.Participantsshouldbeencouragedtothinkcreativelyandoutsidethebox,andtoavoidgettingboggeddowninthedetails.The(38)________ofideasgeneratedduringabrainstormingsessioncanalsobeanimportantfactortoconsider.Whileahighquantityofideasisnotalwaysindicativeofasuccessfulsession,itcanhelpensurethatallpossibilitiesareexploredandconsidered.Participantsshouldbeencouragedtogenerateasmanyideasaspossible,withoutworryingaboutwhethertheyarepracticalorfeasible.Ultimately,thesuccessofabrainstormingsessiondependsonthegroup'sabilitytoworktogethertowardsashared(39)________.Bycreatingacultureofsubscribingtoeachother'sideasandevaluatingthembasedontheirqualityandrelevance,wecangenerateinnovativesolutionstocomplexproblemsthatbenefitsocietyasawhole.Brainstormingisapowerfultoolthatcanhelpusovercomethe(40)________thatplaguesoursociety,andcreateamorecollaborativeandcreativefuture.【答案】31.K32.I33.G34.A35.D36.F37.J38.E39.H40.C【導讀】本文介紹了開展頭腦風暴的關鍵原則。要成功地進行頭腦風暴，必須創造一個鼓勵積極參與和協作的環境，并且明確會議的目標和愿景。參與者應該自由地分享他們的想法，而不用擔心評判或批評。文章還提到了如何評估頭腦風暴中產生的想法的質量和數量，以及如何集中討論新的想法和解決方案。最終，成功的頭腦風暴取決于團隊合作實現共同目標的能力。【詳解】31.K[解析]分析句子結構可知，該空處需要填入動的-ing形式，結合相關選項并根據該空后熱及的individualscanbuildoneachother'scontributionsandcreateamorecomprehensiveunderstandingoftheproblem可推知，此處想要表達的是“通過認同(subscribing)別人的觀點，個人可以在彼此貢獻的基礎上，對問題有更全面的理解”，故選K。subscribev.捐助;簽署;訂閱;同意。32.I[解析]分析句子結構可知，該空需要填入動詞的分詞形式，結合空格后提及的thequalityofideasgeneratedduringabrainstormingsession(對于頭腦風暴期間產生的想法的質量)可推知，該空應該填入評判類的詞，故此處想表述的是“在評估(evaluating)頭腦風暴期間產生的想法的質量時”，故選I。evaluate.評價:評估。33.G[解析]連詞and連接并列成分，and前為名詞，因此該空處需要填入名詞。結合上文提及的thequalityofideasgeneratedduringabrainstormingsession可推知不僅僅要重視這些想法的數量質量，而且要重要審核這些想法的內容。句意為:“在評估頭腦風暴會議期間產生的想法的質量時，重要的是要考慮數量和內容(content)”，故選G。Contentn.內容;目錄;含量;成分。34.A[解析]根據系動詞are和連詞or及irrelevant可知，該空需要填入形容詞。結合該空之后提及的irrelevanttothegroup'sgoals可推知，此處想要表述的是“不可行(unworkable)或與團隊目標無關的想法應該被拋棄”，故選A。unworkableadj.不可行的;行不通的:不切實際的。35.D[解析]根據系動詞are和比較級標志more可知，該空需要填入形容詞。結合上文提及的“需要放棄與團隊目標不相符的想法”推知，此處需要填入的是“應該接受什么樣的觀點”，D項與上文所填詞語含義有反差，即此處的意思為“那些與團隊目標無關的想法應該被拋棄，取而代之的是那些更有前途的(promising)想法”，故選D。promisingadj,有希望的:有前途的。36.F[解析]結合連詞or之后的clarification推知，該空需要填入名詞。再根據該空之后提及的formoreinformationorclarificationonaparticularidea以及該段相關內容可以推知,此處想要表達的是“在頭腦風暴過程中尊重相關要求和閘明觀點也很重要”。句意為:“同樣重要的是，滿足獲得更多信息的要求(requests)或明一個特定想法”。故選F。requestsn.要求;需要;申請書。37.J[解析]分析句子結構可知，該空需要填入形容詞，結合相關選項和該空前提及的Ifanideaisconsideredunworkable推知，此處想要表述的是“如果一個想法被認為是不可行的，或者需求沒有得到全面滿足(unmet)，那么重要的是要認識到這一點，并轉向其他可能更可行的想法”，故選J。unmetadj.未滿足的:未相遇的:未應付的。38.E[解析]結合下句提及的Whileahighquantityofideasisnotalwaysindicativeofsuccessfulsession,itcanhelpensurethatallpossibilitiesareexploredandconsidered.和下文相關內容可推知，該段講述的內容與頭腦風暴產生的觀點的數量有關。句意為:“頭腦風暴會議期間產生的想法數量(quantity)也是一個需要考慮的重要因素”。故選E。quantityn.數量數額:大量;眾多。39.H[解析]根據空格前的冠詞a可知，該空需要填入可數名詞的單數形式，又結合該空后趣及的Bycreatingacultureofsubscribingtoeachother'sideasandevaluatingthembasedontheirqualityandrelevance,wecangenerateinnovativesolutionstocomplexproblemsthatbenefitsocietyasawhole.可知，這句是對上句內容的解釋，再結合選項推知，此處想表達的意思是“最終，頭腦風暴的成功取決于團隊為實現共同愿景(vision)而共同努力的能力”，故選H。visionn.視力:視野;遠見卓識。40.C[解析]根據空格前的the和空格后的名詞可知，該空需要填入形容詞，再結合該空之后捷及的thatcausesoursocietyphysicalandmentaldisturbances,andcreateamorecollaborativeandcreativefuture可推知，要創造更具協作性和創造性的未來需要克服一些相反的觀點，即此處句意為“頭腦風暴是一種強大的工具，可以幫助我們克服造成我們社會的兩極(polar)現象，創造一個更具協作性和創造性的未來”，故選C。polaradj.極地的:磁極的:完全相反的。2．【2022年7月上海英語高考真題】ApursuitsB.interestsC.comparableD.innovationE.scheduleF.optionsG.realizationHroutesI.subjectsJ.recipesK.motivatedCreativityIsaHumanQualityThatExistsinUSWhenyouthinkaboutcreativity,itmightbehighlycreativepeoplelikeMozart,daVinciorEinsteinwhospringtomind.Theywereallconsideredtobe"Geniuses”fortheirsomewhatuniquetalentsthatledtoglobal(31)______intheirfields.Theirtypeofcreativityiswhat'sknownas"BigCcreativity”(orhistorical)andisnotverycommonineverydaylife.Notallofuscancreateworksofartormusicorscientifictheoriesthatarenewtotheworld.Butwhilewecan’tallbeMozart,daVinciorEinstein,manypeopledoenjoycreativeactivitythroughhobbiessuchaswatercolourpaintingorplayingthepiano.Andthesetypesof(32)______areoftenwhatpeoplethinkofwhenaskedwhatbeingcreativelookslike.Ourfinishedpiecesmaynotbe(33)_______withthelikesofthegreatmasters,butoftentheprocessistherapeuticandtheendresultcanbeaestheticallypleasing.Ontopofhobbiesand(34)_______,weallpossesscreativeattributesthatcanhelpaswesolvelife'sproblemsandmakedecisions.Itisthistypeofcreativitythatenablesustoplandifferent(35)_________togettothesamedestination,orhowtofitinatriptothesupermarketwhenour(36)________looksfull.Itmightnotsoundverycreative,butthisaspectofcreativityreliesonourabilitytoconsider(37)________andassesstheirsuitability,aswellashowtomakedecisionsbasedonpersonalpriorexperienceorwhatwehavelearntformallyorinformally.Theseexamplesareknownas"SmallCcreativity”or“personaleverydaycreativity.WhileBigCcreativityisvaluedandcelebrated,ItisoftenSmallCcreativitythathasallowedhumanstoflourishoverthousandsofyears.itsetsusapartfromotheranimalsanditisalsothetypeofcreativitywhichcanbefosteredthroughoureducationsystemandbeyondintotheworkplace.Traditionally,researchtellsusthatcreativityhasbeenlargelyassociatedwiththearts.Ourpreviousresearchhasshownthatteachersareoftenabletogiveexamplesofcreativeactivityinarts(38)________,butfindithardertodosowhenaskedtodescribecreativityinsubjectssuchasscience.Butthereisagrowing(39)_______thatopportunitiestobecreativearefoundacrossabroaderrangeofsubjects.Forinstance,engineeringprovidesopportunitiestobecreativethroughproblemsolving.andhistorygivestheopportunitytothinkcreativelyaboutwhyeventshappened,andwhat(40)________thoseinvolved.【答案】31-40DACBHLFIGK31D【解析】此處的形容詞global(全球的)應修飾名詞，結合前面提到的“當你想到創造力時，你可能會想到像莫扎特、達芬奇或愛因斯坦這樣極具創造力的人。他們都被認為是“天才”，因為他們有些獨特的才能”，這里講的是創造力，分析選項，只有“innovation"符合語境及邏輯。此處句意為“他們都被認為是“天才”，因為他們有些獨特的才能，導致了他們所在領域的全球創新(innovation)”,故選D。innovationn.創新。32A【解析】該空對應的是前面提到的“hobbiessuchaswatercolourpaintingorplayingthepiano.”，分析選項可知“水彩畫或彈鋼琴”可以說是“追求”，句意為:當被間及創造力是什么樣子時，人們通常會想到這些類型的追求(pursuits)。故選A。pursuitsn.追求。33.C【解析】此處考查固定搭配becomparablewith(與...可比較的,比得上...的),此處旬意為“我們完成的作品可能無法與大師們的作品相提并論(comparable),但通常這個過程是有益的，最終的結果是令人賞心悅目的"，故選C。comparabledj，可比的，可比較的。34B【解析】該空與hobbies并列，且它們的意思應該是相近的，分析選項可知應選“interests”。句意為“除了愛好和興趣(interests)，我們都擁有創造性的屬性，可以幫助我們解決生活中的問題和做決定”，故選B。interestsn，興趣。35.H【解析】根據后面的"togettothesamedestination(到達同一個目的地)”可以反推出我們需要先計劃路線，此處句意為“正是這種創造力使我們能夠計劃不間的路線(routes)到達同一個目的地”，故選H。routesn路線:路途。36E【解析】分析透項可知“當我們的時間表看起來很滿時”符合語境及邏輯，此處句意為"或者當我們的時間表(schedule)看起來很滿時如何安排去超市的旅行”,放選E。schedule，計劃(表)，進度表:時間表。37F【解析】分析選項，根據后面的"aswellashowtomakedecisionsbiasedonpersonalpriorexperienceorwhatwehavelearntformallyorinformally(以及如何根據個人之前的經驗或我們正式或非正式地學到的知識做出決定)”可以推測出我們考慮的是“選擇”，句意為:這聽起來可能不是很有創意，但這方面的創造力依賴于我們考慮選擇(options)和評估其適用性的能力，以及如何根據個人之前的經驗或我們正式或非正式地學到的知識做出決定。故選F。optionsn.可選擇的事物:選擇，選擇權。38.1【解析】根據后面的“butfindithardertodosowhenaskedtodescribecreativityinsubjectssuchasscience"可知此處應為“subjects”。句意為“我們之前的研究表明。教師通常能夠給出藝術科目(subjects)中創造性活動的例子，但當被要求描述科學等科目中的創造性時，他們發現很難做到這一點"，故選1。subjectsn學科:科目:主題。39.G【解析】分析選項，“創新的機會在更廣泛的學科中存在“屬于一種”認識。意識"，此處句意為“但人們越來越意識到(realization)，創新的機會在更廣泛的學科中存在"，故選G。realizationn.認識，領悟。40K【解析】分析句子結構可知此空是一個謂語動詞，且時態為一般過去時，應選motivated。此處句意為“例如，工程學提供了通過解決問題來發揮創造力的機會，而歷史則提供了機會來創造性地思考事件發生的原因，以及是什么激發了(motivated)參與者”，故選K。motivatedv.成為……的動機，是……的原因;激勵，激發。

【題型解讀】上海高考英語中的十一選十是考查詞匯掌握及應用的一種題型。它主要有以下特點：1.文章不會太長，多數在500詞以內；2.第一句是主題句且不設空；3.每隔15-30詞有一個空，共10空；4.方框中詞匯有一定難度，文章略低于閱讀理解難度。【選詞填空的考點】1.詞匯方面，以實詞為主，考查名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞四種詞性；2.語法方面，考查詞性之間的關系和句子結構分析能力；3.邏輯方面，考查上下文聯系以及對文章的理解。【步驟詳解】第一步：整理選項（classifytheoptions）根據詞性把每個單詞分類歸納，標出詞性。考察的四類詞性中，名詞多做主賓；動詞做謂語，形容詞做定表，副詞做狀語。副詞個數最少，不會超過兩個，其他詞性平均出現三次，有兩個的，也有四個的。標注詞性時要注意：1.不認識的單詞不要慌張，分析前后綴，或舉例替換（oversee聯想overuse）；值得一提的是，模考或真題中出現過考綱之外的“生詞”，這些詞很眼熟，因為它是利用了構詞法（多為前后綴派生法）知識衍生出來的，構詞法我們學過，多分析詞性不難判斷其含義。2.注意多重詞性的詞，比如feature、concern、experience等。3.動詞的歸類要繼續細分為動詞（包括過去式和三單一形式）、分詞和動名詞，因為一個空處，如果可以填動詞，但是填具體哪種形式則需要我們根據語法去進一步判斷；這里尤為值得注意的是：v-ed和v-ing極有可能是分詞轉換成的形容詞，對于這類臥底詞，千萬留意。比如acquire這個詞在academicskillsheacquired和newlyacquiredskills中，前后截然不同。這時就要把它一律看成動詞（包括上述的三小類），再根據是否缺失形容詞去斷定選項。4.如果選項中出現一組近義詞或反義詞，要結合上下文先試填，細細揣摩文意再敲定答案。因為這里面有一個是干擾項，它注重考查的是詞匯的精確理解，要求考生分析清楚其細微的區別。第二步：通讀全文，選詞填空用較快速度，沉著冷靜地逐詞逐句去讀，一遍下來至少理解90%的內容。選詞填空的選項詞義互不關聯，詞性也不同，而且還有干擾項，所以一定要先了解文章大意，帶著文章脈絡去找選項。讀的時候設空處前后的詞重點留意，這對確定動詞的具體形式，或根據相關詞找固定搭配極為重要。提醒：通讀就是根據首段原則以及首末句原則，迅速抓住文章的主題。判斷主題對篇章的整體理解把握具有極大的作用。如何判定原文空缺處所需單詞的詞性？1.動詞的確定：一個簡單句有且只有一處謂語動詞，一個完整的句子出現之后再跟逗號，后面的動詞一般就是非謂語動詞形式了。判斷動詞時，可以從謂語和非謂語進行區分；如果是謂語，結合主謂一、時態、語態、固定搭配及詞義去辨析，縮小范圍。a.前后都是名詞性或名詞短語，中間一般是動詞,時態確定看前后文；b.空格前是名詞或代詞，后面沒有賓語，填不及物動詞（定從中除外）；c.空格前是名詞或代詞，后面是副詞或介詞，空格處填不及物動詞并與后面的介詞構成固定搭配；d.注意不定時符號to后跟動詞原形，介詞to后跟名詞或動名詞；e.情態動詞后面跟動詞原形；f.空格前面是系動詞,后跟形容詞（可以是形容詞化的分詞）。

2.名詞的確定：名詞主要做主語賓語，有時也做定語；a.形容詞后或名詞后可以出現名詞；b.限定詞之后（尤其是三類前位限定詞：冠詞、指示代詞、形物代，其后必有名詞）；c.謂語之前必有名詞或相當于名詞的主語（祈使句除外）；d.介詞之后必有名詞或相當于名詞的詞；

3.形容詞的確定：形容詞，這里也可以包括形容詞化的分詞，通常作定語或表語，位置比較靈活，具體如下：a.名詞的前面或后面；b.副詞的前后；c.系動詞后面。4.副詞的確定：a.動詞的附近；b.形容詞附近；c.句子結構完整，不缺成分時。1.根據固定搭配或語感，積極主動發現缺失信息然后正確進行匹配固定搭配：在選詞填空中，既有固定搭配包括動介，形介，動副等，也包括很常見的約定俗成的搭配，比如漢語中常說“學習知識”，在英語中不說“learnknowledge”,而是“acquireknowledge”,還比如，交通擁擠常表述成“heavytraffic”。這些文化差異很多，需要認真領會；對于空后是介詞的，一般往固定搭配上考慮。所謂語感，就是對語言的感覺，它是在平時的學習和閱讀中形成的一種潛移默化的語言能力，有時無法解釋，卻冥冥之中認為這就是正確答案。語感的培養需要大量的源信息輸入，我們強調多閱讀，就是為了培養好的語感。2.理清復雜句或上下文的邏輯結構，進行解題對復雜句的分析能夠幫助我們對句子更好的把握。復雜句好比是一顆枝繁葉茂的大樹，復雜句的分析，主要是“砍成分”，把細枝末葉的修飾成分（主要是定語和狀語或各類從句）統統砍掉，留下主干，句子結構一目了然，然后再把砍掉的成分一一長回去，心中就有數了。這時，就會清楚地確定空格處所填詞性。上下文邏輯關系也會對答案產生影響，既要注意形式上的邏輯關系，又要究明意義上的因果關系。形式上的邏輯關系就是常說的因果、讓步、遞進、轉折等；而意義上的邏輯關系就是以語篇表達的意思為線索，前后文中，意義上存在哪些關系。比如說，描述一個人的心情變化，心情好時，用的是積極詞匯，反之亦然；當然，形式和意義之間存在緊密聯系，不能割裂開來。第三步：復讀全文，謹慎調整，確定答案填空完成后，再次復讀，自我感覺上下文是否通順，邏輯關系是否連貫。【2024·寶山區·二模】A.processB.impactingC.appearanceD.linkedE.assessmentF.costlyG.crucialH.highlyI.legalJ.pauseK.marketed【答案】31.D32.I33.K34.A35.H36.B37.E38.J39.C40.G【2024·崇明區·二模】A.activateB.amountedC.comparedD.energeticE.guidelinesF.identifyG.imageH.influencedI.respectsJ.reviewK.substantialExerciseCanHelpPreventDepression,StudyFindsHowoftendoyouexercise?Anew31fromresearchersattheUniversityofCambridgeshowsthatthosewhoexercisearelesslikelytodevelopdepression,eveniftheyexerciselessthantherecommendedamount.TheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesrecommendsthatadultsengagein2.5to5hoursofmoderateactivityperweekoronehourand15minutesto2.5hoursof32aerobic(有氧的)exerciseperweekorsomecombinationofthetwo.Adultswhotookawalkforwhat33to2.5hoursperweekwerelesslikelytodevelopdepressionthanthosewhodidn’texerciseatall,thestudyfound.Buteventhosewhoexercisedlessfeltbetterthanthosewhodidn’texerciseatall,accordingtoresearchers.“Inthisstudy,arelativelysmallamountofphysicalactivitywereassociatedwitha(n)34decreaseinrisksofdepression,”thestudysays.Theresearchersanalyzed15studieswithnearly200,000participants.Thosewhodidabouthalftherecommendedamountofphysicalactivityperweekhadan18%lowerriskofdepression35withadultswhodidnotexercise,thestudysays.Participantswhoexercisedtherecommendedamounthada25%lowerriskofdepressionthanthosewhodidnot.Exercisingmorethantherecommendedamounthardly36depressionrisk,accordingtoresearchers.Many37ofexercisecanleadtoimprovedmentalhealth.Forexample,workingoutcanincreasecirculation(血液循環)tothebrainand38thecentralnervoussystem,leadingtowhatmanyrefertoasa“runnershigh,”thestudysays.Moreexercisecanalsoleadtoimprovedphysicalhealthandabetterbody39,whichcancauseapersontobemoresocial,researcherssay.Nearly5%ofadultsintheU.S.reportregularfeelingsofdepression,accordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.Amongthestudyparticipants,researchersestimatethat1inevery9casesofdepressionmighthavebeenpreventedhadeveryonemetrecommendedexercise40,thestudysays.【答案】31.J32.D33.B34.K35.C36.H37.I38.A39.G 40.E【2024·虹口區·二模】ScienceinImagesOystermushroomsfeatureincuisinesaroundtheworld,buttheyshouldbeoffthemenuforhungryworms--whichthesedeliciousmushroomswillkillandeat.Nowresearchersfinallyknowhowtheydoit.AstudypublishedinScienceAdvancesdetailshowoystermushroomsuseaparticularpoisonoussubstancetofreezeandgetridofmushroom-eatingroundwormscallednematodes(線蟲).Themushrooms,whichgrowonnutrient-poordeadwood,then31thewormsfornutrition.“Nematodeshappentobethemost32animalsthesemushroomsencounter.SoIthink,33,thiscross-kingdominteractionisveryinteresting,”saysstudyseniorauthor.Thestudyteamofgeneticists,biochemistsandbiologistshadpreviouslyfoundthatoystermushroomsreleaseanunidentifiedpoisonoussubstancethatwillsomehow34thewormswithinminutesandcauseachemicalelementtoflowintotheircells,killingthem.This35differsfromthoseusedbyothermeat-eatingmushroomsandcouldbeuniquetooystermushrooms.Fortheirnewwork,theresearchersgrewandanalyzedsamplesofthemushroom’stissue,findingnonoticeablepoisonevenwhentheybrokeitup.Theyreasonedthatwhateverwaskillingthewormsmustbeakindof36compoundthatdisappearsintoairwhendisturbed.Whentheydamagedtheoystermushroomtissueagainand37analyzedthenearbyair,theyfinallyfoundanervegasthatturnedouttobecontainedwithtiny,special-shapedstructuresonthemushroomsurface.Whennematodestouchthemushrooms,thesestructures38theirgas,disturbingtheworms’cellwallstocauseimmobilityanddeath.Thewormisthendigestedbythemushrooms.Beforethisstudy,“weunderestimatedthe39towhichwildmushroomsdefendagainstorconsumenematodes,”notesNickTalbot,ageneticistatSainsburyLaboratoryinNorwich,England.Thestudydemonstrates“avery40approach,”headds.“Theseorganismsarereallydifficulttoworkon,andDr.Hsuehisshowingthatyoucandosomereallyamazingworkwiththem.”【答案】31.B32.C33.E34.G35.H36.K37.J38.D39.F40.I【2024·金山區·二模】A.actuallyB.amazedC.breathtakingD.criticsE.graduallyF.prizeG.reflectionH.releaseI.solidJ.standardizeK.switchedWillAIallowhumanstoplayapart?Rebeccausedtohavearegularjob,translatingafashionbrand’swebsiteintoGerman.Onedayabigchangehappened.Thecompany(31)______tousingmachinetranslation.Shekeptthejob,anditstillpaidthebills;however,shewasnowtheretocheckand(32)______whateverwasproducedbythecomputer.Buttherewasacomplaint.“Whatitmeant,(33)______,wasthatwehumansweretrainingamachine,”shesays.Eachcorrectedcaptionforamid-pricedT-shirt,eachpairofskinnyjeans,wasadatapointfortherobotthatwasgoingtoreplaceher.Withthe(34)______ofchatprogramsthatcanimitatehumans,theworldisnowbeginningtoconsiderwhatthecomingofartificialintelligencemeans.Whatwillitdoforourjobsifmanyonce(35)______professions—law,accountancy,medicine—disappear?Whatdoesitmeantobeahumanwhenthethingthathumansmost(36)______—intelligence—hasbecomethecheapestproductontheplanet?Translators,forgoodandill,don’thavetowonder.“Youcantaketheworldoftranslatorsandinterpretersasa(37)______oftheworld,”saysNickiBone,chairwomanoftheboardoftheInstituteofTranslatingandInterpreting.Notallofthemareadjusting.“Ofcourse,wehaveour(38)______,”butsheadds,“Therearealsoopportunities,andoptimists.”Thespeedofchange,though,hasbeen(39)______.Increasingly,saysBone,sheandhercolleaguesareactingaseditorsofamachine’sfirstpass,ratherthantranslatorsoftherawmaterial.Forsome,that’sfine.“Peoplewillsay,‘OK,insteadofworkingatonerateforthisnumberofwordsperhour,I’mworkingatmanymorewordsperhour,butforamuchlowerrate.’Somearehappytotakeon.Somewon’t,asamatterofprinciple.”Asweare(40)______atChatGPTanditsgreatabilitytoimitatehumanwriting,translatorsare,comparedwiththerestoftheprofessions,sensitive.Anyway,thistechnologyisheretostay.【答案】31~40KJAHIFGDCB【2024·閔行區·二模】contrastinstructedconcentratingpotentialE.touchingplayedbetterspecializedspotfollowtracingUnfamiliarMusicMayHelpPeopleChatatPartiesIfyouwantyourgueststobeparticularlysociableatanupcomingparty,makesureyouplaymusictheyprobablyhaven’theardbefore.Toexplorehowbackgroundmusicaffectsthewaywe31conversations,researchersJaneBrownandGavinBidelmanconductedastudyanalyzingthebrainactivityof31individualsaged21and33.Duringtheexperiment,participantslistenedto72minutesofanaudiobook(有聲讀物),whichthepairusedasareplacementfor32onsomeonetalking,whilebackgroundmusicwasaccompaniedbytheaudiobookformostofthetime.Forhalfoftheexperiment,theparticipantswereaskedtofocuson2-minutepartsofanunfamiliaraudiobookreadbyaman.Therestofthetime,theyweretoldtofocusonfourbackgroundsongs,whichweresimilarly33for2minutesatatime.This34invoicesaimedtoassessparticipants’abilitytoshiftattentionbetweentwodistinctlydifferentvoices.Duringtheexperiment,alltheparticipantswore35capstomonitortheelectricalactivitytakingplaceintheirbrains.This36ofelectricalactivitywasthekey.ItallowedBrownandBidelmantodiscoverhowefficientlytheseindividualscouldfocusoneithertheaudiobookorthemusicwhen37todoso.Thefindingrevealedthattheparticipantscould38turntheirattentiontotheaudiobookifthebackgroundmusicwasunfamiliartothem.Followingthetask,theparticipantscompletedamusicperceptionsurveyevaluatingtheirmusicalskills,suchasthecapacityto39whetherapairofsimilar-soundingtunesarethesame.Notably,thosewithlowermusicalscoresdemonstratedslowerattentionalshiftsbetweensongsandaudiobooks,suggestinga(n)40linkbetweenmusicalabilityandattentionmanagementskills.【答案】31.J32.C33.F34.A35.H36.K 37.B38.G39.I40.D 【2024·浦東新區·二模】A.backfireB.compensateC.extendD.impressiveE.meaningfulF.measureG.needle H.overallI.perceive J.punishmentK.typicallyWhyYouShouldn’tExercisetoLoseWeightManyofusarelacingupoursneakersandstarting(orrestarting)exerciseregimens(練身計劃)inhopesofsheddingunwantedpounds.Unquestionably,aimingtobemoreactiveisgood.Butifthemainreasonistoloseweight,yourNewYear’sresolutioncouldverywell__31__.Forstarters,exercise—atleastthekindmostofusdo—is__32__ineffectiveforweightloss.Takewalking,forexample.A150-poundpersonwhowalksbrisklyfor30minuteswillburn,onaverage,around140calories.That’sequaltoonecanofsoda—notexactlyagreatreturnonyourinvestmentoftimeandeffort.It’smucheasierjusttoskipthesoda.Studies__33__showthatdoingmoderate-intensityaerobicexercisesuchaswalkingfor30minutesaday,fivedaysaweek—theamountrecommendedforgoodhealth—typicallyproduceslittleornoweightlossbyitself.Whenmoderateexerciseisaddedtodiet,theresultsareequallynot__34__.Poolingdatafromsixtrials,researchersfoundthatacombinationofdietandexercisegeneratednogreaterweightlossthandietaloneaftersixmonths.Instudieswhereexercisehasproduced__35__weightloss,participantsburnedatleast400to500caloriespersessiononfiveormoredaysaweek.Toachievethat,sessionsneedtogowellbeyondwhatmostofusarewillingorabletodo.Andevenifwemanagetoexertthatmucheffort,ourbodiesoften__36__byboostingappetiteanddialingdownmetabolism,effectsthatovertimelimithowmanypoundsweshed.Perhapsthebiggestproblemwithexercisingtodroppoundsisthatitturnsphysicalactivityinto__37__.Howmanytimeshaveyouheardsomeonesay(orsaidyourself)“I’llneedtodoextraexercise”aftereatingtoomuchduringtheholidaysoratacelebratorydinner?Thepointisthatwe’remorelikelyto__38__exercisepositivelyandactuallydoitwhenwefocusonourwell-beingratherthanourweight.Theincentivemaybeanimprovedmoodorlessstress.Othersmayfindthatexercisemakesthemfeelphysicallyandmentallystronger.Ofcourse,thebenefitsofphysicalactivity__39__wellbeyondthese.It’sbeenshowntoreducetheriskofmultiplediseases.Itcanalsoimprovesleepandboostenergy.Byallmeans,strivingtoexerciseregularlyinthenewyearisperhapsthemostimportantthingyoucandoforyourhealth.Buttoimprovetheoddsofsuccess,focusonhowmovementhelpsyoufeelbetterphysicallyandemotionally—andforgetabouthowitmovesthe__40__onthescale.【答案】31-35AKHDE36-40BJICG【2024·普陀區·二模】A.empowersB.termedC.interactionD.implicationsE.advancesF.questionG.obtainedH.additionallyI.pressureJ.currentlyK.definingANewEraofCreativePartnershipsInanewpaperina

NatureHumanBehavior

specialissueonAI,

researcherJanetRafnerfromAarhusInstituteofAdvancedStudiesandCenterforHybridIntelligenceatAarhusUniversityandProf.JacobSherson,directoroftheCenterforHybridIntelligence,togetherwithinternationalpartners,discussresearchandsocietal(31)______ofcreativityandAI.Theteamofresearchersarguethatweshoulddirectourattentiontounderstandinganddevelopingco-creativity,theinteractionbetweenhumansandmachinestowardswhatis(32)______ahuman-centeredAIandhybridintelligence.Inthiswaywewillbeabletodevelopinterfaces(界面)thatatthesametimeensurebothhighdegreesofautomatizationthroughAI

and

humancontrolandherebysupportingarelationshipthatbest(33)______eachother.Rafnercomments:Todate,moststudiesonhuman-AIco-creativitycomefromthefieldofhuman-computer(34)______andfocusontheabilitiesoftheAI,andtheinteractiondesignanddynamics.Whilethese(35)______arekeyforunderstandingthedynamicsbetweenhumansandalgorithms(算法)andhumanattitudestowardstheco-creativeprocessandproduct,thereisanurgentneedtoenrichtheseapplicationswiththeinsightsaboutcreativity(36)______overthepastdecadesinthepsychologicalsciences.“Rightnow,weneedtomovetheconversationawayfromquestionslikeCanAIbecreative?Onereasonforthisisthat(37)______creativityisnotsetinstone.Wheninvestigatinghumanonly,machineonly,andhuman-AIco-creativity,weneedtoconsiderthetypeandlevelofcreativityunder(38)______,fromeverydaycreat